기록으로 본 장흥 천관사의 창건과 변천에 관한 고찰

김희태 사)동북아불교미술연구소 2023 불교문화재연구 Vol.4 No.-

천관사의 창건에 대해서는 통일신라 애장왕대(801~808 재위) 통령화상 창건 기록이 전해지고 있다. 효소왕대(692~701년 재위)에 의상암이 있었다는 기록이 천인의 「천관산기(天冠山記)」(1240)에 있다. 그런데 천관사는 화엄사라고도 했고 성덕왕 4년(705) 창건 기록도 있어 창건 연대는 더 소급될 여지가 있다. 아육왕탑 관련 기록이나 󰡔지제지󰡕의 ‘돌로 만든 배에다 진경(眞經)을 싣고 바다를 건너와서’라는 기록을 통하여 천관산 일원 불교문화의 해로 유입설도 검토 할 필요가 있다. 그리고 진덕여왕(647~653년 재위) 대에 부설(浮雪)이 천관산에서 5년을 주석했다는 영허 해일(1541~1609)의 「부설전」은 천관산 불교문화를 백제시기까지 소급해 볼 수 있는 단서가 된다. 천관사는 고려시기에도 활발히 운영되었다. 천관사 일원에서 수습된 청자, 석탑과 석등을 통하여 알 수 있다. 1200년대 초반에는 진각국사 혜심(1178∼1234)이 천관산 의상암에 우거한다. 1240년(고종27) 7월에 정명국사 천인이 천관산 일대 사찰을 답사하고 「천관산기」를 남긴다. 조선시대 초기 행호대사에 의한 수정암 중수도 이루어진다. 1447년(세종29)경에 왕명으로 편찬한 󰡔석보상절󰡕에 천관산 아육왕탑에 관한 기록이 있다. 1561년 개간된 󰡔묘법연화경요해(妙法蓮華經要解)󰡕이후 1659년 󰡔지제산사적(支提山事跡)󰡕에 이르기까지 100여년에 걸쳐 19종의 불교전적이 간행된다. 1609년 11월 장흥 선비 김여중, 1638년 4월 보성의 박춘장, 1640년 허목이 천관산을 유람하고 기록을 남긴다. 1722년(경종2)에는 이하곤이 천관산을 탐승하면서 기문과 시를 남긴다. 1739년에는 민형수가 천관산을 유람한다. 1747년에는 천풍루 등 중심 사역이 불에 타는 피해를 당한다. 1765년(영조41)에는 위백규와 위도급 부자가 천관산을 유람한다. 특히 위도급은 천관산의 산명 봉호 암자를 주제로 96수의 시를 짓는다. 1779년(정조3) 위백규가 󰡔지제지󰡕를 편찬한다. 천관산에 관한 지리지로서 가장 자세한 내용을 담고 있다. 이 기록에는 천관사의 건물도 48채에 이른다. 이상에서 천관사의 창건과 변천을 살펴보았다. 사상적인 측면에서는 다른 논고가 있어 참고가 된다. 앞으로 관련 자료에 대한 조사와 수집, 수집된 자료의 비교 분석과 연구, 사회경제적 측면 등 주변지역의 인문 활동과의 연계, 조사 연구 결과의 공유, 천관사 사적기와 천관산 지리지의 편찬 등이 이어졌으면 한다. Regarding the foundation of Cheongwansa Temple, there is a record of the foundation of Tongryeonghwasang during the reign of King Aejang of Unified Silla (reigned 801-808). There is a record in Cheonin’s “Cheongwansangi” (1240) that Uisanggam existed during the reign of King Hyo-so (reigned from 692 to 701). However, Cheongwansa Temple was also called Hwaeomsa Temple and there is a record of its founding in the 4th year of King Seongdeok (705), so there is room for its founding date to go back further. It is also necessary to examine the theory of the influx of Buddhist culture into the Cheongwansan area by sea through the records related to the Asuk Kings Pagoda and the record in 󰡔Jijeji󰡕 that says, ‘He came across the sea carrying the true sutra on a boat made of stone.’ In addition, Yeongheo Hae-il (1541-1609)'s "Buseoljeon", which states that Buseol(浮雪) lived at Cheongwansan for five years during the reign of Queen Jindeok (reigned 647-653), shows that the Buddhist culture of Cheongwansan can be traced back to the Baekje period. It's a clue. Cheongwansa Temple was actively operated during the Goryeo Dynasty. This can be known through celadon, stone pagodas, and stone lanterns recovered from the Cheongwansa Temple area. In the early 1200s, State Preceptor Jingak Hyesim (1178-1234) resided at Uisangam Hermitage on Mt. Cheongwan. In July 1240 (the 27th year of King Gojong's reign), State Preceptor Jeongmyeong Cheonin visited temples around Cheongwansan Mountain and left behind Cheongwansangi. Sujeongam Rock was rebuilt by Master Haengho in the early Joseon Dynasty. There is a record of the Asuk Kings Pagoda on Cheongwansan Mountain in 󰡔Seokbosangjeol󰡕, which was compiled by royal order around 1447 (the 29th year of King Sejong's reign). From 󰡔Saddharmapundarika Sutra (The Lotus Sutra) Comprehension(妙法蓮華經要解)󰡕 published in 1561 to 󰡔Jijesan historical records(支提山事跡)󰡕 in 1659, 19 types of Buddhist scriptures were published over a period of 100 years. Jangheung scholar Kim Yeo-jung (1556-1630) in November 1609, Park Chun-jang (1595-1664) of Boseong in April 1638 (16th year of King Injo's reign), and Heo Mok (1595-1685) in 1640 (18th year of King Injo's reign) toured Cheongwansan Mountain and recorded it. leave it In 1722 (the 2nd year of King Gyeongjong’s reign), Lee Gon climbed Mt. Cheongwan and left a legacy and a poem. In 1739, Min Hyeong-su (1690-1741) toured Cheongwansan Mountain. In 1747, central ministries, including Cheonpungnu, suffered damage from a fire. In 1765 (the 41st year of King Yeongjo's reign), Wi Baek-gyu (1727-1798) and a wealthy man of the Wido level took a tour of Cheongwansan Mountain. In particular, Wi Do-geup composed 96 poems on the theme of Cheongwansan Mountain's mountain name, Bongho Hermitage. In 1779 (3rd year of King Jeongjo’s reign), Wi Baek-gyu compiled 󰡔Jijeji󰡕. It contains the most detailed information about Cheongwansan Mountain. This record also lists 48 buildings at Cheongwansa Temple. Above, we looked at the founding and transformation of Cheongwansa Temple. In terms of ideology, there are other papers that can be used as a reference. In the future, we hope to continue to conduct research and collection of related data, comparative analysis and research of collected data, linkage with humanities activities in surrounding areas including socio-economic aspects, sharing of research results, and compilation of Cheongwansa historical records and Cheongwansan geography.

