국산 발효유음료의 미생물학적 및 이화학적 성질에 관한 연구

강영재,윤영호,김현욱 ( Young Jae Kang,Young Ho Yun,Hyun Uk Kim ) 한국축산학회 1979 한국축산학회지 Vol.21 No.6

Fermented milk drinks (liquid yogurt) produced by 7 different domestic manufacturers between the end of Aug. 1978 and the middle of Feb. 1979, were tested for microbiological and physico-chemical properties. 1) Single Lactobacillus strain has been used by all manufacturers and L. bulgaricus was found in 3 products, L. casei in 2 products, L, helveticus in 2 products. 2) At second day after bottling, the numbers of lactic bacteria ranged from 65×10^7 to 1.4×10^7 per ㎖. of the 6 products, and one product contained 3.5X105 per ㎖. 3) Except one product, every product had more than 10^7 lactic bacteria per ㎖. at 5℃ for 5 days. 4) No Coliform bacterium was detected in all samples. 5) Yeasts, molds and spores were detected in larger numbers in Aug., Oct., Sept., than in Jan., and Feb., and one manufacturer put especially more yeast s and sept., than in Jan., and Feb., and one manufacturer put especially more yeasts and molds, and another had more spores. 6) The mean pH values of the products were between pH 3.23 and pH 3.78. Titratable acidifies were found to be between 0.4102 and 0.5927%. Refractive indexes varied between 1.3541 and 1.3650. 7) Total solids contents were between 16.16 and 22.19% ; ash, 0.51∼0.32 protein, 0.50∼1.32%; monosaccharide, 1.26∼3.62% Roducing sugar, 10.27∼15.85%. 8) Further researches are needed on nutritional and microbio logical improvements of the liquid yogurts, and also on the function of lactic acid bacteria for the promotion of human health. 9) Product $quot;G$quot; has been known to be the best in micsobiological and physico-chemical qualities.

