포도당 공급 제한시 산모의 혈중 포도당치가 신생아의 혈중 포도당치에 미치는 영향 : With the Administration of Glucose Free Solution to the Mother during NPO Time.

장성호,신정순 고려대학교 의과대학 1990 고려대 의대 잡지 Vol.27 No.2

Previously the author studied about the electrolytes and glucose levels in thirty cases of mother undergoing caesarean section and their newborn babies. During the NPO time of mother lactated Ringer's solution containing glucose was given. The results of the study showed that the potassium level of the baby was higher than that of mother, and the level of potassium of baby at birth was lower than that of two hours after birth. The glucose level of baby showed close correlationship with that of mother. Also the level of glucose of newborn baby at birth showed inverse correlationship with the amount of decrease of glucose level during two hours after birth. This time the authors tried to see if there is any difference in the results of the study if the mothers are given glucose free fluid during their NPO time. Thirty-five cases of mother undergoing caesarean section and their newborn babies were investigated. To the mother glucose free Ringer's lactated solution was given during NPO time. Blood samples were taken from vein on one of upper extremities of mother and umbilical vein of newborn baby at birth, and femoral artery of newborn baby two hours after birth. The results were as follows : 1. The levels of potassium in newborn babies were higher than those of mothers, and in the newborn the levels at two hours after birth were higher than those at birth. 2. The higher the level of glucose in mother, the higher in newborn baby at birth. 3. The higher the level of glucose in newborn baby at birth, the greater the level of de- crease during two hours after birth, and on the contrary the baby who had lower level of glucose showed the tendency to increase two hours after birth. 4. The NPO time and level of glucose of mother were 13.2±2.4 hours and 64.3±11.4mg/dl respectively, and the glucose level was lower than that of mothers' (114.2±37.7mg/dl)without restriction of glucose administration. 5. The greater the level of glucose of mother the greater the difference of glucose level between mother and newborn baby. 6. Ketone body was not found in mother, newborn baby at birth and two hours after birth.

어머니-유아 문제해결 상호작용에서 유아 행동특성과 관련변인 간의 관계: 어머니 행동특성, 애착 안정성, 유아의 기질을 중심으로

홍미림,방희정,이순행 한국심리학회 산하 한국발달심리학회 2007 한국심리학회지 발달 Vol.20 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation of child's behavior during Problem Solving and related variations(mother's behavior, attachment security, temperament). The subjects were 33 infants, age 30-43 months, with their mothers. In order to assess to Mother-Child Interaction, each mother-child dyad was observed in the Problem-Solving Session(Eriksons, Sroufe, & Egeland, 1985). The mother's behavior and the child's behavior were assessed using the Teaching Strategies Rating Scale(Erikson, Sroufe, & Egeland, 1985). Attachment security was assessed by Attachment Q-set(Waters, 1987), and temperament was assessed by the Toddler Temperament Scale(TTS; Saslow, 1993). The data of this study was analyzed by Canonical correlation analysis, Stepwise regression analysis, and Pearson's correlation. The results of this study were as follows: 1) There was significantly correlation between mother's behavior and child's behavior(excepting reliance of mother for help). 2) Attachment security scores were positively related with the child's experience for the session, child's affection towards the mother, and child's enthusiasm. 3) Among the temperamental factors perceived by the mother, the child's positive adaptability explains positive experience for the session. The child's negative mood explained the reliance of the mother for help. 4) Using Stepwise regression analysis, most of the child's behavior is explained by the mother's behavior, but the child's reliance on his mother for help was explained by the child's negative as mood perceived by the mother. Consequently, the child's behaviors during Problem-Solving Session were mainly related to mother's behavior and temperament. This study suggested that various psycho-social factors contributed to child's accomplishment 본 연구에서는 만 30개월부터 43개월 사이의 유아와 어머니 쌍을 대상으로 문제해결 상호작용에서 유아 행동특성과 관련변인 간에 어떠한 관계가 있는지에 대해 살펴보았다. 유아와 어머니에게는 4가지 과제를 제시하여 그 상호작용을 살펴보았고, 관련변인으로는 애착 안정성과 기질을 선택하였다. 연구 결과, 우선 어머니 행동특성은 모든 하위 구성변인이, 유아 행동특성은 대부분의 하위 구성변인이 각 변인의 속성을 결정지어주면서 상대방의 행동특성과도 높은 관련성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 예외적으로 유아 행동특성 중 의존성 변인은 그 정도가 무척 약하였다. 둘째, 애착 안정성은 유아 행동특성 중 긍정적 경험, 긍정적 정서, 과제에 대한 열정과 관련이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 유아의 기질 중 ‘적응성’이 유아의 긍정적 경험을 17% 정도, 기질 중 ‘기분’이 어머니에 대한 유아의 의존성을 12% 정도로 유의미하게 설명하고 있었다. 마지막으로 관련변인(어머니 행동특성, 애착 안정성, 기질)들을 종합하여 유아 행동특성에 대해 갖는 상대적인 설명력을 알아본 결과, 유아 행동특성들 대부분은 어머니의 행동특성에 의해 설명될 수 있었다. 그러나 유아의 의존성은 어머니 행동특성보다는 기질 하위변인인 ‘기분’에 의해 설명될 수 있었다.

