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피리딘 치환제와 2-Bromoacetophenone과의 반응에 대한 속도론적 연구
조영재,김용건,김장열,경진범 한양대학교 이학기술연구소 2000 이학기술연구지 Vol.2 No.
메탄을 용매내에서 2-bromoacetophenone과 피리딘 치환체(3-CH3, 3,5-(CH3)2, H, 3-Cl)와의 반응속도를 여러 온도와 농도 조건하에서 전도도법으로 측정하였다. 이 때 반응속도상수는 온도와 피리딘 농도가 증가함에 따라 증가하였으며, 피리딘 치환체에서 치환기의 전자주게 능력이 클수록 반응속도는 증가하였다. 이들 반응속도상수로부터 활성화 엔탈피, ?H≠, 활성화 엔트로피, ?S≠, Hammett 반응상수, p 및 Bsonsted 상관계수, B를 결정하였다. 이 때 ?H≠는 상대적으로 낮은 양의 값을 갖는 반면, ?S≠는 큰 음의 값을 얻었으며, 친핵체의 치환기 효과인 p와 Bronsted 상관계수인 B는 40℃에서 각각 -2.49 및 0.38의 값을 나타내었다. 이러한 결과로부터 본 반응은 dissociative 이분자성 반응으로 진행됨을 알 수 있었다. Kinetics of 2-bromoacetophenone with substituted pyridines (3-CH3, 3,5-(CH3)2, H, 3-Cl) in methanol have been also studied using conductometric method at various temperatures and concentrations. Rate constants are increased with the increment of both temperature and concentration. They are also increased with more electron-donating ability of substituent in nucleophile. The activation enthalpy, ?H≠, the activation entropy, ?S≠, Hammett reaction constant, p and Bronsted coefficient, B are evaluated from the rate constants. The ?H≠ values are positive relatively small while the ??S≠?values are relatively large, and the corresponding coefficients, p and B are -2.49 and 0.38 at 40℃, respectively. From these results, it could be concluded that this reaction proceeds with the dissociative bimolecular pathway.
일 농촌지역의 우울 증상에 관한 역학연구 -위험요인 및 요인구조분석
하양숙,홍진표,김한규,이군희,한경자,조맹제,김용익,송미순,박성애,김창윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1999 신경정신의학 Vol.38 No.2
연구목적 : 세계적으로 널리 사용되는 우울증 척도인 the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D)을 이용하여 지역사회 주민의 우울증상의 정도를 평가하고, 우울증상의 위험요인을 분석하고, 한국인에서 우울증상의 요인구조를 알기 위해 본 연구를 실시하였다. 방 법 : 경기도 일 농촌 지역의 30세 이상 주민에 대해 무작위 군집 집락 추출을 실시하였고, 훈련된 면담원들이 가정 방문을 통하여 면접 및 자기보고 검사인 CES-D를 실시하였다. 총 1,315명에서 응답을 하였고 응답율은 59.3%이었다. 결 과 : CES-D에 의한 우울증 점수는 0∼5점이 57%정도를 차지하였고, 평균 점수는 남자 7.8점 여자 9.5점으로 비교적 낮은 편이었다. ANCOVA 분석 결과 비결혼, 저학력, 여성이라는 위험요인은 독립적으로 우울증상을 악화시키는 요인이었으나 연령은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. CES-D 결과를 요인분석을 시행한 결과 4가지 요인이 추출되었는데 우울증상 및 신체증상이 한 개의 요인으로, 다른 나라에서 보고되지 않는 정서적 고통이 별도의 요인으로 추출되었다. 결 론 : 국내 역학 조사에서도 외국과 유사한 우울점수 및 위험요인이 확인되었으나 우울증의 요인에서는 특이한 요인이 추출되었다. 한국인에 독특한 우울 반응에 관한 추가 연구가 필요하다. Objectives :The rates, correlates, and factor structure of depressive symptoms in a Korean rural sample were examined using Korean version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D). Methods : Door to door visiting survey was conducted by trained interviewers. A random cluster sample of 1,315 respondents, aged 30 and over completed the CES-D scale along with additional sociodemographic questionnaire. Results : In this sample, mean CES-D score of male and female were 7.8 and 9.5, respectively which were lower than those reported previously. Symptoms of depression were most common among the less educated, non-married and female according to ANCOVA. Age was not a significant risk factor for depressive symptoms. Different factor structures emerged from this sample as compared to other studies using this approach. Somatic symptoms and affective symptoms were combined as one factor and emotional hardship emerged as a separate factor. Conclusion : Symptoms scores and risk factors were similar to the results reported in other countries but unique factor structures were found in this study. Further research is needed about the Korean depressive symptomatology and related areas.
