낙동강 하류의 담수, 기수, 해수에서의 미세플라스틱 분포

안정하,진범서,박범석,정혜림,강동현 한국환경기술학회 2023 한국환경기술학회지 Vol.24 No.6

Microplastics can cause physical, chemical and biological problems for organisms in water. In this study, we investigated the level of microplastic pollution in freshwater, brackish water, and seawater in the downstream of Nakdong river in Korea. After density separation and organic matter removal, the collected water was checked for the quantity, size, type, shape, and color of microplastics in the water using an FTIR microscope and a digital microscope. The amount of microplastics was found to be relatively high in seawater, with an average of 9.5 MPs/L in fresh water, 13.5 MPs/L in brackish water, and 20.5 MPs/L in sea water. Microplastic sizes above 50 ㎛ and below 100 ㎛ were most widely distributed in freshwater, brackish water, and seawater. The proportion of microplastics above 50 ㎛ and below 100 ㎛ was confirmed to be freshwater (38.6 %), brackish water (47.8 %), and seawater (65.3 %). Microplastic types were abundant in the following order: PP>PE>PET>PVC>Nylon in freshwater, brackish water, and seawater. The form of microplastics was confirmed in the following order: Fiber>Film>Fragment>Sphere in freshwater, brackish water, and seawater. The main colors of microplastics are blue and black, while yellow, white, and transparent microplastics were also found. Through this study, it was confirmed that microplastics can flow into freshwater, brackish water, and seawater due to various causes such as nearby industrial areas, roads, and trails. And it was confirmed that the level of microplastic pollution gradually increases from land to sea. The results of this study can be used as research data on microplastics in freshwater, brackish water, and seawater, and are expected to be helpful in preventing microplastic pollution in surface waters.

Effect of Untreated Water Flow Rate at Certain Temperature on the Discharge of Treated Water

Ullah, Muhammad Arshad,Aslam, Muhammad,Babar, Raheel Korea FoodHealth Convergence Association 2019 식품보건융합연구 (KJFHC) Vol.5 No.6

Desalination requires large energy. This experiment deals to desalinate brackish water through solar panels. The discharge from desalination plants is almost entirely water, and .01 percent is salt. Desalination is a process that extracts minerals from saline water. Solar-powered desalination technologies can be used to treat non-traditional water sources to increase water supplies in rural, arid areas. Water scarceness is a rising dilemma for large regions of the world. Access to safe, fresh and pure clean drinking water is one of the most important and prime troubles in different parts of the world. Among many of water cleansing technologies solar desalination/distillation/purification is one of the most sustainable and striking method engaged to congregate the supply of clean and pure drinkable water in remote areas at a very sound cost. Six types of dripper having discharge 3 - 8 lh-1 were installed one by one and measured discharge and volume of clean water indicated that at 6 lh-1 untreated water discharge have maximum evaporation and volume of clean water was 19.2 lh-1 at same temperature and radiations. Now strategy was developed that when increased the temperature the intake discharge of untreated water must be increased and salt drained water two times more than treated water.

광산수의 탈염을 위한 축전식 탈염기술의 적용

이동주,강문성,이상호,박진수,Lee, Dong-Ju,Kang, Moon-Sung,Lee, Sang-Ho,Park, Jin-Soo 한국전기화학회 2014 한국전기화학회지 Vol.17 No.1