기획 특집 : 모성 담론의 문화적 형성과 재현 ; 고대에서 근대전환기까지 모성 담론의 문화적 조명 : 한문 산문에 투영된 어머니 -18세기 팔모(八母) 복제(服制) 담론과 어머니 관련 글들을 중심으로-

이은영 ( Eun Young Lee ) 한국고전여성문학회 2007 한국고전여성문학연구 Vol.0 No.14

본 연구는 임병양란 이후 유교적 질서가 흔들리고 성리학적 논리가 위기에 봉착하게 되는 18세기, 宗法 제도의 정착 및 家禮의 저변 확대와 맞물려 활발하게 이루어지는 어머니 服制 담론을 통해 당시 ``禮``라고 하는 규범 속에 투영된 어머니 상을 고찰하기 위해 진행되었다. 服制의 기준이 되는 것은 혈연관계와 명분관계를 규정하는 ``의리``와 ``은혜`` 개념이다. 그러나 소생관계와 양육관계 의리 관계가 복잡하게 얽혀 있는 어머니 복제의 경우, 어떠한 경우를 막론하고 가장 극진한 형태로 지켜졌던 아버지 복제와 달리 변수에 따라 다양한 층차가 만들어졌다. 우선 生母라 하더라도 남의 後嗣로 아들을 내보낸 경우에는 降服, 또는 無服의 규정이 적용되었다. 그 은혜를 고려하여 伸服의 근거를 찾는 논의들이 나타나기도 하였으나 두 개의 계통을 둘 수 없다는 종법의 원칙은 ``은혜``보다 ``의리``를 앞세워 생모를 배제하는 쪽으로 논의를 이끌었다. 생모 가운데 黜母와 嫁母의 복제는 의리의 잣대가 더 엄격하게 적용되었다. 특히 가모는 열녀 이데올로기와 맞물려 남편과 자식에 대한 의리를 저버린 것으로 규정되었으며 무복 규정에 정당성을 부여하는 논리적 근거가 되었다. 庶母들에 대해서는 ``은혜와 의리의 경중``에 따라 차별화된 복제가 적용되었다. 다만, 경중은 철저히 가부장적 논리에 의해 재단되어, 아버지의 명에 의해 양육 관계가 맺어진 경우에만 친모에 상응하는 복제가 허용되었고 자식을 두지 못한 서모는 어머니의 지위를 획득하지 못하고 무복이 적용되었다. 남의 아이를 입양하여 키운 養母와 수유를 받을 수 없는 아이에게 젖을 먹이고 키워준 乳母는 혈연이나 종통에 관계없이 ``은혜``만으로 복을 입었다. 그러나 당시 時俗은 신분의 비천함을 들어 복을 입지 않으려 하였고 의식 있는 선비들은 은혜의 중요성을 들어 복을 입어야 한다는 담론을 이끌었다. 어머니 복제 담론은 立後와 蓄妾 등으로 파생되는 복잡한 가족 관계망 속에서 명분과 인정을 조율하는 과정이었다. 그러나 논의는 명분(의리)을 중심을 인정(은혜)을 포용하는 형태로 이루어졌으며 이러한 흐름은 종법제의 강화, 열녀 이데올로기의 확산, 가례의 저변 확대로 이어지는 일련의 보수적 움직임과 관련을 갖는다. 그러나 公論의 장에서 한 발 벗어났을 때 사대부들은 그들 스스로가 생모를 따로 둔 자식이기도 하였고 어머니를 여의고 서모나 유모에게 양육된 사람이기도 하였다. 이들이 생모 또는 서모, 유모를 대상으로 하여 남긴 墓誌銘, 行狀, 祭文 등에는 喪服이라는 제도를 통해 공식적으로 예우되지 못한 어머니에 대한 슬픔과 회한이 여실히 무르녹아 있다. 담론에서 간취할 수 있는 원론 중심의 강경한 어조, 그리고 사적인 표현 매체 나타나는 자식의 진솔한 눈물은 종법 제도를 지탱하며 살아야 했던 당시 母子 관계의 표면과 이면이라 할 것이다. The goal of research is to examine the image of mother projected on the contemporary norm of ``decorum`` via the discussion about the traditional system of mother`s mourning attire which became vivacious in gear with the establishment of clan constitution and base expansion of the family formalities, in the 18th century when the confucianist order was shaken and the logic of Sung Confucianism was at risk after the disturbances of two wars, Japanese Invasion in 1592 and Ching`s Invasion in 1636. The reference of mourning dress code includes ``loyalty`` and ``obligation`` which define consanguinity and justification, respectively. In the case of mother`s mourning garments, unlike those for father which were observed with the utmost devotion regardless of differentiated relations, there were varied ranks depending on the distinct relations of bearing, breeding, and loyalty. First, Sayngmo (birth mother), when she sent her son to another family as heir, was applied a demoted clothing or no funeral clothing. There were disputes about locating the grounds for the proper mourning clothes in consideration of her obligation, but