방정환의 민족주의와 어린이 문학교육

신정아(Shin Jung-a) 동아인문학회 2019 동아인문학 Vol.46 No.-

어린이들을 바르게 기르고 가르쳐야 한다는 소파의 일관된 정신은 1920년 그가 일본에 유학한 시기부터 본격화되었다. 방정환이 유학기간 동안 일본에서 받은 영향은 외국 작품을 번안하거나 전국 각지를 순회하면서 동화구연을 한 것, 그리고 개벽사의 일을 도우면서 『어린이』지를 발행하는 일이었다. 그러나 근대 일본 아동문학의 중심인물인 이와야 사자나미(栗谷小波) 혹은 오가와 미메이(小川未明)와 사상적으로 일치하는 부분을 찾기는 쉽지 않다. 당시 일본의 주요 잡지였던 『소년세계』(少年世界), 『아카이도리』(赤い鳥),『킨노후네』(金の船)등에서도 마찬가지다. 이유인즉 방정환의 어린이문학교육은 독립을 향한 의지와 투철한 민족주의에서 비롯되었기 때문이다. 한편, 그의 번안 작품집 『사랑의 선물』과 소년운동의 실천적 모체인『어린이』지에 선별된 작품은 식민지 상황과 일본의 영향에서 벗어날 수 없었다. 민족의 고통을 동반한 그의 작품은, 식민지 시대를 사는 어린이와 어른이 함께 읽고 느낄 수 있는 작품을 우선시했다. 특히, 어른에게 구박을 받거나 매를 맞는 주인공이 많이 등장하는데, 식민지 조선의 어린이를 동정하고 그들에게 위로를 주는 작품을 읽히는데 주력했다. 이것은 어린이와 어른의 관계이기도 하지만, 한편으로는 식민지 조선과 일본의 관계가 성립되기도 한다. 약자와 강자로 정리되는 관계는 시대적 상황으로 말미암아 이중적인 의미를 부여하는 것이다. Cheondoky`s council for children was established by Kim, Ki-joen, Bang, Jung-hwan, and Lee, Jung-jo on May 1st, 1921 but Bang, Jung-hwan was studying abroad at that time, not involving directly in it. Bang, Jung-hwan was responsible for tasks as a special correspondent in Tokyo for Kaebyeok, a comprehensive magazine which had been established in June, 1920, and for building Tokyo branch of Cheondokyo"s council for youth(Feb 13th, 2921)(Yeom, Hee-kyoung, 78). Since then, he organized Saekdongheo(Coloring Council) with other Korean students who shared his thought, and held the opening ceremony. In addition, early editing for the magazine, Children(Eorinyi) was made in Tokyo. So the Japanese influences on Bang, Jung-hwan during his study in Japan truly affected Korean modern children`s literature education. There have been quite many studies about the Japanese influences on the modern Korean children`s literature education. These studies are dominated with the evaluation that key role of Ywaya Sazanami(hereinafter Sazanami), the father of Japanese children`s literature with regard to the Japanese influences on modern Korean children`s literature education. However, in-depth analysis, Bang, Jung-hwan`s children`s literature education was derived from hope of salvation for Korean people to recover Korean sovereignty lost by Japan during Japanese colonial times, having clear difference from Japanese children`s literature education. Therefore, this study, focusing on Korean modern children`s literature education and the Japanese influences on it, aims at analyzing its truth, and reviewing Bang, Jung-hwan`s idea on children`s literature education through Gift of Love and the magazine, Children(Eorinyi). It is expected that it will be valuable study for building more accurate recognition about Bang, Jung-hwan`s children`s literature education.

