과거 비완결상 ‘-더-’의 의미 기능 -관형형 구성 ‘-던’을 중심으로-

강계림 한국어의미학회 2013 한국어 의미학 Vol.42 No.-

The purpose of this study is to investigate the semantic functions of prefinal ending ‘-deo-’ in relative clause forms. The prefinal ending ‘-deo-’ in relative clause forms is a past imperfective aspect marker which is a type of view aspects. A imperfective aspect marker describes a situation focusing on internal stage without mention about initial and final endpoints. On the other hand, a perfective aspect marker describes a situation as a point. These view aspects interact with situation aspects which are classified by the internal temporal features of verbs, argument, and etc. To achieve our purpose, we divide the semantic functions of ‘-deo-’ into basic meanings and usage meanings. On basic meanings, it has progressive or continuous aspectal meaning in activity, accomplishment, or stative situation. Whereas in semelfactive or achievement situation without duration, ‘-deo-’ tends to have inceptive, iterative and habitual aspectual meanings. On usage meanings, ‘-deo-’ is able to function time backgrounds through the basic aspectual meaning focusing on a internal stage of a situation. Next, it has implication meanings of incompleteness or stop meanings. These implication meanings are up to whether the situation aspect has a telic or atelic feature. Lastly, it is possible to distinguish ‘-deon’ from ‘-eon’ and ‘-essdeon’ which are past markers in relative clauses on usage meanings. The form ‘-eon’ and ‘-essdeon’ respectively tends to emphasize the result of situations and discontinuity about the result of situations.

Dynamics of Language Use; Emerging TAM (tense, aspect & mood/modality) Categories in African Pidgin-Creoles

권명식 한국아프리카학회 2023 한국아프리카학회지 Vol.69 No.-

Grammatical categories like tense, aspect and mood/modality are realized in great variation not only in its form, but also in their meaning or function in languages of the world (Comrie 1976, 1985, Palmer 1986, Kwon 2022). In case of Pidgin-Creole languages the variations are even wider, and the change of the structures is rapid. In addition, Pidgin-Creoles have their own peculiar structure comparing the so-called natural, or normal languages, for instance they are extremely lacking in morphological expressing the given grammatical categories (McWhorter 2001, Parkvall 2008, Leufkens 2013, Kwon 2020). Therefore, it is a hard task to explain the phenomenon in a coherent and consistent way. This paper classifies the African Pidgin-Creoles according to their lexifier languages, and then arranges the variety of linguistic data from African continent by the degree of grammaticalization of TAM-categories. Comparing the typologically different constructions, that is, the way how the different structures are represented, we will explain these differences from the angle of Usage-Based Construction Grammar approach (Bybee 2010, Diessel 2017, 2019, 2020, Schmid 2020), which has developed for last three more decades. The vast variations of TAM-expressions of African Pidgin-Creole seem to be best explained in that framework whereby the differences are the linguistic representations of speakers who participate in the given discourse situations with their differing linguistic experience and knowledge of their current mediums.

문법성 판단 테스트를 통해 본 중국인 학습자의 부사격 조사 ‘에’의 습득 양상

Jin Guo,김영주 서울대학교 국어교육연구소 2016 국어교육연구 Vol.37 No.-

본 연구는 중국인 중‧고급 학습자를 대상으로 부사격 조사 '에'의 습득 양상을 조사하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 문법성 판단 테스트를 개발하여 3∼6급의 학습자 각 30명씩 총 120명과 비교 대상으로 한국어 모어 화자 20명에게 실험을 실시하였다. 본 연구 결과, (1) 전체 중국인 학습자 집단은 매우 낮은 정답률을 보여 한국어 모어 화자와 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 이는 중국인 학습자가 부사격 조사 ‘에’의 습득에서 어려움을 겪고 있음을 나타낸다. (2) 중국인 학습자들은 ‘에의 활용’에서 가장 높은 정답률을 그리고 , ‘자격, 신분’에서 가장 낮은 정답률을 보였다. (3) 숙달도별 집단 간 조사에서 3급과 4, 5, 6급간에서 유의미한 차이가 발견되었으나 4급, 5급, 6급들 간에는 유의미한 차이가 발견되지 않았다. 이는 숙달도가 향상되어도 부사격 조사 ‘에’의 습득에 지속적인 교육적 관심이 필요함을 보여주는 결과이다. IIn this study, we carried out grammaticality judgment test of “ey,” an adverb case marker in Korean, with 120 Chinese Korean learners in the intermediate or advanced levels (level 3 to 6, 30 learners in each level) of TOPIK test, with the comparison group consisting of 20 Korean native speakers, in order to figure out acquisition aspects. In the results of the study, (1) intermediate or advanced Chinese Korean learners were able to arrive at low percentage of correct answers compared to Korean native speakers and the difference was significant in the acquisition aspects of ”ey.” (2) Acquisition aspects of “ey” were shown in the order as below. “application,” “purpose,” “recognition,” “emotion,” “arrival place,” “time,” “condition,” “situation," “price,” “setting the price,” “object,” “reason,” “cause,” “criteria for comparison,” “means,” “method,” “addition,” “place,” “location,” “qualification,” and “position.” (3) For learners among 4-6 levels in TOPIK, as their proficiency improved, no significant improvement was seen in the acquisition of “ey”; however, the only significant discrepancy was found between level 3 learners and level 4-6 learners. These results proved that instructional intervention is still necessary.