they came to a conclusion that she should be excluded due to the precedence of ``loyalty`` over obligation which is in line with the principle of clan constitution that there can be no two pedigrees allowed. The funeral garments for Chwulmo (divorced mother) and Kamo (remarried mother), among other birth bothers, are given a more rigorous yardstick of loyalty. Kamo, in particular, was defined to have abandoned the loyalty to husband and children on account of the ideology about virtuous women, which provided a logical basis for no mourning clothes for her. As for Semo (father`s concubine), differentiated types of mourning garments were applied in accordance with the ``weight of obligation and loyalty.`` This weight was judged completely by the patriarchal logic, and only the cases which were allowed breeding relationship by father`s order could be applied to the mourning system, comparable to blood mother. On the other hand, Semo who did not have children was not allowed any mourning clothes, not obtaining the status of mother. Yangmo (foster mother), who adopted and brought up a child, and Yumo (nurse), who nursed a child who could not be fed, were requited mainly for their ``obligation,`` irrespective of the blood ties or lineage. However, the customs of the age would not allow them that benefit for the reason of their mean social positions. Meanwhile, some sensible scholars led discussion that they must be rewarded based on the obligation. The discussion about mother`s mourning garments was the process of tuning cause and humanity in the complex network of family relations derived from adoption of another family`s son as heir and concubinage. It went in the direction of embracing the humanity (obligation) with the cause (loyalty) in the center, and this move has to do with a train of conservative propensities such as reinforcement of clan rules, diffusion of the ideology of virtuous women, and basal expansion of the family formalities. Outside the public opinion was the fact that the gentry themselves were the sons with their own birth mothers or were brought up by Semo or Yumo after their own mothers` deaths. The epitaphs, histories of the deceased, and funeral orations, which they left for Sayngmo, Semo, or Yumo, abound in vivid expressions of sorrow and remorse for the mothers who were not treated with official respect through the mourner`s garb. The uncompromising tones based on principles that can be noticed in their discussion and the sons` sincere tears manifested in the media of personal expressions can be viewed as the outside and inside of the relationship between mother and son who had to live under the clan constitution, while maintaining it.