LiF-maleic acid 첨가 calcium aluminate 골시멘트 및 CA-PMMA 복합 골시멘트가 백서 두개골 결손부 치유에 미치는 영향

신정아,윤정호,오승한,백정원,최세영,김종관,최성호,Shin, Jung-A,Yun, Jeong-Ho,Oh, Seung-Han,Baik, Jeong-Won,Choi, Se-Young,Kim, Chong-Kwan,Choi, Seong-Ho 대한치주과학회 2002 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.32 No.4

The purpose of this study was to evaluate histologically the effect of LiF-maleic acid added calcium aluminate(LM-CA) bone cement & CA-PMMA composite bone cement on the healing of calvarial defect in Sprague-Dawley rats. The critical size defects were surgically produced in the calvarial bone using the 8mm trephine bur. The rats were divided in three groups : In the control group, nothing was applied into the defect of each rat. LM-CA bone cement was implanted in the experimental group 1 and CA-PMMA composite bone cement was implanted in the experimental group 2. Rats were sacrificed at 2, 8 weeks after surgical procedure. The specimens were examined by histologic analysis, especially about the bone-cement interface and the response of surrounding tissue. The results are as follows; 1. In the control group, inflammatory infiltration was observed at 2 weeks. At 8 weeks, periosteum and duramater were continuously joined together in the defect area. But the center of defect area was filled up with the loose connective tissue. 2. In the experimental group 1, the bonding between implanted bone cement and the existing bone was seen, which more increased in 8 weeks than 2 weeks. Inflammatory infiltration and the dispersion of implanted bone cement particles were seen in both 2 weeks and 8 weeks. 3. In the experimental group 2, implanted bone itself had a dimensional stability and no bonding between implanted bone cement and the existing bone was seen in both 2 weeks and 8 weeks. Implanted bone cement was encapsulated by fibrous connective tissue. In addition, inflammatory infiltration was seen around implanted bone cement. On the basis of these results, when LM-CA bone cement or CA-PMMA composite bone cement was implanted in rat calvarial defect, LM-CA bone cement can be used as a bioactive bone graft material due to ability of bonding to the existing bone and CA-PMMA can be used as a graft material for augmentation of bone-volume due to dimensional stability.

버들치(Rhynchocypris oxycephalus)에서 에스트로겐류 물질에 의한 vitellogenin의 유도 및 단일클론항체 제작

신정아,송재영,임희영,장민호,이혜민,정규희,임윤규,윤병수,Shin, Jung-A,Song, Jae-Young,Lim, Hee-Young,Chang, Min-Ho,Lee, Hye-Min,Chung, Kyu-Hoi,Lim, Yoon-Kyu,Yoon, Byoung-Su 대한수의학회 2006 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.46 No.1

Vitellogenin (Vtg), a phospholipoglycoprotein precursor of egg yolk is synthesized and secreted from the liver in response to estrogens in female fish. Vtg is normally undetectable in the blood of male fish, but can be induced by exposure to chemicals possessing estrogenic activity. Thus, the presence of Vtg in blood of male fish can serve as a useful biomarker for assessing previous exposure to estrogenic compounds. In the present study, Vtg was abnormally expressed in Rhynchocypris oxycephalus using estradiol benzoate ($E_2$). As the result, it was found that the level of Vtg in blood from R. oxycephalus was increased by treated quantity of $E_2$ with dose-effect manner. Monoclonal antibodies were generated against Vtg of R. oxycephalus. The hybridoma were screened with an enzyme immunoassay for the production of specific anti-Vtg antibodies. Five positive cell lines with a high specificity were selected. Monoclonal antibodies against vtg of R. oxycephalus that was developed in this study, may be a useful bio-indicator for the detection of estrogenic contamination in the aquatic ecosystem.