기획논문 : 우리나라 국민의 언어생활 양상 연구

윤준채 ( Jun Chae Yoon ) 고려대학교 한국어문교육연구소 2014 한국어문교육 Vol.15 No.-

이 연구의 목적은 우리나라 국민의 언어생활 양상 조사를 통하여 국민의 일상적인 언어활동 현상을 파악하는 데 있다. 이를 위해, 10명의 예비 조사 피험자와 100명의 본 조사 피험자를 선정하였다. 자료 수집을 위해서는 <한국인의 국어(언어)활동 일과표>를 구안하여 사용하였다. 이 연구의 주요 결과인 ``한국인의 언어활동`` 양상은 다음과 같다. 우리나라 국민들이 종사하고 있는 직업 군을 가로질러 많은 사람들은 일상생활 및 직업 생활에서 대부분은 음성언어(예, 말하기나 듣기) 혹은 문자언어(예, 읽기나 쓰기)를 매개로 하는 활동, 즉 언어활동과 관계가 있었다. 사람들이 수행하는 언어활동을 언어 사용 기능(말하기, 듣기, 읽기, 쓰기), 언어 사용 목적(설득, 설명, 친교, 정서 표현), 및 사용하는 매체 측면(연속적 텍스트, 비연속적 텍스트, 전자 매체)으로 분류할 때, 종사하는 직업의 종류에 따라 수행하는 언어활동의 양상에는 차이가 있었다. 하지만 직업 군을 가로질러 공통적으로 나타나는 언어활동 양상도 많았다. 즉, 주말(휴일)에 수행되는 대부분의 언어활동은 듣기와 말하기와 같은 음성 언어활동이었다. 또한 사람들의 언어활동이 언어 사용 기능, 언어 사용 목적, 및 매체의 측면에서 분절적으로 나타나지 않고 통합적으로 이루어졌다. This study investigated Korean people`s language activities. For the study, 110 subjects participated in the study and ``Daily Language Activity Form`` was used for the data collection. Results from the study document that most of Korean people`s daily activities at home as well as at work were associated to language activities such as speaking, listening, reading and writing. Furthermore, they used their language activities to achieve a variety of purposes such as information, persuasion. personal relationship, and emotional expression at home and at work. Even though there are some differences in the ways of using language activities, however, there are also some common features in the aspects of language usage. That is, Korean people`s daily language activities such as speaking, listening, reading and writing are integratedly performed and the purposes of language usage are also integratedly performed. Based on these research results, we proposed several suggestions for Korean language policies and Korean language education in the future.

‘있다/없다’의 의미 빈도 및 사용 양상 연구

김미영 한중인문학회 2022 한중인문학연구 Vol.75 No.-

This paper aims at quantitatively analyzing the frequency of respective meanings of “iss-ta/eop-ta,” similarities and differences of its aspects in usage through Corpus. “iss-ta/eop-ta” is considered as complementary antonym by many people, and they are symmetrical in usage. However, through the quantitative analysis of this paper, it can be found out that they not only have similarities but also have some differences as well. The reason of the appearance of this kind of similarity is caused by that the basic meaning of “iss-ta/eop-ta” is complementary. The reason of differences is, “eop-ta” can only be used at the partial expression forms which are on the premise of “iss-ta,” while “iss-ta” can not only be used at the overall expression forms containing “oep-ta” but also the partial expressive forms which aren't consist of “eop-ta.” 본고의 목적은 코퍼스를 통하여 ‘있다/없다’의 의미별 빈도, 사용 양상의 공통점과 차이점을 계량적으로 분석하는 데 있다. ‘있다’와 ‘없다’는 많은 사람들이 상보적 반의 관계로 대칭되는 사용양상을 보일 거라고 생각한다. 하지만 본고의 계량적 분석 결과 의미적‧화용적‧통사적인 측면에서 공통점도 있었지만 차이점도 적지 않았다. 이러한 공통점이 나타나는 원인은 ‘있다’와 ‘없다’의 기본의미가 상보적이기 때문이고, 차이점이 나타나는 원인은 ‘없다’는 ‘있다’를 전제로 한 부분적 표현에만 가능하고, ‘있다’는 ‘없다’를 포함한 전체적 표현, ‘없다’를 포함하지 않은 부분적 표현 모두 가능하기 때문인 것으로 보인다.