본 연구에서 광산수의 재활용을 위해 축전식 탈염공정을 적용하였다. 이를 위해 이온교환폴리머를 코팅한 탄소 전극을 활용하였는데 본 성능을 관찰하기 위해 이온교환폴리머를 코팅하지 않은 탄소 전극으로 광산수의 탈염 운전을 수행하고 비교분석하였다. 또한, 광산수의 높은 농도가 축전식 탈염공정에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 저농도의 기수(NaCl 200 ppm)를 활용한 운전 성능 비교 역시 수행하였다. 연구 결과 이온교환폴리머를 코팅한 탄소 전극을 활용한 광산수 탈염 효율 및 제거양 모두 그렇지 않은 전극에 비해 높았고 에너지 소모량은 더 적게 나타났다. 이는 높은 비패러데이 전류, 높은 염농도에 따른 낮은 용액 저항, 전극 기공 내에서의 이중층 중첩효과에 기인하는 것으로 판단되었다. 또한, 이온교환폴리머를 코팅한 전극을 활용한 기수 탈염 운전 결과 낮은 염농도에 따라 용액의 저항이 높아지고, 제거 대상의 염의 양이 낮아 광산수에 비해 매우 높은 효율을 보였으나, 제거양은 매우 낮음을 알 수 있었다. In this study, capacitive deionization (CDI) was introduced for desalination of mining water. Ion-exchange polymer coated carbon electrodes (IEE) were used in CDI to desalt mining water. The CDI performance using the IEE for desalination of mining water was carried out and then was compared with that using general carbon electrodes without ion-exchange polymer coating (GE). Moreover, to investigate the effect of the concentration of influent solutions on CDI performance, the CDI performance using the IEE for desalination of brackish water (NaCl 200 ppm) was also performed and analyzed. As a result, the higher salt removal efficiency, rate and the lower energy consumption in the CDI process using the IEE and mining water were obtained compared with those using the GE and mining water. It is mainly due to higher non-Faradaic current, low ohmic resistance of the influent, overlapping effect of electric double layers in micropore of the electrode. In addition, the CDI process using the IEE and brackish water shows much higher salt removal efficiency and lower salt removal rate than that using the IEE and mining water. This results from the lower concentration (i.e., higher ohmic resistance) and salt amount of the influent.

미얀마 양곤 지역 달라 마을의 높은 염도의 우물물 처리를 위한 축전식 탈염기술의 적용 및 평가

Seinn Lei Aye,조규식(Kyusik Jo),윤제용(Jeyong Yoon) 적정기술학회 2018 적정기술학회지(Journal of Appropriate Technology) Vol.4 No.1

미얀마의 양곤 지역 달라 마을에서는 바닷물이 강물과 육지로 침습하는 현상이 지속적으로 발생해 식수 공급이 원활 하지 못하므로 식수 공급을 위한 탈염 기술이 필요하다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서는 축전식 탈염 공정이 달라 마을의 우물물 처리에 적합한지에 대하여 탈염 성능과 에너지 소모량 측면에서 살펴보았다. 실험 결과, 3000 mg/L 의 총 용 존 고형물질(Total dissolved solid, TDS)을 갖는 유입수를 적절히 탈염할 수 있었다. 이 과정에서의 에너지 소모량은 약 0.5 kWh/m3으로 낮게 측정되었다. 그러므로 축전식 탈염 공정은 미얀마 양곤 지역의 달라 마을에 필요한 식수를 적은 에너지를 이용해 효율적으로 생산할 수 있는 적합하고 발전 가능성이 높은 기술로 사료된다. The desalination of brackish water is a necessary process due to seawater intrusion and the scarcity of potable water in Dala township in the Yangon region of Myanmar. The application of capacitive deionization (CDI) was proposed and demonstrated for the desalination of ground water samples from three wells in Dala. During the CDI operation, the ion adsorption characteristics and energy consumption were analyzed. The CDI cell was efficient for the desalination of ground water samples with total dissolved solids (TDSs) of up to 3000 mg/L. Moreover, the energy consumption for the deionization of water samples was about 0.5 kWh/m3 of desalinated water. Therefore, the CDI system could be considered a promising method to address in an energy efficient manner the potable water issue in Dala, Yangon, Myanmar.