백서 두개골 결손부에서 입자 크기에 따른 Calcium aluminate cement의 효과

신정아,윤정호,오승한,백정원,최세영,김종관,최성호,Shin, Jung-A,Yun, Jeong-Ho,Oh, Seung-Han,Paik, Jeong-Won,Choi, Se-Young,Kim, Chong-Kwan,Choi, Seong-Ho 대한치주과학회 2002 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.32 No.4

This present study was carried out to find the effects of calcium aluminate cement($CaO\;{\cdot}\;Al_2O_3$, CAC), which has been developed with bio-compatibility and mechanical properties, in biological environments. Two different particle sizes of CAC - 3.5${\mu}m$ vs. 212${\sim}$250${\mu}m$ which is recommended in periodontal bone grafting procedures-were filled in 8mm calvarial defect in Sprague-Dawley rat. The specimens were examined histologically, especially the bone-cement interface and the response of surrounding tissues. The results are as follows; 1. In the control group, inflammatory cells were observed at 2 weeks. At 8 weeks, periosteum and dura mater were continuously joined together in the defect areas. But in the center of defect area were filled up with the loose connective tissues. 2. In the experimental group l($212{\mu}m{\sim}250{\mu}m$ particle), immature bone was formed and outermost layer was surrounded by osteoid layer at 2 weeks. Osteoblasts were arranged between immature bone and osteoid layer. And, osteoid layer was remained until 8 weeks after surgery. 3. In the experimental group 2, periosteum and dura mater lost its continuity at 2 weeks. Scattering of CAC particles and infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed, which this findings deepened at 8 weeks. The result of this study shows that when calvarial defects in white rats are filled with calcium aluminate cement of 212${\sim}$250${\mu}m$, the materials are to be bio-compatible in growth and healing on surrounding tissues. When further researches are fulfilled, such as direct bone adhesion and bone regeneration ability, it's possible that CAC could be applied to various periodontology fields in the future.

테트라졸을 포함한 에너지 함유 공중합체의 합성

신정아,Shin, Jung-Ah 한국군사과학기술학회 2011 한국군사과학기술학회지 Vol.14 No.4

Polymers containing tetrazole groups are very attractive as energetic materials. Copolymer having tetrazole groups could be obtained by 3-steps from commercially available epichlorohydrin. These methods provide a new synthetic pathway to construct polymers containing tetrazole groups from non-energetic polynitrile compounds. These polymers are expected to be good candidates for green and high energetic materials.

소셜미디어를 활용한 콘텐츠 액티비즘 분석 연구 - 톰 무어의 ‘100바퀴 챌린지’와 ‘평화의 소녀상’ 전시를 중심으로-

신정아(Jung-Ah Shin) 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회 2021 한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지 Vol.15 No.8

