韓龍雲 詩에 나타난 逆說과 慈悲意識 硏究

文丁姬(Moon Jeong-hee) 우리문학회 2008 우리文學硏究 Vol.0 No.24

만해의 시적 욕망은 역설이란 하나의 대립적 관계 속에서 의미화 한다. 만해의 시 「님의 침묵」, 「거짓 이별」 등에서 잘 드러나 있듯, 한용운의 시세계는 단순한 시적 상상력에서 벗어나 유와 무, 이별과 만남이 서로 균형을 이루며 시적 체험을 극대화시켜 나가고 있음을 보게 된다. 이는 단순하게 언어 탄력감을 확보하기 위한 기법이 아닌, 자비의 기틀을 마련하기 위한 방법으로 시인의 정신의 깊이를 일깨우는 긍정적 힘으로 작용한다. 그의 시에서 눈물이 쏟아질 때 ‘당신 얼굴’이 보이고, ‘님’에 대한 격분으로 슬픔이 고조되는 찰나 ‘당신의 환영’이 표출되는 시적 경험은 자비의 국면에서 이루어지고 있다는 의미와 맥을 같이한다. 그래서 만해시의 역설적 체험은 주체의 정서와 사유가 결합될 수 없는 부조화의 관계이면서도 시 전체를 대립적 관계로 몰아넣지 않고 스스로 자비의 세계에 진입하는 논리 구조로 전달이 된다. 이때 주체의 시적 상상력은 역설적 의미의 폭을 지니고 나타남은 물론이다. 그 이유는 生, 死, 善, 惡의 관계없이 인간의 삶은 자비의 세계에서 깨달음을 추구해야 한다는 불교사상과 맥을 같이 한다. 자비의 세계는 고통도 갈등도, 오르고 내림도 없는 평등의 세계에서 출발하기 때문에 온 우주의 사물은 동일한 존재로 드러나고 있는 것이다. 그러나 주시할 것은 그러한 만해의 긍정적인 자비의 작용이 서정주, 조지훈 등의 불교시인들과는 현저한 차이를 드러내고 있다는 점이다. 조지훈의 경우는 자신의 내면 풍경을 역설의 관점에 중점을 두기 보다는 자연의 질서와 조화를 표현하는 전통적 자연회귀의 세계에 더 관심을 기울였던 점을 감안하면, 만해의 역설은 갈등의 세계를 해체시키고 고귀한 자비의 창조적 변용을 불러들이는 覺者의 모습을 드러내고 있는 것이다. 이 같은 만해의 시적 사유를 한편으로는 과도한 불교의식의 내면 표출이라는 지적도 있지만, 있음과 없음의 모순되는 이미지들을 통하여 자비의 역설을 끌어낸 시적 변용을 보면 그러한 의문은 쉽게 풀리게 된다. 즉 그의 시에서 표출되는 ‘불만족. ‘찬 이슬’ 등 모순적 언어의 정서는 어둠의 세계를 전달하는 극단의 대상이지만, 그러한 어둠의 내적 체험도 역설의 범주로 전위될 경우는 자비의 풍요로움을 불러들이는 긍정의 경험을 하게 되는 것이다. 이는 고통, 탐욕, 증오 등 세속적 갈등에서 벗어나 진정한 자비의 변화를 추구하는 만해의 시적 정신으로 만해의 자비의식을 이해하지 않을 수 없게 하는 중요한 요인이 된다. MANHAE's poetic desire is represented in an antagonistic relationship of a paradox. As well revealed in his poems, 「Nim's Silence」, 「False Parting, and etc, HAN YONG-UN's poetic world does not lie simply in poetic imagination but it is shown in maximum extended poetic experiences where existence and nonexistence, parting and meeting form a balance to each other. This is not just a technique to seek for resilience of words but to prepare the frame of mercy which gives a positive force to remind us of deep insights of the poet. The poetic experiences shown in his poem, namely that 'your face' is seen when tears are flowing down and 'your phantom' is represented on the moment when sorrow reaches its peak due to the fury toward 'Nim' are in the same meaning that those experiences are originally made in the context of mercy. Therefore, the experience of paradox and mercy this manuscript is trying to suggest is delivered in the logical framework that such experience itself enters into the world of mercy though the main emotion and thinking of the subject can not be combined together in the relationship of disharmony. Of course, at this moment the subject's poetic imagination appears in the form of paradoxical meaning. The reason is that it is in the same viewpoint of Buddhism believing that human life is to seek for spiritual enlightenment in the world of mercy. Since the world of mercy starts from the world of equality in which there are no pains or conflicts and no uphills or downhills in life, each and every thing in the universe is to be revealed as the identical existence. However, it is one thing to be noted that such a positive force in MANHAE's poems reveals a remarkable difference as compared with other Buddhist poets such as SUH JEONG-JU, JO JI-HOON, etc. JO JI-HOON showed more emphasis on the traditional returning-to-nature world in which the order and harmony of nature are expressed rather than emphasis on the paradoxical view of his deep insights, whereas MANHAE's paradox reveals that it disintegrates the world of conflicts aiming to bring in the creative metamorphosis of his sublime mercy, which forms another aspect of a man with foresight. Someone would point out that this kind of MANHAE's poetic cogitation is an excessive representation of a Buddhist's innermost consciousness, but such doubt could be well clarified if we look at his poetic metamorphosis which elicited the paradox of mercy through conflicting images of existence and non-existence. In other words, though his contradictory words of emotions expressed in his poems become an object of extremities to depict his world of darkness, such inner experiences in darkness could bring forth the positive force calling in the affluent mercy if it should be transposed into the range of a paradox. This would surely constitute an important factor in driving us to recognize and understand the poetic spirit of MANHAE since it is seeking for a change into a true mercy leaving them out of secular conflicts, such as suffering, greed and hatred, etc.