상고심 재판의 개선방안에 관한 연구 - 상고이유서 원심법원 제출제도 및 재항고 제한제도 도입을 중심으로 -

강영재 ( Kang Young Jae ),서용성,김성화 사법정책연구원 2020 연구보고서 Vol.2020 No.20

한정된 인적·물적 자원을 가지고 있는 대법원에 지나치게 많은 사건이 접수되고 있다. 이에 따라 오래 전부터 최고법원이자 법률심인 대법원의 역할을 재정립하고 국민의 권리를 가장 효율적으로 보호할 수 있는 상고제도를 설계하려는 논의가 있어 왔고, 현재도 진행 중이다. 그런데 그 동안의 논의는 주로 상고제도의 구조적 골격 변경에 초점이 맞춰져 있었는데, 본 연구는 주로 상고심 재판절차의 개선에 초점을 맞추어 몇 가지 방안을 연구하고 제안하고자 한다. 우선 본 연구는 상고심 재판절차에 대한 개선방안으로, 현재 대법원에 제출토록 되어 있는 상고이유서를 원심법원에 제출토록 하는 것으로 절차를 변경할 것을 제안한다. 상고이유서 원심법원 제출제도를 도입하자는 것이다. 그렇게 되면 원심법원이 상고이유서의 기한 내 제출 여부 심사, 상고이유의 적법 심사 등을 할 공간을 가지게 되고, 그만큼 대법원은 최고법원으로서 판단할 가치가 있는 사건에 더 집중할 수 있을 것이다. 일정한 경우 상고이유서를 원심법원에 제출하도록 규정하고 있는 독일과 일본의 경우를 살펴보았고, 그 밖에 미국 등 주요국의 상고절차도 살펴보았다. 그리고 우리나라에서 상고이유서 원심법원 제출제도가 도입될 경우 세부적 내용, 가령 상고이유서 제출기간은 어떻게 설정해야 할지, 원심법원의 역할은 어디까지 인정되어야 할지 등을 논의하고, 구체적 안을 제안하였다. 한편 대법원은 하급심이 재판 과정에서 절차적 문제에 관하여 내린 결정·명령에 대하여도 이를 최고법원으로서 관할한다. 그런데 절차에 관한 판단인 결정·명령에 대해서까지 법률문제만 있으면 아무런 제한 없이 최고법원의 판단을 받을 수 있도록 하는 것은 바람직하지 않고, 비교법적으로도 유례가 없다. 재항고에 대한 제한제도 도입을 검토할 필요성이 있다. 본 연구에서는 재항고 제한의 구체적 방안으로, 원심법원의 결정·명령에 대하여 재항고가 제기된 경우 원심법원이 먼저 재항고이유를 살펴봐서 재항고이유 없음이 명백한 경우에는 재항고를 각하하는 결정을 하고, 이에 대하여 다시 불복이 있는 경우에만 대법원의 판단을 받을 수 있도록 하는 제도를 도입할 것을 제1안으로 제안한다. 제2안으로는 대법원이 중요한 사건에 한하여 재항고를 허가하는 제도를 도입할 것을 제안한다. 각 안에 대한 상세한 내용을 논의하고, 구체적 안을 제시하였다. 이 연구보고서가 상고제도 개선, 상고심 재판절차 개선의 구체적 실행을 촉진하고, 재항고 제한제도에 관한 논의를 활성화하는 데에 도움이 될 수 있기를 기대한다. An excessive number of cases have been and are being filed in the Supreme Court of Korea, which has limited human and material resources. Accordingly, there have been and are still discussions about the necessity for reestablishing the role of the Supreme Court of Korea, which is the highest court that reviews conclusions of law, and redesigning the system of final appeal to protect the rights of the people in the most efficient way possible. Discussions so far have, however, mainly centered on the structural framework change of the final appeal system. This research is distinct from existing studies in that this research focuses primarily on examining and proposing ways to improve the procedure for final appeal. As the first way to improve the procedure for final appeal, this research proposes to change the procedure to submit a written statement of grounds for final appeal to the lower court, rather than the Supreme Court. By doing so, the lower court will have some leeway to review whether a written statement of grounds is submitted within the appeal period, and to examine the legality of the grounds for appeal, so that the Supreme Court of Korea will be able to focus more on cases that deserve to be judged by the court of last resort. In order to derive implications from comparative legal research, this research examines systems of Germany and Japan, both of which have adopted the system of submitting a writ ten statement of grounds for final appeal to the lower court in certain cases, and it also examines procedures for final appeal in the U.S., U.K., and France. Based on this comparative analysis, this research examines some details to be addressed when the system for submitting the grounds for final appeal to the lower court is adopted in Korea, such as how to set the due date of the submission, and to what extent the role of the lower court should be established, and proposes specific suggestions on each item. Secondly, this research proposes to restrict reappeals to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court of Korea has final jurisdiction over the reappeals that were made against the lower courts’ decisions or orders on procedural matters. It is, however, not advisable that the highest court reviews all the decisions and orders as long as there are conclusions of law without further restrictions. Moreover, a system where the highest court reviews all decisions is unprecedented in other countries. There is, thus, a need to consider the adoption of a system that restricts reappeals to the Supreme Court of Korea. This research offers two proposals for improving the efficiency of the review procedure of reappeals. The first proposal this research suggests is that when a reappeal is filed against lower courts’ decisions or orders, lower courts shall first review the grounds for reappeal and decide whether there are grounds for reappeal. Under this first proposal, the reappeal shall be reviewed by the Supreme Court only when the decision to reject the reappeal by the lower court is appealed again. The second proposal this research offers is to allow the Supreme Court to review reappeals only in important cases. Each proposal will be discussed in detail and specific suggestions will be offered. It is expected that this research will contribute to improving the system for final appeal, accelerating the implementation of the improvement of the procedure to submit final appeal, and encouraging discourse on the system of restricting reappeals to the Supreme Court.