모-태아 상호작용 증진 프로그램이 수유 시 모아상호작용(NCAF)에 미친 효과

한경자,권미경 한국아동간호학회 2007 Child Health Nursing Research Vol.13 No.2

=Efects of a Mother-fetus Interaction Promotion Program on the Mother-infant Interaction during Feeding*Han, Kyung Ja1)Kwon, Mikyung2)1) Professor, College of Nursing, Seoul National University, 2) Professor, Department of Nursing, Kwandong UniversityThis study was conducted to develop a mother-fetus interaction promotion program aimed at enhancing the sensitivity of primiparas, and to evaluate the efects of a mother-infant play interaction. Method: Participants were recruited from OB-GY clinic with postpartum take-care center (17 mother-infant dyads for intervention group and 17 dyads for control group). Data were colected from January 18 to August 5, 2005. For the intervention two groups, home visiting or a postpartum care center was used for data collection of the mother-infant interaction which was conducted at postpartum 1 week and 1 month. Also mother-infant interactions during feeding were videotaped and two trained observers analyzed the tapes. Results: A significant diference was found in mother-infant interaction betwen the two groups (postpartum 1 wek, t=6.10, P=0.000, 1 month t=6.69, p=.000). For variations in mother-infant interaction in the control group, a significant diference was found in between postpartum 1 week and 1 month (t=-2.564, p=.021). In subscale analysis, interactional behavior of the infant significantly increased in both groups. Conclusion: This study showed that the mother-fetus interaction promotion that this nursing intervention to increase maternal sensitivity to the fetus should be broadly aplied with primiparas, as it can be beneficial for formation of the mother-infant relationship, and for promotion of the social, emotional, and cognitive developments of the children.