AMPS 시스템과 주파수를 공유하는 CDMA시스템의 링크 해석

문병현,손병국,최정희 대구대학교 과학기술연구소 1999 科學技術硏究 Vol.5 No.5

In this paper, the forward and reverse link cellular capacities analysis of code division multiple access (CDMA) is performed when the systems are sharing the same frequency band. It is assumed that the frequency reuse pattern K=5 is used for the analysis. Formule that describe the relationship between the number of CDMA and AMPS users for a given carrier to interference ratio (GI) of each are presented. In the comparison of the forward and reverse link analysis, forward link is smaller than reverse link. Therefore, the system capacity depends on the forward link rather than the reverse link.

Monte Carlo 방법을 이용한 대기오염 배출률 예측의 불확실성 평가

정효준,김은한,서경석,황원태,한문희 한국환경과학회 2006 한국환경과학회지 Vol.15 No.4

한국 정상인에서 연령에 따른 뇌혈류분포와 혈류예비능의 변화 : Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT 에 의한 연구

문대혁,이희경,송호천,이재태,범희승,손혜경,정환정,민정준,김지열 대한핵의학회 1999 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.33 No.3

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the normal values of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and cerebrovascular reserve (CVR) in normal children to aged volunteers using Tc-99m HMPAO. Materials and Methods: Thirty four right-handed normal volunteers (20 males, 14 females, mean age 40.3±24.9 years, range 4 to 82 years) were underwent rest/acetazolamide (ACZ) brain SPECT using Tc-99m HMPAO and the sequential injection and subtraction method. rCBF was estimated on the basis of a semiquantitative approach by means of right/left ratio, region/cerebellum and region to whole brain ratios in frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, basal ganglia, thalami, and cerebellum. CVR was measured by means of % perfusion increase calculated as % mean count change compared to rest rCBF in each regions. Results: Mean values of right to left ratios range from 1.004 to 1.018. rCBF was highest in cerebellum and lowest in basal ganglia and thalami. Frontal and temporal rCBF decreased while occipital and thalami rCBF increased according to age. No sexual difference of rCBF was noted. Mean CVR was 29.9±12.9%. Mean CVR significantly increased to late teens, and declined thereafter. After 6th decade, CVR in both frontal lobes, left parietal lobe and right basal ganglia decreased significantly with advancing age. There was no sexual difference of CVR. Conclusion: Quantitative assessment of CVR was possible by ACZ Tc-99m HMPAO brain SPECT. It revealed that rCBF and CVR changed according to age in normal Korean volunteers. There was no sexual difference.

