Emily Dickinson's Homosexual Orientation

Seung-Jin Baek 영미어문학회 2004 영미어문학연구 Vol.20 No.1

Seung-Jin Baek. 2004. Emily Dickinson's Homosexual Orientation. The British & American Language and Literature. 20-1. 115-128. In the Western feminist movement, the division between lesbian and heterosexual women played an important role in the development of the movement. The aim of lesbianism was to articulate connections between lesbianism and feminism and to create new and positive images. Lesbian feminists tried to challenge and supplant the oppressive stereotype which dominated public opinion. While the heterosexual feminist movement is formed in the established male-centered boundaries, lesbian feminists are primarily committed to women. That is, while heterosexual feminists try to achieve authenticity through the male-female relationship, lesbian feminists try to achieve authenticity through identifying themselves with women. Emily Dickinson participated in such relationships with women and practiced the concept of lesbian continuum throughout her life. In the poems dealing with the relationship with male sexuality, Dickinson is always hierarchically inferior to male sexuality which relegates women to sexual and family functions. The male power scorches and scathes her existence. So, Dickinson finds a way to identify and utilize specifically female power in her work and then tries to create a new consciousness which can be shared among women.

The aspects of literary criticism mentioned in classical letter writing

( Baek¸ Jin-woo ) 한국어문학국제학술포럼 2010 Journal of Korean Culture Vol.14 No.-

오늘날 우리는 편지를 통해 다른 이의 안부를 묻고 자신의 소식을 전하며 의사를 주고받는다. 또한 현대의 '편지'는 지극히 사적(私的)인 영역에 속하는 글이다. 주로 개인과 개인 사이의 의사 전달을 매개하는 기능을 하기 때문이다. 따라서 공개서한 등의 예외적인 경우를 제외한다면 대부분의 편지는 비공개를 원칙으로 한다. 반면 전근대 시기의 편지는 다분히 공개적인 성격을 지녔다. 문인들은 편지를 작성할 때 같은 내용의 편지를 한 부 더 작성하여 보관해 두었다. 이는 훗날 자신의 문집을 정리할 때 싣기 위한 목적에서였다. 발신자는 편지를 보내는 순간 이미 내용이 공개될 것을 염두에 두었다. 특히 편지를 통해 자신의 정치적인 입장, 철학적인 견해, 문학론 등을 공개적으로 천명하는 경우가 많았다. 이는 마치 오늘날 신문, 잡지, 블로그 등의 매체에 기고하여 자신의 견해를 공개하는 행위를 떠올리게 한다. 수신자 역시 한 명으로 제한되지는 않았다. 편지를 받은 이는 그 내용을 주변의 다른 이들과 공유하며 의견을 주고받기도 하였다. 이렇게 형성된 의론은 서로가 주고받는 편지를 통해 일종의 공개적인 토론으로 발전하기도 하였다. 따라서 편지가 단순히 둘 사이의 의사 전달 수단을 뛰어넘어 여론 형성의 기능까지도 담당했던 셈이다. 바로 이 점이 전근대 시기의 편지가 지닌 독특한 매력이라고 할 수 있다. 문학과 관련하여 전근대 시기의 작가들의 편지에서 주로 보이는 형식과 내용은 다음의 몇가지 전형으로 구분해 볼 수 있다. 첫째, 자신의 시문(詩文)에 대한 평론과 평가를 요구하는 경우이다. 전근대의 작가들은 자신이 작성한 초고(草稿)를 명망 높은 상대방에게 보내어 평가를 요청하는 일이 빈번하였다. 그리고 요청을 받은 상대방은 자세한 평론과 함께 초고를 돌려보냈다. 편지가 어렵지 않게 공개되었기 때문에, 이런 경우에 이들이 주고받은 편지는 다른 이들도 함께 읽고 평가에 참여할 수가 있었다. 따라서 편지를 통해 공개적인 문학 평론이 가능했던 셈이다. 둘째, 전시대의 유명 작가와 작품에 대해 평론하는 경우이다. 이 경우 주로 언급이 되었던 작가들은 문학 창작의 전범(典範)으로 평가받던 이들이다. 대표적으로는 문(文)의 당송팔대가(唐宋八大家)와 시(詩)의 이백(李白)·두보(杜甫)를 들 수 있다. 고려(高麗)와 조선(朝鮮)의 이름난 거장(巨匠)들도 빈번하게 언급되었다. 특히 이러한 언급들은 시대에 따른 인식 변화의 추이(推移)를 살펴 볼 수 있다는 점에서 중요하다. 셋째, 경전과 문학 작품 가운데 의문이 있는 구절만을 조목으로 만들어 질의 형식으로 묻는 경우이다. ‘문목(問目)’이라는 제목으로 보내는 편지는 대부분 이 경우에 해당한다. 자신의 지식만으로 의미를 명확히 파악할 수없는 경우, 혹은 전대의 학자들과 견해를 달리 하는 경우에 동시대의 견식이 뛰어난 학자에게 질문지 형식의 편지를 보내어 이에 대한 답변을 요구한 것이다. 문학과 관련해서는 문학의 본질에 대해 묻는 경우도 있었다. 편지를 통해 ‘문학이란 무엇인가?’, ‘문(文)이란 무엇인가?’, ‘시(詩)란 무엇인가?’ 등의 본질적인 문제를 논한 것이다. 이처럼 전근대 시기의 작가들은 편지를 통해 문학의 다양한 영역을 검토하고 함께 고민하였다. 그리고 이는 편지를 공적인 영역에 속하는 것으로 간주하였기 때문에 가능한 일이었다. Unlike nowadays, the letter had a different meaning in pre-modern society, especially in the cultural area of Chinese ideography. In this paper, I tried to examine special meaning of pre-modern letter writing. Pre-modern writers usually wrote letters to state their opinions to the public, just like we write for journals, newspapers or personal blogs today. Their letters usually included political, literary, or philosophical view. In this way, the letter meant more than just a means of communication among the people at that times. Relating to the literature, I analyzed pre-modern letter writings into three typical cases like following. First, the case of requiring comments from other writers. Pre-modern writers usually sent their drafts to other writers who were highlyevaluated. And then, the receiver sent back drafts with comments in detail. In this case, their letters revealed to public by naturally. Through this exchanging of letters, writers could took advice from others and revise their writings. Second, the case of estimating former writers and writings. Relating to actual prose composition, they usually mentioned the Eight Great Prose Masters of the Tang and Song. Among them, Han Yu and Ouyang Xui were so particular. And as a rhetorical model of poetry, Du Fu and Li Bai replaced them. We also can read the transforming trends of literature and literary theory from their letter writings. Third, the case of questioning and answering through letters. In the pre-modern, when writers encountered difficult or ambiguous points while they were reading or studying, they recorded unsolved problems for the future. After a while, they itemized all the questions and sent letters to the fellows or teachers. They also mentioned the history of literature, the style of prose and poetry, the literary models, the type of writers and poets, and the meaning of literature. Therefore, those letters show us a writer's literary theory very well As a result, pre-modern writers could suggest their literary opinions by exchanging letters, and could accept new literary trends surrounding themselves. For them, letter was not just a mean of communication, but it was a useful tool to improve their academic and literary knowledge.