본 연구의 목적은 콘텐츠 기획과 제작, 유통의 과정을 통해 자기실현과 사회적 연대를 이끌어내는 과정을 콘텐츠 액티비즘으로 정의하고, 구체적인 실행 단계를 유형화하는 것이다. 이를 토대로 구체적인 사례 분석을 시도함으로써 콘텐츠 액티비즘의 실천이 갖는 사회적 의미와 효과를 규명하고자 한다. 연구 방법은 선행연구 검토를 통해 전통적 액티비즘과 콘텐츠 액티비즘의 차이를 살펴본 후 콘텐츠 액티비즘의 구체적인 실행 과정을 7단계로 유형화하였다. 콘텐츠 액티비즘의 실행모델은 1)문제의 발견, 2)현상 인식과 정보의 수집, 3)액티비즘 대상 및 목적 설계, 4)콘텐츠 기획과 제작, 5)콘텐츠 유통과 확산, 6)액티비즘 참여 및 효과공유, 7)지속적인 액티비즘 과제 검토 등 7단계로 유형화하였다. 이 모델을 적용하여 본 연구에서는 콘텐츠 액티비즘 사례 두 가지를 분석하였다. 첫 번째 사례는 코로나19의 공포가 확산되던 2020년 초, 100세 생일을 앞둔 노인이 기획한 뒷마당 100바퀴 챌린지이다. 영국에 사는 톰 무어 경은 국가보건서비스 소속의료진들이 보호장비가 부족하여 코로나 감염과 사망이 증가하자, 이들을 돕기 위해 뒷마당 100바퀴 걷기에 도전했다. 암 수술과 낙상 후유증으로 보조기 없이 보행이 어려운 그의 도전은 많은 이들의 공감과 참여를 이끌어내면서 글로벌 연대를 이끌어냈다. 두 번째 사례는 2019 일본 아이치트리엔날레 기획전시 김서경, 김운성 작가의‘표현의 부자유, 그 후’를 분석한다. ‘표현의 부자유, 그 후’전시는 평화의 소녀상과 일본군 위안부 할머니들의 삶을 전시하는 프로젝트였으나 극우 세력들의 협박과 공격으로 전시 3일 만에 철회되었다. 이 소식을 들은 해외의 예술가들은 트리엔날레의 결정에 저항하며 트위터와 인스타그램 등 소셜미디어에 소녀상과 같은 포즈로 사진을 찍고 공유하면서 평화의 소녀상이 갖는 역사적 의미에 공감했다. 예술가들로부터 시작된 액티비즘은 소셜미디어를 통해 다양한 지역에 사는 평범한 시민들의 집과 일터, 거리로 확장되었다. 두 사례는 콘텐츠를 통해 누군가와 연대하고 소통하면서 사회적 실천을 이끌어낸 콘텐츠 액티비즘이라고 할 수 있다. 이처럼 콘텐츠 액티비즘은 소셜미디어 시대의 새로운 리터러시이자 윤리적 실천의 도구가 되고 있다. The purpose of this study is to define the process of leading to self-realization and social solidarity through the process of contents planning, production, and distribution as Contents Activism, and to categorize specific execution steps. Based on this, we try to analyze concrete cases to find out the social meaning and effect of the practice of Contents Activism. As for the research method, after examining the differences between traditional activism and Contents Activism through a review of previous studies, the implementation process of Contents Activism was categorized into 7 steps. By applying this model, this study analyzed two cases of Contents Activism. The first case is the 100 laps challenge in the backyard planned by an elderly man ahead of his 100th birthday in early 2020, when the fear of COVID-19 spread. Sir Tom Moore, who lives in the UK, challenged to walk 100 laps in the backyard to help medical staff from the National Health Service as COVID-19 infections and deaths increased due to a lack of protective equipment. His challenge, which is difficult to walk without assistive devices due to cancer surgery and fall aftereffects, drew sympathy and participation from many people, leading to global solidarity. The second case analyzes the case of ‘The Unfreedom of Expression, Afterwards’ by Kim Seo-kyung and Kim Woon-seong, who were invited to the 2019 Aichi Triennale special exhibition in Japan. The ‘Unfreedom of Expression, After’ exhibition was a project to display the Statue of Peace and the lives of comfort women in the Japanese military, but it was withdrawn after three days of war due to threats and attacks from the far-right forces. Overseas artists who heard this news resisted the Triennale"s decision, took and shared photos in the same pose as the Statue of Peace on social media such as Twitter and Instagram, empathizing with the historical significance of the Statue of Peace. Activism, which began with artists, has expanded through social media to the homes, workplaces, and streets of ordinary citizens living in various regions. The two cases can be said to be Contents Activism that led to social practice while solidifying and communicating with someone through contents.