水稻早期移秧으로의 增收와 二化螟蟲 被害로 因한 收穫量差異에 關한 試驗

金熙泰 東國大學校 1965 論文集 Vol.2 No.-

1. An experiment on earlier planting method of paddy has been carried out to determine its adaptability to the natural condition in the Seoul area, using five varieties of early maturing paddy. These seedlings were grown in the upland seedling beds covered with vinyl under which the lowest temperature in which paddy could be just germinated was maintained through out. Earlier planting method showed heavier infestation by rice stem borer and lower harvesting than both early and late planting methods. These results might be due to (firstly) low temperature which was unfavarable to growing seedlings, (secondly) the adult stage of rice stem borer which occured at the field, and (lastly) high temperature when it was at maturing stage, which caused insufficient maturing. However, although it is possible to have harvest in the beginning of September by earlier planting, this is not economically sound in the Seoul area, because the cost required for making upland planting, is prohibitive in the Seoul area, and because the cost required for making upland seedling beds covered with vinyl and the loss of harvest can not be compensated for by cultivating spinach and feeding crops such as radish, which can only grow in September after harvesting. 2. It is a well known phenomenon that the early planting method brings better harvest, effected by longer growing, But since it is more sound to avoid the loss of harvest caused by infestation than to increase harvest by longer growing period, the transplanting, in the Seoul area, was usually done in the middle of June in order to decrease the infestation of rice stem bore by keeping their adult stage in the seedling bed instead of paddy field. Recently, however, the control method of rice stem borer ha s well been established. Therefore another experiment was carried out on the early planting method, using control method. The paddies were sown in water seedling beds without using vinyl on 26th of April and these seedlings were transplanted on 5th of June. This result showed less infestation by rice stem borer than that of earlier planting method and heavier than that of late planting method. However, harvest was realized by this method. In considering only the foregoing results, it may be possible to adopt this method in Korea, provided that rice stem borer should be controlled with insecticide. But early planting method could be adopted only to the limited area where paddy fields had permanent water supply, which covered one half of the total paddy fields. Because every three year the rainfall comes so late that in the paddy field, where the water supply relies on the rainfalls it is impossible to transplant seedlings before late in June and, on the other hand, it is necessary to control the rice stem borer, since the results obtained on the infestation showed a heavier loss, 3,635 suk, by an uncontrolled test compared with 5,219 suk by a controlled test, and in controlling them no success could be expected with only partial control. 3. In Korea, the paddy fields where water supply relies on the rainfall were often in shortage of water for transplanting before the middle of June because of drought, so that it is not avoidable to use the tempoerary planting method of seedling and the old seedling for the late transplanting. For the purpose of avoiding these defects an experiment was done on the late planting method. These results showed that the degree of infestation by rice stem borer on both the controlled and the uncontrolled test were 0.08 and 0.48, which was negligible when the control method was applied. In comparing the degree of infestation it was quite less than both early and earlier planting methods. In the harvest it was 5,162 suk which was slightly less than 5,292 suk obtained by the early planting method. One important thing in this experiment was that there are slight differences in harvest between the uncontrolled test of late planting method and the controlled test of earlier planting method. Therefore, it may be concluded that for the paddy field without watersupply the late planting method could well be adopted, and in the southern part of Korea where precultivating before transplanting is possible, the late planting method could be also adopted, provided the precultivating with crops such as poraroes and flax for which sufficient period for the maturing should be given and cultivating crops after harvest are ensured.

春播 양배추 裁培時 葉面 撒布劑 施肥效果에 關한 硏究

金熙泰,金炅濟 東國大學校 1975 論文集 Vol.14 No.-

The effect of leaf-fertilizer(Bi-wang, Wuxal, Campsal, Miwon liquid orgaui fertilizer, urea) in increasing the quantitative characters of cabbages in spring seeding was studied. 1. Bi-wang was increased the number of out leaves, weight of out leaves, leaf length, and leaf width. But next to Miwon liquid organic fertilizer, Wuxal, campsal and urea. 2. Head length and head width treated with Bi-wang had largest head size among the treatments, but nex to Miwon liquid organic fertilizer, Wuxal, and Campsal 3. Cabbages treated with all leaf-feeding was 1% highly significant to the check plot. 4. Yields treated with Bi-wang was 7,900kg per 10a, but next to Miwon liquid organic fertilizer, wuxal, and campsal.