날 참깨와 볶은 참깨 단백질의 기포성과 유화성에 관한 연구

문희정,오명숙 카톨릭대학교 생활과학연구소 1989 생활과학연구논집 Vol.9 No.1

Whipping and emulsifying properties of sesame proteins isolated from raw and roasted seed were investigated as a funciton of pH, NaCl and protein concentration. Solubility of the protein isolate showed minimal at pH 4.0. Heat processing of sesame lowered nitrogen solubility and diminished whipping and emulsifying properties of sesame protein isolate slightly. Whipping and emulsifying properties were minimized at pH 4.0 and increased with increasing concentration of protein isolate. Whipping properties were minimized at a 0.01M concentration of NaCl and emulsifying properties were decreased by increasing concentration of NaCl.

일반 여성과 영양사의 공중화장실 이용 후 손 씻기 실태

문정아,유창희,이경은 서울여자대학교 자연과학연구소 2011 자연과학연구논문집 Vol.23 No.-

The purposes of this study were to examine handwashing practices among dietitians and female adults in public restrooms and to determine environmental factors affecting handwashing. Trained investigators observed 312 women (156 dietitians, 156 female adults) handwashing in 54 public restrooms in Seoul and recorded facilities of the restrooms. The data were collected during May and July, 2009 and analyzed by t-test and χ2-test using SPSS 14.0. More dietitians (91.7%) washed their hands after using public restrooms than the female adults (78.8%) (p<.01). However, more than half of the subjects washed hands without soaps. The dietitians (13.1 seconds) washed hands longer than the female adults (10.1 seconds) (p<.01), but both groups washed hands shorter than 20 seconds, which is recommended for proper handwashing. Both warm and cold water was available at 63% of the observed public restrooms. Significantly more females washed their hands at the restrooms where both warm and cold water was available (88.5%) than where only cold water was available (80%)(p<.05). Literature has revealed that most consumers understand the importance of handwashing. However the finding of the study showed that their handwashing practices in everyday life did not meet their perception. This observation study disclosed the gap which was not reported from the studies conducted based on surveys. From now on, messages for the consumers should focus on when and how their hands should be washed. Finally dietitians should be a role model of proper handwashing in foodservice facilities as well as in everyday life. Key words:handwashing, observation, dietitians, female adults, public restooms.

제조업 산업장의 유기용제 노출에 관한 연구

문덕환,김정하,김필자,박명희,황용식,이채관,이창희 한국산업위생학회 2001 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.11 No.3

Objective : For the purpose of preparing the fundamental data and health promotion and control program on organic solvents in air of manufacturing industry. Methods : The author surveyed number of organic solvent components which was used in working site and also determined the organic solvents concentration in air of 927 manufacturing industries and 1,267 working process with gas chromatography(NIOSH manual) for five years from 1995 to 1999. Results : Mean numbers of solvents components by type of industry, working process was number of 12. There were exceeded to TLV of 1,2-dichloroethane in textile manufacturing industry N,N-dimethyl furan in tanning and dressing of leather ; luggage, handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear manufacturing industry and chemical and chemical product manufacturing industry by type of industry. There were exceeded to TLV of 1,2-dichloroethane in handwriting and drawing process, cellosolove in adhesive spreading process, N,N-dimethly furan in production of solvent process and adhesion process by working process. Total exceeded rate to threshold limit values of organic solvents mixture were 12.9% for EI(Exposure index) and 10.0% for Em(Estimation of mixture) by type of industry, 11.3% for EI and 8.2% for Em by type of working process. The highest exceed rate was 36.7% for EI in tanning and dressing of leather ; luggage handbags, saddlery, harness and footwear manufacturing industry and 29.0% for Em in textile manufacturing industry. the highest exceeded rate was 23.1% for EI and 12.5% for Em in adhesive spreading process by working process. Mean values of total subjects by type of industry and type of working process were 0.7±1.8 for EI and 0.7±1.7 for Em respectively. Conclusions : As above results, the author suggest that it makes the environmental control program on 1.2-dichloro-ethane, N,N-dimethyl furan, cellosolve by kind of organic solvent and on textile manufacturing industry, tanning and dressing of leather ; luggage, handbags, saddlery harness and footwear manufacturing industry by type of industry, and on handwriting, drawing process and adhesive spreading process and adhesion process by type of working process.