아라이 소설 속의 ‘어머니’ 형상의 양가성 연구- 『소년은 자란다』, 『색에 물들다』, 『거싸얼 왕』을 중심으로

박정원,배도임 한국외국어대학교 중국연구소 2018 中國硏究 Vol.77 No.-

The present paper was started from having a critical mind that the historical tragedy of the country Tibet and Tibetans and the dilemma of Writer A Lai, who thereby could not help but passing by the real problems, were reflected in the ‘mother’ figure in his literary works such as Guerra Grew Up, The Dust Settles, and The Song of King Gesar. A Lai is a writer who stands by the borders of Huizu, Tibetan, and Chinese. He was born to a Huizu father and a Tibetan mother. He creates the stories of Tibet and Tibetans in Putonghua. In the literary works of A Lai, a Tibetan mother seldom appears. In Guerra Grew Up, Guerra’s mother was an outsider, unknown on her origin, but she settled down in Jicun under the silent approval of the villagers. In The Dust Settles, the Hanzu mother was sold to Maiqi Tusi and she gave birth to a baby boy named Fool. In The Song of King Gesar, there are two mothers of Gesar. In these works, the meaning of mother is ambivalent. The mother of Guerra, Sangdan, was the object that her son had to protect for good. And while Meiduonaze, the biological mother of Gesar in the human world, was the one who should be protected by her son Gesar in that she had suffered with her son and had been fallen to hell with his karma instead of him, and then she had been led to the buddhist paradise, Langmandamu who was his heavenly mother was his ideological mother in that she had continuously awakened him to accomplish the great tasks and had welcomed his returning to paradise with brilliance. It was thought that the Hanzu mother of Fool became as good as a Tibetan completely, however, she committed a suicide because she had got frustrated from her private desires. The mother of Guerra was not known whether she was Hanzu or not, but she continued to give birth to illegitimate children even though she was an outsider. Both Langmandamu and Meiduonaze who were the mothers of Gesar were not Tibetans. In these works, if mother is substituted into the homeland, it has different meanings in the cases of Tibet and China. Also, one cannot read the texts as if the homeland equals Tibet in each case of mother in the novels. It is therefore revealed as a truth that ‘son(Tibet)’ does not grow up fast only with love in the embrace of mother(homeland). 티베트 그 땅에는 오늘도 여전히 희로애락을 갖고 사랑하고 미워하며 살아가는 사람들이 있다. 아라이는 그 티베트 지역을 배경으로 티베트 사람과 일에 대해 중국어로 창작하는 작가이다. 중국내 소수민족이면서, 모어인 티베트어 대신에 중국어로 창작하기 때문에, 그가 ‘경계’에 선 작가라는 점은 ‘아들’의 ‘어머니’ 형상에서 특히 두드러진다. 「소년은 자란다」는 아버지 ‘없는’ 거라와 ‘부정한’ 어머니와의 갈등이 화해되고 상처가 치유되면서 지역사회의 일원으로 수용되는 과정을 보여준다. 『거싸얼 왕』 속의 반신반인 거싸얼의 인간세상의 혈통적 어머니인 메이둬나쩌는 아들과 고난을 함께 하는 점에서 내리사랑을 베푸는 모성의 화신이고, 아들의 업보를 대신 짊어지고 지옥에 떨어졌다가 아들의 제도(濟度)를 받는 점에서 아들의 보호를 받는 어머니이다. 하늘나라의 어머니인 랑만다무는 아들을 각성시키고 훈육한 뒤에 대업을 달성한 아들의 귀천을 화려하게 환영한다는 점에서 관념적인 어머니이다. 『색에 물들다』의 바보의 한족 어머니는 아들에게 생명을 주었으나 사랑으로 보살피고 양육할 권리를 포기한, 권력을 욕망한 이기적인 어머니이며, 젖어미 더친모춰는 젖으로 생명을 줄 수는 있었으나 사랑을 줄 수 없는 가짜 어머니이다. 아들의 시각에서 ‘다양한’ 출신의 ‘불완전한’ ‘양면적’ 어머니 형상과 ‘(티베트)아들-(이민족)어머니’ 구도는, 첫째, 어머니의 사랑과 희생이 인류의 위대한 생명력을 상징한다는 상투를 벗어난, 어머니의 욕망과 이기심을 드러내고, 둘째, ‘아들’은 어머니의 품에 있어야만, 어머니의 사랑이 있어야만 무럭무럭 자라는 것만은 아니라는 점을 보여주며, 셋째, 어머니 형상은 ‘티베트’, ‘티베트 사람’, ‘소수민족’, ‘어느 한 민족’ 등의 신분적 콤플렉스를 약화시켰고, 넷째, 이는 아라이의 문학적 지향과 작가적 소명감 사이에서의 충돌과 갈등의 소산이며, ‘티베트’와 ‘티베트 사람’의 역사적 비극과 현실 문제를 비껴나갈 수밖에 없는 작가적 고민과 문학적 메타포로써 투사된 결과라고 할 수 있다. 「소년 시편——외할아버지와 사촌누나」의 단보네 집처럼 ‘보기에는 복잡한 것처럼 보이지만, 실제로는 아주 간단하고 자연스럽게 가족을 이룬’ 가정 가운데 한 집이 되는 것, 어쩌면 독자는 여기서 아라이의 글쓰기가 지향하는 바와 그의 소망을 엿볼 수 있을 것이다.