각국의 상고심 실질심리 사건 선별 방식에 관한 연구

강영재 ( Kang Young Jae ),서용성 사법정책연구원 2022 연구보고서 Vol.2022 No.3

대한민국 대법원은 특별한 사건 선별 권한 내지 제도를 가지고 있지 않다. 대법원은 원칙 적으로 모든 사건들을 같은 선상에서 처리하여야 한다. 이에 따라 한정된 인적·물적 자원을 가지고 있는 대법원은 최고법원으로서의 규범제시적 역할 수행에 큰 제한을 받고 있다. 그런데 법률 선진국, 그리고 우리의 사법체계에게 많은 영향을 준 나라들은 대부분 상고심 실질심리 사건 선별 제도를 가지고 있고, 이를 적극 운용하고 있다고 알려져 있다. 이는 최고법원으로서의 규범제시적 역할을 안정적으로 수행하기 위함일 것이다. 본 연구에서는 그와 같은 외국의 상고심 실질심리 사건 선별 제도들을 구체적으로 살펴보고 정리하고자 하였다. 그러한 작업이 상고심 제도 개혁을 논의하고 있는 우리에게 참고자료가 되고, 일정한 시사점도 줄 수 있을 것이기 때문이다. 구체적으로는 미국, 영국, 독일, 일본, 프랑스, 캐나다, 노르웨이, 덴마크, 호주, 스위스의 상고심 실질심리 사건 선별 방식을 살펴보았다. 미국 연방대법원은 상고허가(certiorari) 제도를 통해 가장 강력한 사건 선별 권한을 행사하고 있다고 평가된다. 영국 대법원도 1년에 100건 미만의 사건만을 상고허가하고 있고, 이에 더하여 상고허가 여부의 판단만을 전담하는 별도의 재판부를 두어 한정된 역량을 최대한 효율적으로 활용하고 있다. 독일과 일본의 최고법원 역시 일정한 범위에서 상고허가 제도를 운용하고 있다. 다만 두 나라의 경우는 상고허가 여부의 판단과 본안의 판단이 형식과 실질의 면에서 명확히 구별되고 있는 것인지 확신할 수 없는 지점도 있었다. 그 밖에 캐나다, 노르웨이, 덴마크, 호주 모두 상고허가 제도를 두고 있다. 프랑스나 스위스의 경우 상고허가 제도는 아니지만, 이유불기재 기각제도(프랑스)나 가액상고 제도(스위스)를 두어 일정한 범위에서 사건을 선별하고 있다. 우리나라와 같이 사실상 아무런 제도적 뒷받침 없이 최고법원이 모든 사건을 일일이 판단하여야 하는 경우는 찾기 어려웠다. 한편 본 연구에서는 이상과 같은 외국의 제도가 우리에게 주는 몇 가지 시사점들도 정리 하였다. 상고제한 제도의 도입 필요성이 대표적 시사점이다. 본 연구가 우리나라에서 현재 진행되고 있는 상고제도 개선에 관한 논의에 조금이나마 도움이 되기를 바란다. Under the Korean legal system, the Supreme Court of Korea is not given the authority or a process to select cases to be reviewed on the merits and grant leave to appeal. This means that the Supreme Court considers all cases referred to it in the same way regardless of the importance of a case. Such a lack of authority or process has been a limiting factor for the Supreme Court, which has limited human and material resources, to fulfill the influential role assigned to it in shaping national jurisprudence as the highest court that reviews conclusions of law. In contrast, countries with developed legal systems that have greatly influenced Korea’s judicial system mostly have processes for selecting cases to be reviewed on the merits in the final appeal to ensure that the highest court in those countries can properly perform the role of building national jurisprudence. With this difference in mind, this research is intended to examine and document such foreign counties’ processes in detail for selecting cases to be reviewed on the merits in final appeal. It is expected that this research could serve as an important reference for the discourse on reforms to the final appeal system in Korea and also provide several implications for improvements. Specifically, this research conducts comparative legal research between different methods for selecting cases to be reviewed on the merits in final appeal in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, France, Canada, Norway, Denmark, Australia, and Switzerland. Firstly, the U.S. Supreme Court is considered to be enforcing the strongest case selecting authority through its certiorari system. The U.K. Supreme Court grants leave to appeal in fewer than 100 cases per year and, has a specialized chamber exclusively responsible for determining whether to grant leave to appeal in order to use its limited capacity as efficiently as possible. In Germany and Japan, a final appeal is only admissible when leave to appeal is granted; in their systems, there are, however, gray areas where it is unclear whether decisions to permit the final appeal and decisions on the merits were clearly differentiated in terms of their form and content. In addition, the highest court of Canada, Norway, Denmark, and Australia all have leave to final appeal systems. Lastly, although France and Switzerland do not have leave to final appeal systems, they have systems in which cases can be treated differently according to their importance. For example, the Court of Cassation of France can dismiss a case without specified reasons in certain cases, which is called “rejet non-spécialement” in French. And the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland distinguishes cases on final appeal according to the amount of a lawsuit, which is called “wertrevision” in German. Through the comparative legal research, it was difficult to find a country where the highest court of a country is required to examine every case without any system that allows to differentiate cases according to their importance as in Korea. This research also sheds light on improving the Korea’s system. One of the implication of this study is that it is necessary to adopt a system of limiting the number of final appeals in Korea. This research will contribute to enriching the current discourse in Korea.