피로와 의료이용, 업무상 사고 및 질병결근

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,정진주,이철갑,강명근,현숙정,조정진,차봉석,박종구 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Objectives: This study examined the relationship of fatigue to medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project, 2002~2004). A total of 30,146 employees categorized within the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were recruited. A structured-questionnaire was used to assess the participants' sociodemo-graphics, job-related factors, health-related behaviors, personality trait, self=perceived fatigue (MFS) and the frequency of medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence. Data on medical utilization and occupational accident were confirmed from company health records. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to elucidate the relationship of self-perceived fatigue to medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence. Results: In logistic regression analyses, self-perceived fatigue was associated with medical utilization (outpatient), occupational accident and sickness absence although the strength of the associations was higher in the blue collar workers except for medical utilization. For medical utilization, the white collar worker's adjusted odds ratios of outpatient utilization for workers scoring in the third quartile and the highest quartile, compared to workers scoring in the lowest quartile were 1.50 (95% CI: 1.20-1.87) and 2.16 (95% CI: 1.69-2.75), respectively. The blue collar workers' adjusted odds ratios of outpatient utilization for workers scoring in the second (OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.06-1.43), third (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.22-1.66) and highest quartile (OR:1.83, 95% CI: 1.55-2.17), respectively, compared to workers scoring in the lowest quartile were statistically significant. However, no associations were found between fatigue and inpatient utilization for either the white or blue collar workers. The blue collar workers' adjusted odds ratios of being injured for workers scoring in the second, third and highest quartile were 1.41 (95% CI: 1.00-2.00), 1.57 (95% CI: 1.10-2.22) and 2.41 (95% CI: 1.69-3.44), respectively, compared to those scoring in the lowest quartile, but, those of the white collar workers were not significant. There was more likely to an increased risk of sickness absence in workers scoring in the second, third and highest quartile compared to those scoring in the lowest quartile in both white and blue collar workers, but the magnitudes of risk were higher in the blue collar workers than the white collars workers. Conclusion: This result suggests that fatigue is a determinant predictor of medical utilization, occupational accident and sickness absence, and that the pattern of risks for the three outcomes differs according to the occupational type. Some limitations of this study and considerations for future study were also discussed.