낙동강 하구둑 개방에 따른 염분침투 길이에 관한 연구

김도훈,박홍범,박상길 한국방재학회 2016 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.16 No.5

본 연구는 MIKE21 Model을 이용하여 낙동강 하구의 조위 분포와 상류의 유입유량에 따른 해수침투길이를 산정한 것이다. 감조하천에서 염수쐐기의 거동은 생활용수, 공업용수, 농업용수의 수질에 큰 영향을 주고 있다. 환경부가 규정한 염분농도는 생활용수 0.5 psu 공업용수 0.3 psu이다. 이 수치를 유지하기 위해, 1987년에 낙동강 하구둑을 축조하여 해수의 침입을 수문으로 차단시켰다. 이로 인해 일정구간에 수질악화와 생태계의 변화가 발생하였다. 이를 해결하기 위해 부산시는 낙동강 하구에서 상류 6 km까지 해수와 담수가 혼합되는 기수역으로 전환시키기 위한 복원계획을 수립하여 발표하였다. 즉, 생태계의 복원을 위해 하구둑 직 상류 6 km까지 염수가 유입되는 기수역을 조성시켜는 계획을 세웠다. 본 연구는 염수침입길이를 계산한 결과를 제안하여 기수역 복원계획에 필요한 조건을 제공하고자 한다. The length of seawater intrusion is calculated from the tidal distribution and inlet upstream flow of the Nakdong River using MIKE21 Model. The rising behavior of the salt wedge in the estuary is affecting for the quality of life Water, industrial water, agricultural water. The value salt concentration regulation of Ministry of Environment was set for living water 0.5 psu and Busan City was set for industrial water 0.3 psu. To maintain this values, the Nakdong River of Estuary Barrage(NREB) in 1987 was constructed, it was blocked the intrusion of seawater by floodgates. Construction of NREB has brought a change in water quality and ecosystem deterioration in a certain region. Busan City has announced to establish a restoration plan for the conversion into the mixing area(Brackish Water Zone : BWZ) of salt and fresh water from NREB to upstream 6km. In other words, it was set a plan of the composition 6km mixing zone that salt water flows directly to the barrage upstream in order to restore the ecosystem. The study clearly identify this corresponds a minimum flow rate and tidal level conditions to generate a saltwater intrusion and to propose a penetration length of saline provides the specification requirement for of restore plan.

아라천 수질변화 예측 및 수리거동 특성 연구

김윤정,박천홍,남세희,곽병준,권소현,이가람,한인섭 한국수처리학회 2019 한국수처리학회지 Vol.27 No.2

The purpose of this study is predicting water quality change of Ara River depeding on the case of hypothetic scenario that all Gulpo River flow inflow to Ara River. In-addition, Suggesting minimization method by effect of Gulpo River inflow by understanding hydraulic flow properties in streams are performed. The hypothetic scenario of Gulpo River's inflow are consisted as removal of rubber-weir of Gyulhyeon-weir with elimination of concrete-weir(S2) on not(S1) and compare with current condition(S0) of Gyulhyeon-weir. As a result of prediction of water quality change by scenario as follows, range of variation of S1 : TOC -1.1 ~ 19.1%, Chl-a -2.8 ~ 21.0%. range of variation of S2 : TOC -1.1 ~ 18.9%, Chl-a -2.6 ~ 20.8%. As a result of Drifter experience, Operating condition of flowing in and out at once a day are showed distance of surface layer are increased 1~2 km/day to 5~12 km/day. but inflow rater of Seawater are decreased average 14.5 m3/s to 10.4 m3/s(about 28%) then condition of flowing continually twice a day. In conclusion, The maintaing method of transport time of kinetic energy as same direction even less water-flow are effective for reducing retention time on surface layer containing high contamination rate by maximizing influence of density current as Ara River salinity layer. Examination of watershed connection for minimizing effect of water quality of both water-shed by a various water flowing method within improvement of water quality of Gulpo River is possible by this study.

A Faunistic Study on the Brackish-water Calanoid Copepods from South Korea

Ji Min Lee,Hong Ju Yoon,Cheon Young Chang 한국동물분류학회 2007 Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity Vol.23 No.2

Eight calanoid species of 4 genera in 4 families are reported from the various brackish waters such as estuaries, brackish-water lakes, and coastal marshes in South Korea. Among them, Eurytemora affinis(Poppe) and Acartia(Acanthacaritia) tsuensis Ito are newly added to Korean copepod fauna. Collection data, brief descriptions, illustrations and distribution maps for the eight species are prepared. A key to the genera and species of the brackish-water calanoids from Korea is also presented.