어머니의 상위정서, 유아의 부정적 정서에 대한 어머니의 반응, 유아의 자아탄력성, 유아의 문제행동 간의 관계

김소라,김희태 한국열린교육학회 2018 열린교육연구 Vol.26 No.1

The purpose of this study was to investigate young children's gender difference of mothers' meta-emotion, mothers' reaction to young children's negative emotion, young children’s ego-resilience, and their behavior problem, and to examine effects of the relationship among mothers' meta-emotion, mothers' reactions to young children's negative emotion, young children's ego-resilience, and their behavior problem. The subjects were 279 pairs of preschoolers and their mothers who were enrolled in 11 child's care centers near Seoul. Mothers were asked to complete the questionnaire that assesses their meta-emotion and reactions to young children’s negative emotion, and teachers responded to the questionnaire that assesses young children’s ego-resilience and behavior problem. The results were as follows. First, there were meaningful differences on young children's gender in suppressive attitude and supportive beliefs of mothers' meta-emotion and young children's ego-resilience. Second, there were meaningful correlation among mothers' meta-emotion, mothers' reactions to young children's negative emotion, young children's ego-resilience, and their behavior problem. Third, mothers' supportive reactions to young children's negative emotion, attachment and self-control of their ego-resilience affected young children’s externalizing behavior problem. Also it was said that empathic acceptance, suppressive attitude, and supportive beliefs of mothers' meta-emotion, mothers' reactions to young children's negative emotion, and attachment, self-control, initiativeness of ego-resilience affected young children’s internalizing behavior problem. 본 연구는 유아의 성별에 따라 어머니의 상위정서, 유아의 부정적 정서에 대한 어머니의 반응, 유아의 자아탄력성, 문제행동이 차이가 있는지와 이들 변인들 간의 관계는 어떠하고 아울러 유아의 문제행동에 대한 각 변인들의 영향력이 어떠한지 살펴보는 것이 주된 목적이다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 서울 및 경기지역에 있는 유아교육기관 어머니-유아 279쌍을 대상으로 하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 유아의 성별에 따라 어머니의 상위정서의 억압적 태도와 지지적 신념, 유아의 자아탄력성은 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 어머니의 상위정서, 유아의 부정적 정서에 대한 어머니의 반응, 유아의 자아탄력성, 유아의 문제행동은 유의미한 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 유아의 외현화 문제행동에는 유아의 부정적 정서에 대한 어머니의 반응 중 지지적 반응, 유아의 자아탄력성 중 자기통제, 애착이 영향을 미치고 있었다. 넷째, 유아의 내재화 문제행동에는 어머니의 상위정서 중 억압적 태도, 공감적 수용, 지지적 신념과 유아의 부정적 정서에 대한 어머니의 반응 중 지지적 반응과 비지지적 반응, 그리고 유아의 자아탄력성 중 애착, 자기통제, 주도성이 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다.

어머니가 인식한 학령전기 뇌전증 아동의 모아상호작용과 삶의 질

임숙진 ( Suk Jin Lim ),방경숙 ( Kyung Sook Bang ) 부모자녀건강학회 2015 부모자녀건강학회지 Vol.18 No.2

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine mother-child interactions and the quality of life of preschool children with epilepsy as perceived by mothers, and to investigate the relation between mother-child interactions and the quality of life of preschool children with epilepsy. Methods: Participants for this study consist of 92 mothers of children with epilepsy aged three to six years who were treated at university hospitals and a city hospital located in Seoul, Korea. The instruments used for this study were mother-child interactions of preschool children scale and the Korean version of the TAPQOL (TNO-AZL Preschool children Quality of Life). Results: The level of mother-child interactions for preschool children with epilepsy showed a mean score 125. 91. The category of dyadic domain was rated the highest while the child domain category was rated the lowest. The level of mother-child interactions for preschool children with epilepsy showed a significant difference according to the mother-child relationship, birth history, seizure frequency, number of antiepileptic drugs and combined disabilities. The quality of life of children with epilepsy showed a significant difference according to the mother-child relationship, birth history, seizure frequency, number of antiepileptic drugs and combined disabilities. There is a statistically significant positive correlation between mother-child interactions and quality of life of preschool children with epilepsy. Conclusion: This study suggests that the mother-child interaction of preschool children with epilepsy showed a tendency to be led by mothers. In order to stimulate mother-child interactions, mothers should help their children enhance their reaction and participation.