한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

구강 및 악안면 영역의 감염증에 관한 임상적 연구

백진현,이영수,심광섭 大韓顎顔面成形再建外科學會 1996 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.18 No.2

This is a retrospective study on the patients with infection of the oral and maxillofacial region with the purpose of obtaining some useful data for diagnosis and treatment plan of that relatively common disease in dentistry. The used materials of study were 87 in total, including 52 male patients, 35 female patients who diagnosed and treated at the Department of the Dentistry in Hanyang Medical College Hospital for the period of Jan. 1990 to Dec. 1994. The author analyzed the distribution and incidence of sex, age, admission period, etiologic factors, etiologic teeth, treatment method of infections, pus culture, antibiotics sensibilities and medication. The result obtained as follows : 1. The developmental incidences by sex was superior in male by the ratio of 1.5 : 1 and the infection was most frequently occurred during the third decades(35.6%). 2. The number of admitted patients elevated in February, March, and April, and average of admission period was 9.8 days. 3. Main etiologic teeth showed on lower molar region in adult(63%) and upper molar region in primary dentition(46.1%). 4. Medications were administrated in all of the cases, and surgical incision and drainage were performed in 53% and extraction of the causative teeth were performed in 63.6% of all cases. 5. The most common involved fascial spaces were Buccal space(41.4%), Infraorbital space(27.6%), Submandibular space(16.1%),in order, and 9 cases(10.3%) were Ludwig's Angina. In 68.2% of the patients, and infection involved only one fascial space and in 21.8% of the patients, it involved to more fascial spaces. 6. The most causative organisms isolated from pus culture were Gram-positive facultative cocci(55.5%), and antibiotics sensitivities on the total isolated bacterial strains were exposed chloramphenicol(88.6%), Cephalothin(88.6%), Erythromycin(81.5%), Lincomycin(77.8%) in order, but it showed resistant on Gentamycin(58.3%), Tetracycline(56.5%), Methicillin(38.5%).

인체에서 carvedilol의 심혈관계 작용에 대한 PK/PD modeling

백인환,윤민혁,윤휘열,남진경,권광일 충남대학교 약학대학 의약품개발연구소 2007 藥學論文集 Vol.22 No.-

The objective of the present study was to determine and characterize the relationship between the cardiovascular effect and plasma concentration of carvedilol by PK/PD modeling in human. A group of 32 healthy males received oral doses of 25 mg carvedilol, and blood samples were collected thirteen times for up to 30 hours after the drug administration. The effect of carvedilol on blood pressure was measured during the same period. This experiment was analyzed using the liquid-liquid extractions of carvedilol by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Pharmacokinetics parameters of carvedilol were calculated using the two-compartment model with first-order absorption. The average value of C_(max), T_(max), CL/F (apparent clearance), V/F (apparent volume of distribution) and half-life of carvedilol were 62.74 ± 20.12 ng/ml, 1.26 ± 0.86 hrs, 94.64 ± 46.01 L/hr, 1561.78 ± 941.94 L, 12.47 hr, respectively. To explain the relationship between the cardiovascular effect and plasma concentration of carvedilol, plasma drug concentrations were linked to the observed SBP and DBP via a effect compartment with a sigmoid Emax model. The model parameters were estimated by using ADAPT Ⅱ program. This PK/PD model could describe the relationship between plasma concentrations of carvedilol and cardiovascular effect such as the aspects of decreasing blood pressure and the time delay between plasma concentration and pharmaco-dynamic data.

대구지역의 대기오염도 특성평가(I) : 지역별 및 계절별 농도변동을 중심으로 Locational and Seasonal variations

백성옥,최진수,황승만,김광은 嶺南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1996 環境硏究 Vol.15 No.2