A Faunistic Study on the Brackish-water Calanoid Copepods from South Korea

Lee, Ji-Min,Yoon, Hong-Ju,Chang, Cheon-Young The Korean Society of Systematic Zoology 2007 Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology Special Issue Vol.23 No.2

Eight calanoid species of 4 genera in 4 families are reported from the various brackish waters such as estuaries, brackish-water lakes, and coastal marshes in South Korea. Among them, Eurytemora affinis (Poppe) and Acartia (Acanthacartia) tsuensis Ito are newly added to Korean copepod fauna. Collection data, brief descriptions, illustrations and distribution maps for the eight species are prepared. A key to the genera and species of the brackish-water calanoids from Korea is also presented.

Ultrasonic Degradation of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Seawater and Brackish Water

So Young Park,Jong Sung Park,Ha Yoon Lee,Ji Yong Heo,Yeo Min Yoon,Kyung Ho Choi,Nam Guk Her 대한환경공학회 2011 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.16 No.3

In this study, a series of experiments was conducted on the relative degradation of commonly known endocrine-disrupting compounds such as bisphenol A (BPA) and 17α-ethinyl estradiol (Ee₂) in a single-component aqueous solution using 28 and 580 kHz ultrasonic reactors. The experiments were conducted with three different types of model water: deionized water (DI), synthetic brackish water (SBW), and synthetic seawater (SSW) at pH 4, 7.5, and 11 in the presence of inert glass beads and humic acids. Significantly higher sonochemical degradation (93-97% for BPA) occurred at 580 kHz than at 28 kHz (43-61% for BPA), regardless of water type. A slightly higher degradation was observed for Ee₂ compared to that of BPA. The degradation rate of BPA and Ee₂ in DI water, SBW, and SSW after 30 min of ultrasound irradiation at 580 kHz increased slightly with the increase in pH from 4 (0.073-0.091 min-1 for BPA and 0.081-0.094 min-1 for Ee₂) to 7.5 (0.087-0.114 min-1 for BPA and 0.092?0.124 min-1 for Ee₂). In contrast, significant degradation was observed at pH 11 (0.149-0.221 min-1 for BPA and 0.147-0.228 min-1 for Ee₂). For the given frequencies of 28 and 580 kHz, the degradation rate increased in the presence of glass beads (0.1 mm and 25 g) for both BPA and Ee₂: 0.018-0.107 min-1 without beads and 0.052-0.142 min-1 with beads for BPA; 0.021-0.111 min-1 without beads and 0.054-0.136 min-1 with beads for Ee₂. A slight increase in degradation of both BPA and Ee₂ was found as the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC, humic acids) increased in both SBW and SSW: 0.107-0.115 min-1 in SBW and 0.087-0.101 min-1 in SSW for BPA; 0.111-0.111 min-1 in SWB and 0.092-0.105 min-1 in SSW for Ee₂. After 30 min of sonicating the humic acid solution, DOC removal varied depending on the water type: 27% (3 mg L-1) and 7% (10 mg L-1) in SBW and 7% (3 mg L-1) and 4% (10 mg L-1) in SSW.

전기투석 막여과의 이온제거 특성 및 지하염수의 담수화효율

최수영,권지향 대한상하수도학회 2013 상하수도학회지 Vol.27 No.4

In this study, desalination by electrodialysis with ion exchange membranes was applied to synthetic waters with various ion concentrations and also for ground waters from coastal areas in Korea. Electrodialysis performance on the synthetic solutions showed the similar tendency in operation time and current curves, i.e., shorter operation time and higher maximum current with increasing applied voltages. The ED results of synthetic waters with different ion compositions, i.e., Na2SO4, MgSO4, CaSO4, at the similar conductivity condition, i.e., 1,250μs/cm revealed that effects of mono- and divalent ions on water quality and performance in electrodialysis were different. The divalent ions had less efficiency in the ED compared to monovalent sodium ions and also divalent calcium ions showed better performance than Mg ions. The electrodialysis on the ground waters produced high quality of drinking water. The groundwater from SungRoe however showed a buildup of membrane resistance. Organic matter concentrations and great portions of divalent ions in the groundwater were possible causes of the deteriorated performance