신혁수, 김동범, 박진근, 이인환, 조해용 충북대학교 산업과학기술연구소 2013 산업과학기술연구 논문집 Vol.27 No.2
A valve spring retainer is a small disc and located at intake and exhaust valve stem of engine. The retainer supports a valve spring and transmits spring force to a valve. Force is applied to the retainer repeatedly by a rocker arm. Durability of the retainer is an important factor of performance. Weight of retainer affect dynamic performance of engine. Therefore, optimal strength and weight of the retainer design are needed. In this study, stress distribution and fracture load of retainer were analyzed by using FEM to design optimal strength and weight. Static load test was simulated by using commercial FEM code DEFORM-3D. Shapes of the retainer to reduce weight were designed and analyzed to verify validity of it. Simulated results and experimental ones were compared
조혈모세포이식 환자에서 침습성 진균 감염에 대한 Micafungin의 예방 효과 및 안전성
김시현,이동건,최수미,권재철,박선희,최정현,유진홍,이성은,조병식,김유진,이석,김희제,민창기,조석구,김동욱,이종욱,민우성,박종원 대한감염학회 2010 감염과 화학요법 Vol.42 No.3
Background: Micafungin, a potent inhibitor of 1,3-β-D-glucan synthase, is a novel antifungal agent of the echinocandin class. In vitro study showed that micafungin was effective against Aspergillus species as well as Candida species, but clinical data on the prophylactic efficacy against invasive fungal infections (IFIs) other than candidiasis are still lacking. Materials and Methods: We identified 60 consecutive adult hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients who received at least 3 doses of micafungin during neutropenic period. Micafungin was started as an alternative in patients who were intolerant or had adverse events (AEs) to primary prophylactic antifungal agents. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and analyzed the efficacy and safety of micafungin for prophylaxis against IFIs. Results: The patients either had autologous (n=9) or allogeneic (n=51: 1 syngeneic, 24 sibling, 26 unrelated donor) HSCT. Itraconazole oral solution (n=58) was the most frequently used first line antifungal agent for prophylaxis and was administered for median 11 days. The most frequent cause of switch to micafungin was vomiting (n=42). The duration of neutropenia and micafungin administration was median 13 and 12 days, respectively. A successful outcome was achieved in 45 (75%) patients. Empirical antifungal therapy was initiated in 13 (22%) patients. There were 2 cases (3.3%) of breakthrough fungal infections which comprised a probable invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and a possible invasive fungal sinusitis. There was no case of invasive candidiasis. A total of 53 (88%) patients experienced at least one AE regardless of causality during micafungin administration. The most frequent AEs were hypokalemia, vomiting, diarrhea, and elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase or alanine aminotransferase. Among the aforementioned AEs, only 1 case of diarrhea could be classified as a probable relation with micafungin when causality was assessed. There was no AEs that caused discontinuation of micafungin. Conclusions: Micafungin seems to be a safe and effective agent for prophylaxis of IFIs including aspergillosis as well as candidiasis in HSCT recipients. However, further large, prospective, and randomized comparative studies are warranted for aspergillosis.
Choi, Jin-Oh,Cho, Sung Won,Song, Young Bin,Cho, Soo Jin,Song, Bong Gun,Lee, Sang-Chol,Park, Seung Woo W.B. Saunders Co 2009 European journal of echocardiography Vol.10 No.5
<P>AIMS: Non-invasive echocardiographic detection of coronary artery disease (CAD), even in left main or three-vessel CAD, usually requires a stress test since regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA) are not always evident at rest. Strain is a more sensitive parameter of myocardial systolic function and may be abnormal in patients with severe CAD. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated whether peak systolic longitudinal strain (PSLS) of left ventricle using 2D speckle tracking method might be useful for screening of severe CAD. One hundred and eight patients who underwent echocardiography and coronary angiography were evaluated. Patients were grouped according to the coronary angiographic findings as follows; high-risk group with left main or three-vessel CAD (n = 38), low-risk group with one- or two-vessel CAD (n = 28), and control group without CAD (n = 30). PSLSs of all left ventricular segments were obtained successfully in 96 (89%) patients. None had RWMA at resting echocardiogram. PSLS was significantly reduced, especially in mid- and basal segments, in the high-risk group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated that mid- and basal PSLSs could effectively detect patients with severe CAD (area under ROC curve = 0.83, 95% CI 0.75-0.91). According to ROC curve analysis, -17.9% appears to be a helpful cutoff value for discriminating those with severe CAD (specificity 79% and sensitivity 79%). CONCLUSION: PSLS at rest was significantly lower in patients with left main or three-vessel CAD without RWMA, and might be useful for identifying patients with a severe CAD.</P>
두부외상 후 동반 발생한 경동맥해면정맥동루와 내경동맥박리증 1례
조진성 ( Jin Seong Cho ),양혁준 ( Hyuk Jun Yang ),이근 ( Gun Lee ),유찬종 ( Chan Jong Yoo ),진욱 ( Wook Jin ),이재관 ( Jae Gwan Lee ) 대한외상학회 2003 大韓外傷學會誌 Vol.16 No.2
A carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is a pathologic arteriovenous communication between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus, and the incidence of CCF as a result of craniofacial trauma is less than 0.2%. Traumatic internal carotid artery dissection (TICAD) is a rare phenomenon, occurring in 0.02 to 0.67% of cervical blunt trauma cases. We report a rare case of CCF associated with ICAD after craniofacial trauma injury, which is very rare. A 23-year-old woman presented with left ptosis on 21 days after a car crash accident. She had suffered from headaches, diplopia, tinnitus, and dizziness. Brain MRI revealed no mass or aneurysmal sac or intracranial hemorrhage, but cerebral angiography showed CCF with ICAD. She was treated with a ICAD percutaneous transarterial stent and endovascular embolization, 1 months after cerebral angiography. clinicians treating patients with craniofacial injuries should have a complete understanding of these patients` entity, because urgent intervention may improve outcome.