어머니의 놀이참여도가 유아 스마트폰 과의존에 미치는 영향 -어머니-자녀 상호작용의 매개효과를 중심으로-

김경철,김윤지,강보미,오선미 한국교원대학교 유아교육연구소 2023 한국유아교육연구 Vol.25 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 어머니의 놀이참여도가 유아 스마트폰 과의존에 미치는 영향에서 어머니-자녀 상호작용의 매개효과를 검증하기 위해 수행하였다 이를 위해 3~5세 유아기 자녀를 둔 어머니 228명을 대상으로 어머니의 놀이참여도, 어머니-자녀 상호작용, 유아 스마트폰 과의존 척도를 사용하여 설문조사를 실시하였다 수집된 자료는 Pearson 상관관계분석을 실시하였고, Baron과 Kenny의 방법을 적용하여 매개효과를 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 어머니 놀이참여도와 어머니-자녀 상호작용 간에는 정적 상관관계가 나타났다. 어머니의 놀이참여도와 유아 스마트폰 과의존 간에는 부적 상관관계가 나타났다. 어머니-자녀 상호작용과 유아 스마트폰 과의존 간에는 부적 상관관계가 나타났다.둘째,어머니의 놀이참여도 와 유아 스마트폰 과의존의 관계에서 어머니-자녀 상호작용은 완전매개하며 유아 스마트폰 과의존의 낮추는요인으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 유아 스마트폰 과의존을 낮추기 위하여 어머니의 놀이참여도를 높이기 위한 다양한 놀이방법을 안내하고 어머니와 자녀의 놀이상황에서 이루어지는 어머니-자녀 간의 긍정적이고민감한 상호작용이 이루어질 수 있는 다양하고 실제적인 방안 모색이 필요하며 이와 관련한 부모교육의 기초자료를 제공한다는 점에서 본 연구의 의의가 있다. The purpose of this study was to analyze the mediating effect of mother-child interaction in the effect of mother's play participation on young children’s smartphone overdependence. To this purpose, a survey of 228 mothers with children aged 3 to 5 was conducted using the mother’s play participation, mother-child interaction, and young children’s smartphone overdependence scale. For the collected data, significance of the correlation between variables and the mediating effects were confirmed through Pearson's correlation analysis, Baron & Kenny's step-by-step regression analysis, and Sobel test. The results of this study are as follows. First, there was a positive correlation between mother’s play participation and mother-child interaction. There was a negative correlation between mother's play participation and young children’s smartphone overdependence. There was a negative correlation between mother-child interaction and young children’s smartphone overdependence. Second, in the relationship between mother's play participation and young children’s smartphone overdependence, mother-child interaction is completely mediated and is a factor that lowers young children’s smartphone overdependence. The results of this study are meaningful in that it provides basic data for parental education in this regard, guiding various play methods to increase mother's play participation and finding various practical ways to achieve positive and sensitive interactions between mothers and children.