心土露出 開墾地의 熟田化 促進을 爲한 綠肥作物 效用 比較에 關한 硏究 : Effect of different green manure crop on improving Physical-Chemical Properties of newly developed slope lands

金熙泰,胡敎純 동국대학교 새마을연구소 1981 새마을硏究 論文集 Vol.2 No.-

This experiment was carried out to study the changing of soil physical-chemical proper ties and a good green manure crop in order to make the mature field for shortage period. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. In case of barnyard millet plot physical properties of soil was improved compare to control, including the bulk density and hardness. 2. Changing of soil chemical properties did not show certain tendency, but the only orgarnic matter's quantity was high in case of no lime treatment. 3. In case of lime treatment, fresh weight of lettuce was high. There was highly significant positive correlation between Root weight and Yields of lettuce. 4. the yield of green manure was highest in case of barnyard millet treatment. Barnyard millet seemed to be the best for green manure in newly reclaimed field.

定岡日記-일제 말~광복 직후 장흥유생의 일기

김희태 역사문화학회 1999 지방사와 지방문화 Vol.1 No.1

韓國 飼料作物 選擇方向과 바랭이에 關한 硏究

金熙泰 동국대학교 농림과학연구소 1967 農林科學 論文集 Vol.1 No.-

1. For the development of stock farming in Korea, these things are to be remembered: the cultivation of imported forage crops was already tried out 50 or 60 years ago and, even if the result of cultivation was good, it did not mean the green signal for stock farming, because the stock farming can be developed only when, with the rise of the standard of living, the people demand great quantity of meat for their vital food. 2. Lespedeza, which is of korean origin, was exported to U.S.A. and cultivated widely as an important forage crops. In Korea, however, lespedeza can't be used economically as a forage crop, because difficulties in the establishment of grass land, as Korea is mountainous and lacks great plain and full of various weeds. 3. To see if pangola grass, which is very prolific and fast growing and one of the worst weed for cultivation of upland crops in Korea, but a favorite for livestocks, can be used forage crops, and its reaction against fertilizer, I fertilized the grass. The results: the grass. multiplies five times as compared to being unfertilized and reacts more favorable to three-element fertitizer than to one-element fertilizer. 4. When the seedlings of pangola grass are planted unfertilized, they lose their characteristic crawing habit and stnand upright, but, with enought nourishment, they regained the habit and the effect of the fertilizer on the grass is more remarkable than other crops.

韓國米穀生産趨勢考察(其一)

金熙泰 東國大學校 1968 論文集 Vol.5 No.-

존재 위백규의 선양활동과 문화유산의 활용

김희태 전남도립대학교 2003 전남도립대학교 논문집 Vol.5 No.-

I have researched the cultural inheritance of CHON JAE UY BAK KYU, and proposed to use his achievements practically. But there are a number of impractical contents in his works. Although there are no conspicuous characteristics in his achievements, they must be closely explored and examined. By examining his works, we can find a symbolic figure in the field of regional economy. For that purpose, we must give a great effort and wisdom to solve the problem made by misunderstanding or neglect. In this article, some of subjects related to the problem will be discussed.. At first, CHON JAE’s 3-dimensional attitude toward his period, country village, and involved persons is illuminated thoroughly. And the method for using his achievement in visual, cyber contents will be proposed. Finally his beneficial influence on his comtemporary will be discussed.

FUZZY 전도에 의한 교회 성장

김희태 한국성서신학교 선교문제연구소 1995 聖書論究 Vol.3 No.-

Introduction to Helium Leak Detection Techniques for Cryogenic Systems

김희태,장용식,김우강,조용우,김형진 한국진공학회 2015 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.24 No.4

Many welding processes are performed to construct cryogenic system. Leak-tight for the cryogenic system is required at low temperature environment. Helium leak detection techniques are commonly used to find leak for the cryogenic system. The helium leak detection techniques for spraying, sniffing and pressurizing techniques are introduced. High vacuum is also necessary to use helium leak detector. So, types of fluid flow, effective temperature, conductance and pumping speed are introduced for vacuum pumping. Leak test procedure is shown for pipe welding, cryomodule and low temperature test. Cryogenic seals which include copper gasket, helicoflex gasket and indium are investigated.