강소천 동화의 아동상과 교육관

신정아(Jung-a Shin) 한국아동문학학회 2014 한국아동문학연구 Vol.- No.27

소천동화는 주로 교육적인 측면에서 부정적인 평가를 받아왔다. 그러나 줄거리 등 작품외적 요소의 교육성 발언에 치우친 견해는 지극히 단편적인 시각에 불과하다. 이를 증명하기 위해 본고에서는 소천이 내세운 인물 ‘꾸러기’에서 어린이의 본질적 면모를 추출해, 소천문학이 오히려 어린이의 자연적 특성을 인정하고 인위적으로 바꾸기를 꺼려하는 문학임을 발견했다. 우선 작품에 나타난 아동상을 크게 욕심꾸러기와 수(秀)꾸러기로 나눠 살펴보았다. 작품 속 욕심꾸러기가 착한 일, 좋은 일을 많이 하려는 욕심을 추구함으로써, 꾸러기의 의미는 상승효과를 지닌다. 또한 그들 체험을 통해 스스로 참된 가치를 깨우치는 모습은, 어른의 조종에 의한 윤리적 압박에서 벗어났음을 말해준다. 환언하면, 어른의 가르침이나 훈련이 강요되는 윤리적 압박으로부터 해방된 구조에서 꾸러기들은 정의로운 바를 찾아가려는 의지를 보여준다. 수꾸러기 또한 강요에 의해서 성립된 인물이 아닌, 꾸러기의 지조 내지는 신념으로 창조된 어린이상임을 알게 된다. 작품 속 꾸러기는 가난으로 인한 경제적 압박에서 탈피하지 못했으나, 더욱 가난한 친구를 도와줌으로써 경제적 압박으로부터 벗어난 인물이다. 물질적 이득이 없는 일을 마음을 다 바쳐서 하는 꾸러기의 모습은 수꾸러기의 의기를 보여준다. 이것은 개인이 아닌 보다 많은 인간에게 이로운 바를 지향함으로써, 더욱 분명해진다. 작품을 면밀히 들여다보면, 소천은 시키는 대로 행동하고 순종만을 잘하는 어린이를 등장인물로 내세우지 않는다. 오히려 말썽꾸러기 · 장난꾸러기 · 욕심꾸러기들이 희망찬 내일을 열어간다. 어린이의 꾸러기자격을 인정하는 작가의식은, 어린이의 있는 그대로를 보아주는 것이 어린이가 본연으로 지니고 있는 이상을 키우는 길임을 제시한다. 그가 내세운 아동상을 통해 ‘어린이는 믿음과 사랑만으로 변화할 수 있다’는 소극적 교육관이 새로이 드러난 바다. Socheons literature recognizes natural characteristics of children and does not like to change it artificially. This is clearly revealed in kkureogi in his childrens stories. Images of children in his stories are categorized into yoksimkkureogi and sukkureogi. Yoksimkkureogi in the stories pursues to good deed, showing raising effect of meaning of kkureogi. And an attitude to realize true values themselves through their experiences shows that they escape from ethical suppression by adults control. In the structure liberated from ethical suppression with adults teaching or training, kkureogis will to search for the just is found. Sukkureogi is also an image of child to be created by fidelity or belief of kkureogi not a character made by force. Kkureogi in the stories cannot escape from economical pressure caused by poverty but is a character who is completely liberated from economical pressure by helping poorer friends. An image of kkureogi who dedicates to work without material compensation shows sukkureogis spirit. It becomes clearer by intending what is good for more people than an individual. When looking into the stories, Socheon does not introduce a child who acts according to others instructions and obeys them as a character for his stories. Rather, malsseongkkureogi(bully), jangnankkureogi(urchin), and yoksimkkureogi(grabber) open hopeful future. The authors thought to recognize childrens position as kkureogi suggests that seeing natural appearance of children is to raise natural ideal of children. Some of his stories are criticized as educational childrens literature but passive education that children can be changed by belief and love is revealed through his works. Nevertheless, for limitations of Gang Socheons childrens stories, issues on his expressions cannot be avoided, because expressions contradictory to the authors thoughts through kkureogi are seen by words of children or adults. It appears in the concluding part and it is a mistake caused by the authors thought to clarify character of a kkureogi. However, superficial criticism focusing on his expressions cannot be substantial one across the author and his works. Introduction of children who learn through social activities and adults who do not command but guide makes us realize that we cannot see his stories with criticism only under the label of educational childrens literature.