본 연구는 대구지방환경관리청과 유관기관 등에서 과거 7년간(1988~1994년) 측정한 대기질 관련자료중 아황산가스, 분진, 일산화탄소, 질소산화물 및 오존을 대상으로 통계분석하여 각기 배출강도가 다른 지역별 농도분포 특성을 평가하였고 대구지역의 전반적인 대기질 변화추이를 파악하였다. 그 결과 각 지점별 아황산가스의 농도는 전형적인 동고하저형을 나타내었으며, 도시가스공급과 황함량규제등 연료변환 정책의 효과로 인해 점차적으로 감소하고 있는 추세를 보이고 있다. 부유분진은 결측치가 많아 장기적인 농도변화추이를 판단하기는 어려웠으나 아황산가스와 같이 큰 계절적인 변동은 보이지 않았다. 질소산화물의 전반적인 농도분포는 장기 환경기준치 50ppb를 초과하지 않는 수준이었으나 최근엔 이동배출원의 영향이 가중되어 그 농도가 꾸준히 증가하는 추세인 반면 동고하저형의 계절적인 변동을 나타내는 일산화탄소는 가정용 무연탄 사용량의 감소로 대기중 일산화탄소의 농도는 점점 감소하고 있는 추세이다. 오존은 전반적으로 일사량이 많은 하절기에 농도가 높았고 동절기에는 농도가 낮은 경향을 보였다. 한편 주요 대기오염물질의 장·단기 기준달성도를 비교분석한 결과 대구지역의 대기오염물질중 아황산가스의 고농도 발생빈도는 공업지역에 집중되어 있었으며 질소산화물과 일산화탄소는 아직은 장·단기 환경기준을 초과하지 않는 수준으로 나타났고, 분진과 오존의 경우는 공업지역 뿐만 아니라 전지역에서 그 발생빈도가 유사하게 나타났다. In this study, characteristics and distributional patterns of the concentrations of air pollutants in Taegu area were evaluated using a data-base established from the ambient air quality monitoring stations for the period of 1989 to 1994. The result of this study demonstrated that in each sampling site, the SO_2 concentrations were much higher in winter than those in summer. However, a decreasing tendency was clearly shown in the annual variation of SO_2 concentrations, largely due to the use of LPG instead of anthracite coal for local heating systems and to the fuel policy of using lower sulfur content fuel in industrial sectors. Unlike SO_2, there was no distinct seasonal variation in the concentrations of suspended particulate matter. Concentrations of NO_x were found to be generally lower than the long term ambient air quality standard (50 ppb). The NO_x concentration has been gradually increased, reflecting the rapidly increased number of vehicles In this area, while the CO levels In ambient air were declind because of the reduced use of coal for domestic purposes. The Ozone concentrations in Taegu area exhibited that there has been already photochemical smog phenomena during the summer season when the insolation is strong.

韓日古代歌謠에 나타난 呪術觀攷

白珍豪 서강정보대학 1996 論文集 Vol.15 No.-

人間が自然から獨立せず原始社會では人間のあらゆる生活と行動は呪術によって支配されたのである。このような呪術は生理的, 情緖的に自然發生的な行爲の反復によって呪術儀式をおこられ, 呪術儀式が展開されたのである。このような呪術儀式では呪言と呪文が言語的要素としてその比重を加えたのである。すなわち儀禮的儀式としての呪言は言靈信仰を 表出したのである。 古代人間の儀禮と呪術的行爲にはこのような言靈信仰が考察することができるのである。 このような言靈信仰は日本の古事記, 日本書紀, 古代和歌集である萬葉集から考察することができ, 韓國の三國史記の古文獻と三國遺事に記錄された鄕歌からも考察することができるのである。 すなわち韓日兩國では 古代の言靈信仰による 呪術的傳統が 韓國と日本に いっしょうに存在し, このような言靈信仰を信じ, 賴ったのである。

GPS를 이용한 동의캠퍼스 음성안내시스템의 개발

백성헌;김재명;안미애;김진일 東義大學校産業技術開發硏究所 2008 産業技術硏究誌 Vol.22 No.-

본 논문은 GPS(Global Positioning System) 수신기로부터 전달받은 위치 데이터를 이용하여 동의대학교 캠퍼스 음성안내시스템을 설계하고 구축하였다. 위치정보는 GPS에서 사용 되는 WGS-84 (World Geodetic System, 1984) 좌표계를 좌표번환 없이 이용하여 지도를 제작하고 위치를 나타내고 있다. 여기서 이용된 GPS 수신기모델은 BU-303이고, 작성된 프로그램은 위성으로부터 수신한 신호의 좌표 값, 이동경로 표시 등의 정보를 사용자에게 전달하고, 건물의 특정범위에 진입하게 되면 음성안내를 시작한다. 본 안내시스템의 개발 결과는 동의대학교 가야캠퍼스에 적용해 보았으며, 그 실효성을 검증하였다.

공공 스포츠센터 내부고객의 서비스품질 기대 및 지각

백진우,성낙훈 한국스포츠리서치 2004 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.15 No.5

The purpose of this study was to examine the expectation and perception of service quality for internal customers on public sport center. Also, the samples of this study were collected by using random sampling method and the total subject were 170. The statistical methods used in this study were mean & standard deviation, Frequency analysis, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA and Scheffe's multiple range test. After analyzing the data, the results of this study are as follows. 1. In expectation of service quality, there were significant differences on sex, age, position and job task. 2. In perception of service quality, there were significant differences on sex, age, work period and job task.