화용론적 전제의 비의도성에 대하여

서반석 명지대학교(서울캠퍼스) 인문과학연구소 2024 인문과학연구논총 Vol.45 No.1

본고는 화용론적 개념으로 널리 다루어지고 있는 화용론적 전제가 대화 함축, 화행과는 성격이 다르며 그 이질성이 의도성과 관련되어 있음을 설명하는것을 목표로 한다. 어떤 개념의 화용론적 성격은 ‘그 개념이 언어 사용에서 어떤 역할을 하는가’, 그리고 ‘그 개념이 화맥과 어떻게 관련되는가’하는 점을 살핌으로써 확인할 수 있다. 대화 함축, 화행의 경우 의도성을 갖지만, 화용론적 전제는 비의도적인 성격을 갖는다. 언어 사용에서 의도성을 가진 대화 함축, 화행은 ‘사용’되지만, 비의도적인 성격을 가진 화용론적 전제는 ‘분석’될 뿐, 사용되지 않는다. 화용론적 전제의 비의도적인 성격은 화맥에 끼치는 영향력과도 관련을 갖는다. 그래서 대화 함축, 화행은 화맥에 강한 영향을 주지만, 화용론적 전제의 영향은 약한 편이다. This paper aims to describe that pragmatic presupposition have different pragmatical characteristics from conversational implicature and speech act; and the cause of its partition is intentionality. Both, conversational implicature and speech act, share the same characteristic of intentionality; however, pragmatic presupposition is unintentional. Considering some concepts of pragmatical characteristic, such as ‘aspects for its usage’ and ‘influences in a context,’ serves to ascertain that it is involuntary. Conversational implicature and speech act, which are intentionally done, are ‘used’ by speakers. On the other hand, pragmatic presupposition, which is unintentional, cannot be used; but only ‘analyzed.’ The non-intentionality of pragmatic presupposition is also related on delivering an influence to a context. Therefore, pragmatic presupposition as well as conversational implicature and speech act influences a context; however, pragmatic presupposition has a weaker impact compared to the other two.

상과 부사의 용법 분석 및 교육적 효용

양용준(Yong Joon Yang) 언어과학회 2013 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.65

The purpose of this paper is to analyze and survey the usage of aspects and aspectual adverbs properly. And then, they will be applied in educational position. There are two aspects; Syntactical Aspect(Grammatical Aspect) and Semantic Aspect(Lexical Aspect) in English. Until now many students don`t know and understand the concept of aspects and tenses clearly. However, when aspects are taught to students, they understand and use them clearly and properly. Through this study and survey of aspects and tense, such a conclusion is reached. I have the data of experiment. The relationship between aspect and adverb is very close in English aspect and tense. In this paper, I divided general adverbs into two adverbs; sentential adverbs (S-adverbs) and predicative adverbs (VP-adverbs). Among adverbs, they are very important to aspect and tense. Because the position of adverb determine the concept of aspect and tense, we have to divide and use them. From now on, linguists and teachers have to teach students aspect and tense analytically and throughly. Through this paper, students are able to know the fact that aspect and tense are different grammatical term. Therefore they have to understand and use aspect & tense properly.