3D 프린팅 CFRP 초음파 피로 시험편 설계를 위한 강화 섬유 벽에 따른 진동 특성 분석 해석

강영재(Young-Jae Kang),최병주(Byung-Joo Choi),이문구(Moon-Gu Lee),전용호(Yong-Ho Jeon) 대한기계학회 2020 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2020 No.12

섬유 방향에 따른 3D 프린팅 CFRP 시편의 인장시험

강영재(Young-Jae Kang),이문구(Moon-Gu Lee),전용호(Yongho Jeon) 대한기계학회 2021 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2021 No.11

식품산업에서 알레르기원 통제 계획의 수립과 적용

강영재(Young-jae Kang) 한국식품과학회 2004 식품과학과 산업 Vol.37 No.2

연마제 특성에 따른 차세대 금속배선용 Al CMP (chemical mechanical planarization) 슬러리 평가

차남구,강영재,김인권,김규채,박진구,Cha, Nam-Goo,Kang, Young-Jae,Kim, In-Kwon,Kim, Kyu-Chae,Park, Jin-Goo 한국재료학회 2006 한국재료학회지 Vol.16 No.12

It is seriously considered using Al CMP (chemical mechanical planarization) process for the next generation 45 nm Al wiring process. Al CMP is known that it has a possibility of reducing process time and steps comparing with conventional RIE (reactive ion etching) method. Also, it is more cost effective than Cu CMP and better electrical conductivity than W via process. In this study, we investigated 4 different kinds of slurries based on abrasives for reducing scratches which contributed to make defects in Al CMP. The abrasives used in this experiment were alumina, fumed silica, alkaline colloidal silica, and acidic colloidal silica. Al CMP process was conducted as functions of abrasive contents, $H_3PO_4$ contents and pressures to find out the optimized parameters and conditions. Al removal rates were slowed over 2 wt% of slurry contents in all types of slurries. The removal rates of alumina and fumed silica slurries were increased by phosphoric acid but acidic colloidal slurry was slightly increased at 2 vol% and soon decreased. The excessive addition of phosphoric acid affected the particle size distributions and increased scratches. Polishing pressure increased not only the removal rate but also the surface scratches. Acidic colloidal silica slurry showed the highest removal rate and the lowest roughness values among the 4 different slurry types.

Metal CMP 용 컨디셔너 디스크 표면에 존재하는 다이아몬드의 형상이 미치는 패드 회복력 변화

김규채,강영재,유영삼,박진구,원영만,오광호,Kim, Kyu-Chae,Kang, Young-Jae,Yu, Young-Sam,Park, Jin-Goo,Won, Young-Man,Oh, Kwang-Ho 한국마이크로전자및패키징학회 2006 마이크로전자 및 패키징학회지 Vol.13 No.3

디바이스의 고집적화로 인한 다층 배선구조로 인해 초점심도가 중요해짐에 따라 표면의 평탄도가 디바이스에 매우 큰 영향을 주게 되어, 표면의 평탄도를 결정지어주는 CMP(Chemical Mechanical Polishing) 공정이 매우 중요한 요소가 되었다. CMP 공정에는 슬러리, 연마패드, 컨디셔닝 디스크와 같은 소모품들이 사용된다. 이러한 소모품 중 하나인 컨디셔닝 디스크를 이용한 컨디셔닝 공정은 CMP 공정이 끝난 후 패드의 기공과 groove 내에 잔류 하는 화학반응물이나 슬러리와 같은 잔유물들을 컨디셔닝 디스크 표면에 부착되어 있는 다이아몬드를 이용하여 제거 함으로써 연마율을 높이고, 연마 패드의 수명을 증가 시켜주는 역할을 한다. 컨디셔닝 공정을 실시함으로써 연마 패드의 수명이 연장되기 때문에 경제적인 부분에서도 큰 이점을 가지게 된다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 CMP 공정에서 중요한 역할을 하는 소모품 중 하나인 컨디셔닝 디스크 표면에 존재하는 다이아몬드의 밀도, 형상 그리고 크기에 따라 연마 패드의 회복력 변화를 알아봄으로써 효율적인 컨디션닝 디스크의 특성을 평가해 보았다. Recently, CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) is one of very important processing in semiconductor technology because of large integration and application of design role. CMP is a planarization process of wafer surface using the chemical and mechanical reactions. One of the most important components of the CMP system is the polishing pad. During the CMP process, the pad itself becomes smoother and glazing. Therefore it is necessary to have a pad conditioning process to refresh the pad surface, to remove slurry debris and to supply the fresh slurry on the surface. A conditioning disk is used during the pad conditioning. There are diamonds on the surface of diamond disk to remove slurry debris and to polish pad surface slightly, so density, shape and size of diamond are very important factors. In this study, we characterized diamond disk with 9 kinds of sample.