차가버섯 추출물에 의한 신경교모세포종 U-87 MG 세포의 증식 억제 효과

신정아(Jung-A Shin),박주현(Joo Hyun Park),김선희(Sun Hee Kim),송관영(Kwan Yong Song) 한국식품영양과학회 2013 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.42 No.7

러시아에서 여러 민간요법으로 사용되어지고 있는 차가버섯은 대장암, 위암 등에서 항암효능이 있다고 알려져 있다. 그러나 뇌종양에 대한 연구는 현재 이루어지지 않고 있으며 차가버섯의 항암 효능에 대한 기전 연구도 미미한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 신경교모세포종 U-87 MG 세포주에 대한 성장억제 효과를 확인하고자 세포생존율 변화와 형태학적 변화, 세포주기에 미치는 영향과 세포사멸 관련 단백질 및 세포주기 조절 단백질의 발현 변화를 조사하였다. 그 결과 차가버섯 추출물을 처리한 U-87 MG 세포 생존율이 유의하게 감소하였으며, Bcl-2, Bax와 p-p53 단백질 수준 차이는 없었고 caspase-3 활성에 영향을 미쳐 죽음 수용체 경로에 의한 세포사멸이 이루어졌다. 또한 세포주기를 관찰한 결과 G₀/G₁ 세포주기에서 성장 억제를 확인하였으며, 이는 cyclin D1, CDK2 단백질 발현량의 감소와 RB 단백질의 인산화 억제 때문이라는 결론에 도달하였다. 본 연구결과는 차가버섯을 뇌종양의 치료 및 보조제로서 역할을 수행할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) was considered a functional food with an anti-cancer effect in colon, gastric, and lung cancer. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to elucidate the effect of chaga mushroom extract in brain cancer. Glioblastoma U-87 MG cells were used in investigation of cell survivability, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest analysis. Treatment with various concentrations of chaga mushroom extract resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest. Although caspase-3 expression was increased over 100 μg/mL of chaga mushroom extract treatment, apoptosis factors with Bcl-2, Bax and p53 did not change. In analysis of cell cycle regulatory factors, expression of cyclin D1 and CDK2 decreased in a dose-dependent manner. We have demonstrated the anti-cancer effect of chaga mushroom extract in glioblastoma, which may be mediated by activation of the caspase pathway and induction of cell cycle arrest.

피에르 불의 소설 『혹성 탈출』을 통해 본 문화기호학의 주요 쟁점들

신정아 ( Jung A Shin ),최용호 ( Yong Ho Choi ) 韓國世界文學比較學會 2013 世界文學比較硏究 Vol.44 No.-

In the science fiction novel titled The planet of the apes (1963), PierreBoulle tells a story about a completely reversed world where the apes dominate the humans. Coming from the normal world that is ours, a small group of people is totally embarrassed and confused by observing this strange world. On the planet of the apes that they have discovered, it is the apes that are more intelligent then the humans. On the earth, it was the other way around. That observation results in their perplexity which is, in our view, of the essentially ethnologicalorder. The two communities, human and simian, bear with one another the relationship that corresponds to what Lotman calls ‘enantiomorphic pairings.’ In this context, a series of questions deserve to be raised: Is a ‘common language’ possible? If the answer is yes, how can it be created? What are those things that people can share in that situation? In rereading The planet of the apes from a culturological point of view, we would like to formulate a response to those questions.

영화 <고지전>과 전쟁의 실재

신정아 ( Jung A Shin ),최용호 ( Yong Ho Choi ) 한국기호학회 2012 기호학연구 Vol.31 No.-

In this paper we attempt to read a film by JANG Hun entitled <The Front Line>, using a semiotic model called Semiotic Square. Especially focussing on the less discussed part of this model, that is, the place which can be characterized in terms of ``neither~ nor~``, we have suggested a possibility of reinterpreting the Semiotic Square from a politico-esthetic point of view. It is our conviction that the systematicity of a system can be so radically put into question by this dialectic movement of double crossed contradiction that a new possibility is opened up. Based on the concept of double crossed contradiction, we have characterized the space featured in this film in the form of a Front Line from triple perspective: frontier, indeterminacy and potential. The front line is a place where neither the south nor the north can claim its ideology. In the conclusion we have shown that it is in this space of double crossed contradiction that a new politico-esthetic experimentation can be carried out.