어머니양육태도와 유아의 친사회적행동 및 인기도의 관계

정경화 培材大學校 人文科學硏究所 2011 人文論叢 Vol.28 No.-

The purpose of this study is to illustrate the following: Mother’s child-rearing attitude and pro-social behavior of young children, Mother’s child-rearing attitude and relationship to popularity, and the pro-social behavior of young children in terms of popularity. The subjects for this inquiry are as follows : 1. Is there any correlation between mother’s child-rearing attitude and the prosocial behavior of the child? 2. Is there any correlation between mother’s child-rearing attitude and the child’ popularity? 3. Is there any correlation between prosocial behavior of the child and the child’s popularity? The subjects of those studies include the S private kindergarten, 90children of ages 5 in Daejeon metro city and an established kindergarten an annex of y primary school, 50 children and their mothers in the area of Chung-chong Bukdo Young-dong Woop. The measuring instrument of those studies include the surveys of Mother’s Mrs Hun Suk KIM, Mrs Won Young LEE, Mrs Chan Ok PARK, Mrs Young Hee NOR which tested the adaptation, extraction of pro-social behavior of young children and the rating of a population sample of the same age. Analysis of the collection materials rein forces t-verification of SPSS win, correlative analysis. The results of those studies are as follows: First, a Mother’s child-rearing attitude only affects the child’s development to a minor degree rather than a major one in terms of the pro-social behavior of young children. The other elements affect th pro-social behavior of young children. The affection – a hostile feeling level r=.194 P< .05 of a low rank mother’s child-rearing action shows a relation of valance personal emotion from the pro-social behavior of young children. This result affects the pro-social behavior of young children during the period that the mother expresses affection or hostile feeling toward the child and as a result the child displays personal emotion accommodation behavior. Second, Mother’s child-rearing attitude doesn’t match the relation of popularity. This phenomenon brought about a different result from the previous research in which it was stated that the social behavior of children could be predicted from the Mother’s child-rearing action effect in which the mother provided a satisfactory role and the parent’s affection was expressed toward the children in an open way. Third, children’s popularity relation with pro-social behavior of young children level r=.269 P< .01. Children’s popularity relation and pro-social behavior of young children matches of a low rank of correlative in case of kindergarten adaptation r=.199, personal emotion accommodation behavior r=.233 both of them valence of level P< .05. also in the case of interpersonal relation formation valence r= .299 P< .01. The conclusion of those studies is as follows; First, Mother's affection in a child-reading attitude doesn't relate to the personal emotional behavior of young children. This research requires the continued study of children's pro-social behavior which can't be excluded due to the limited questionnaire method of measurement for Mother's affection in a child-reading attitude and pro-social behavior. It was shown that the children are able to act a typical manner as a result of the teacher's expectation of pro-social behavior. In the case of the new research it can be predicted that the Mother's affection in a child-rearing attitude is related to the pre-social behavior of young children. Further research will based upon the mother's affection in a child-reading attitude with children's perception and testing of children's pro-social behavior within a limited set of conditions in which it can be observed that it in turn affects their pro-social behavior. In terms of the low relation part of affection-hostility, children adapt in the social environment and are able to express their personal emotion to accommodate their pro-social behavior. Second, Mother's child-rearing attitude determines the child's popularity. Within this historical research was a limited questionnaire method measuring the Mother's affection in a child-rearing attitude, the way in which the typical family educates their children at an institute of early education and finally the participation of women in public affairs which effects the time spent in child care. However, based on this research, popularity can be related to the Mother's affection in a child-rearing attitude within the children's preception and a test of children's observation which in turn affects that factor. Third, Pro-social behavior. Those children adapt well in the kindergarten environment and other social activities in which they are able to express their interpersonal relation formation and personal emotion accommodation behavior which subsequently has an effect upon their popularity.

In Honor of a Particular Motherhood

주정숙(Jeong-Suk Joo) 한국외국어대학교 영미연구소 2011 영미연구 Vol.24 No.-

This paper aims to examine Mother’s Day and Anna Jarvis, the holiday’s founder in the U.S., her attempts to defend the supposed integrity of the holiday, and ironies concerning her conception and protection of the maternal holiday. Jarvis first celebrated Mother’s Day in 1908 as a holy occasion to honor her late mother and all mothers for their devotion to the home and family, and it became an official holiday in 1914. Yet, floral and other commercial industries soon recognized the economic value of the maternal holiday and came to turn it into a commercial bonanza. In addition, other individuals and organizations came to appropriate it, investing it with diverse meanings and interpretations according to their respective agendas. As Jarvis insisted on her vision of Mother’s Day, she perceived them as a threat to the holiday’s purity and integrity. As a result, she vehemently opposed their embrace of the holiday, exposing their pretense and underlying self-interests. Yet, while she was quick to spot others’ foibles, she never acknowledged her own problem. Jarvis disregarded her mother’s social and political activism to fit into her design of Mother’s Day, i.e., a private celebration of mothers’ domestic roles. This selective focus on her mother’s life and legacies reveals Jarvis’ failings as well as a particular cultural construction of motherhood she memorialized through Mother’s Day. At the same time, her glorification and reaffirmation of traditional gender roles came to serve conservatives who were against the growing women’s roles outside the home. This was ironic, not the least because her energetic campaign for Mother’s Day was largely possible because she was free from the motherly care and domestic duties.