Ruthenium CMP에서 Cerium Ammonium Nitrate와 알루미나 연마 입자가 연마 거동에 미치는 영향

이상호,이승호,강영재,김인권,박진구,Lee, Sang-Ho,Lee, Sung-Ho,Kang, Young-Jae,Kim, In-Kwon,Park, Jin-Goo 한국전기전자재료학회 2005 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.18 No.9

Cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and nitric acid was used an etchant and an additive for Ru etching and polishing. pH and Eh values of the CAN and nitric acid added chemical solution satisfied the Ru etching condition. The etch rate increased linearly as the concentration of CAN increased. Nitric acid added solution had the high etch rate. But micro roughness of etched surfaces was not changed before and after etching, The removal rate of Ru film was the highest in $1wt\%$ abrasive added slurry, and not increased despite the concentration of alumina abrasive increased to $5wt\%$. Even Ru film was polished by only CAN solution due to the friction. The highest removal rate of 120nm/min was obtained in 1 M nitric acid and $1wt\%$ alumina abrasive particles added slurry. The lowest micro roughness value was observed in this slurry after polishing. From the XPS analysis of etched Ru surface, oxide layer was founded on the etched Ru surface. Therefore, Ru was polished by chemical etching of CAN solution and oxide layer abrasion by abrasive particles. From the result of removal rate without abrasive particle, the etching of CAN solution is more dominant to the Ru CMP.

유치원 급식의 위생관리 실태조사 및 미생물적 품질평가

이주은,최경숙,강영재,곽동경,Lee, Joo-Eun,Choi, Kyung-Sook,Kang, Young-Jae,Kwak, Tong-Kung 한국식품조리과학회 2012 한국식품조리과학회지 Vol.28 No.5

This research aims to audit foodservice sanitation management practices and to assess microbiological quality of foods and their food contact environments in kindergartens. Sanitation auditing was conducted in 10 kindergartens in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon areas to assess the levels of safety practices. Results revealed that the surveyed kindergartens scored 41.4 out of 100 points, on average. The average scores of each category were 6.4/11 (58.1%) for facilities sanitation, 4.2/12 (35.0%) for equipment sanitation, 2.4/10 (24.0%) for personal hygiene, 5.1/10 (51.0%) for food ingredients management, 6.0/17 (35.3%) for production process, 5.4/10 (54.0%) for environmental sanitation, 2.0/6 (33.3%) for kitchen utensils sanitation, and 2.2/6 (96.7%) for safety management. Microbiological quality of raw, prepared foods, personal sanitation (hands), environmental sanitation, and drinking water were assessed. Total plate counts (TPC) of the following menus exceeded the critical limit: seasoned leek (5 log CFU/g), cucumber (5.0 log CFU/g), panbroiled fish paste (TNTC at $10^4$), tangpyeongchae (5.3 log CFU/g), egg rolls (6.1 log CFU/g), panbroiled sausage (TNTC at $10^4$), and soft tofu pot stew (TNTC at $10^4$). Coliform which exceeded the standard limit were detected from seasoned leek (2 log CFU/g), cucumber (2.5 log CFU/g), panbroiled fish paste (2.0 log CFU/g), egg roll (3.8 log CFU/g), tangpyeongchae (4.0 log CFU/g), panbroiled sausage (2.3 log CFU/g), and soft tofu pot stew (3.7 log CFU/g). For seasoned foods (muchim), S. aureus ranged 2.2~2.9 log CFU/g. In food workers' hands, microbial profiles ranged 3.8~7.9 log CFU/hand for TPC, ND~4.5 log CFU/hand for coliforms, ND~4.7 log CFU/hand for S. aureus, and ND~5.3 log CFU/hand for Enterobacteriaceae. Microbiological profiles of food contact surface of knives, cutting boards, dish-clothes, and trays showed possibilities of cross-contamination. General bacteria were 2.1~4.5 logCFU/ml in 4 purified water samples and E. coli were found in the kitchen of one kindergarten. These results suggested that environmental sanitation management practices need more strict improvement: effective sanitation education methods and practices were strongly required, and more strict sanitation management for cooking utensils and equipment were required.