미혼 남녀의 결혼관에 대한 연구

김양희,문영소,박정윤 중앙대학교 생활과학연구소 2003 생활과학논집 Vol.17 No.-

While most of adults in the past thought that marriage was compulsory, now marriage is considered not as compulsory but as optional, which is being on a decreasing trend. Accordingly, their intention to marry, time and motive of marriage depend on the individual situation or preference rather than the standardized and uniform way. This study was conducted to analyze the intention of unmarried men and women to marriage more concretely and in depth. The survey of 316 students who took a course of 'Marriage and Family' in Chung-Ang University was conducted with a way of self-description as a method for a qualitative survey to analyze their consciousness to marriage more deeply, classifying into a total of four questions. The findings of the survey were as follows. First, in terms of the intention to marriage, 93.0% of the responders answered "I will marry", indicating the majority of the students were considering marriage positive. In addition to it, in terms of the connection of love and marriage, 61.0% of the responders answered love and marriage were connected with each other, compared to 34.0% who answered seperate. Second, in terms of the motive of marriage, realization of love topped, followed by a valuable thing, emotional stability, providing for their old age, economic stability, independence from their parents and happy married life of their parents. Third, in terms of the reason to choose single, freedom topped, following by concern at change of love, unnecessity of marriage, burden on a new family, negative image to marriage, description and escape from reality, economic responsibility and the cumbersome processes of marriage.

전국 10개 종합병원 중환자실 환자의 직장내 Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci(VRE) 보균율, 보균의 위험요인 및 유전적 다양성 조사

정희진,송준영,엄중식,김우주,최선주,최정현,이혁,정문현,이광미,신동현,손보라,최종성,우흥정,권정아,이경원,최강원,박승철 대한감염학회 2002 감염 Vol.34 No.5

오리엔탈나리의 球根 收穫時期와 低溫處理 期間이 生育에 미치는 影響

金熙峻,金正萬,金致善,柳汀,崔泳根,文炳永 한국화훼연구회 2001 화훼연구 Vol.9 No.1

This study was carried out to determine the effect of the duration of chilling treatment and the lifting time of bulbs on growth of Lilium Oriental hybrids for product of cut flower in the type of forcing or semiforcing culture in Korea. "Casablanca", "Acapulco" and "Le Reve" in lilium Oriental hybrids were used in these experiment and carried out from 1999 to 2000 in Iksan, Korea. The bulbs for experiment were lifted on August 27, September 27 and October 27 and the all of them were chilled at 5±1℃ for 0,8,10,12 weeks. Development of the bulbs lifted on October 27 was superior than that of lifted bulbs on August 27 in the three cultivars. The bulbs lilted lately and chilled for a long time were sprouted more earlier and grown faster. In order to increase bulb sprouting until 100%, the duration of chilling treatment of bulbs was need for 12 weeks on August 27, 10 weeks on September 27 and above 8 weeks on October 27. The flowering according to the duration of chilling treatment and the lifting time of bulbs was same above. Consequently, the bulbs should be chilled at 5±1℃ for chilled for 10 weeks at late September and 8 weeks in producted bulbs at late October in earlyㆍMidseason variety fur product of cut flower hut bulbs of late variety should be chilled for 12 weeks at late September and 10 weeks at late October.