付帯状況のナガラ節と逆接のナガラ節が表すアスペクト的意味

沼田浩通 ( Numata Hiromichi ) 한국일어교육학회 2022 일본어교육연구 Vol.- No.59

本稿は付帯状況のナガラ節と逆接のナガラ節を区別する構文的条件について、ナガラ節が表すアスペクト的意味に着目し、考察したものである。コーパスで収集した用例のうち、アスペクトが〈継続相〉を表すが、逆接の解釈となるものなど、ナガラ節のアスペクトとナガラ節の意味との関係において、先行研究の指摘に反する実例を挙げ、考察した。 さらに、その結果をもとに、ナガラ節が表すアスペクト的意味の違いにより、逆接のナガラ節を3分類した。逆接Aは主節とナガラ節のタクシスが「同時」、ナガラ節のアスペクトが〈継続相〉であり、主節はナガラ節の表す事態と相容れない不相応な事態や矛盾した事態を表す。逆接Bは、主節とナガラ節のタクシスが「継起」で、アスペクト的意味が〈動作パーフェクト〉であるもので、ナガラ節が表す既に運動が完成した先行する事態と主節が表すそれに続く事態の不相応さを表す。逆接Cは、時間のなかでの展開性のない「静態的出来事」を表す名詞、形容詞、静態動詞がナガラに前接するもので、主節はナガラ節の表す事態や主体の属性(特性・性質)と相容れない不相応な事態や主体の属性を表す。 This paper seeks to study syntactic conditions making a distinction between nagara clauses for simultaneous and adversative usage based upon their aspectual meanings. For this purpose, this study was performed by taking examples contradictory to the indications of previous studies about the relationship between the aspect and meaning of nagara clauses, including ones in which a nagara clause represents a continuative aspect but has an adversative meaning, among those collected in the corpus. Furthermore, based upon the results, nagara clauses, which represent the adversative usage due to the difference of aspectual meaning, were classified into three categories. Adversative usage A indicates that the taxes of main and nagara clauses represent “simultaneity” and the aspect of a nagara clause is “continuative” and that the event of a nagara clause and the one not matching or contradictory to that of the main clause are valid at the same time. Adversative usage B indicates that the taxes of main and nagara clauses represent “sequence” and their aspectual meanings are “actional perfect” and that the event of the main clause following the previous one with its action completed is the one not proposed or not valid. Adversative usage C indicates that a nagara clause is connected with nouns, adjectives, and stative verbs representing “static situation” with no time development and that the property of a nagara clause and the one not matching or contradictory to the main clause are valid at the same time.

노인의 공원 이용과 만족도에 관한 연구 -서울 강동구 고덕산을 대상으로-

김정호,이상훈,윤용한,박은경 한국환경생태학회 2020 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.34 No.2

노인의 공원이용과 만족도에 관한 연구를 위해 서울 강동구 고덕산을 대상으로 실시하였다. 분석은 전체 항목에 대해 빈도분석을 실시하였으며, 문항의 타당성을 알아보기 위해 신뢰도 분석을 실시하였다. 이용객의 만족도에 유의한 영향으로 작용하는 항목을 파악하기 위해 요인분석을 활용하였다. 도출된 요인을 이용하여 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 요인분석 결과, 만족도에 미치는 요인은 3개로 구성되었고, 총 분산의 69.50%를 설명하는 것으로 나타났다. 항목간의 표본적합도를 의미하는 KMO값은 .756으로 분석되었다. 요인은 항목의 특성을 반영하여 이용적측면, 생태적측면, 쾌적성측면으로 구분하였다. 도출 된 요인을 통해 다중회귀분석 결과 노인의 공원 이용만족도에 대한 다중회귀식은 Y = 3.678 + 0.202X1 + 0.125X2 + 0.236X3으로 분석되었다. 본 연구에서는 전문적 지식이 부족한 노인을 대상으로 설문을 진행한 한계점이 존재한다. 향후 전문지식을 가진 노인을 대상으로 평가연구가 진행되어야 할 것이며, 연령별 생태적, 이용적, 기후적 측면 비교연구가 필요할 것으로 판단되었다. The study was conducted on Godeoksan, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, for the study of elderly people's park use and satisfaction. For the analysis, frequency analysis was performed on all items, and reliability analysis was performed to check the validity of the items. Factor analysis was used to identify items that have a significant effect on the customer's satisfaction. Multiple regression analysis was performed using the derived factors. As a result of factor analysis, it was found that the factors affecting satisfaction were composed of three factors and 69.50% of the total variance was explained. The KMO value, which means the sample fit between items, was analyzed as .756. Factors were classified into usage aspect, ecological aspect, and amenityt aspect by reflecting the characteristics of the item. As a result of the multiple regression analysis through the derived factors, the multiple regression equation for the elderly's park use satisfaction was analyzed to be Y = 3.678 + 0.202X1 + 0.125X2 + 0.236X3. In this study, there are limitations in conducting a questionnaire survey for the elderly who lack professional knowledge. In the future, evaluation studies should be conducted for the elderly with specialized knowledge, and it is judged that a comparative study of ecological, utilization, and climatic aspects by age is necessary.

『訓蒙字會』의 구조 분석과 수록자에 관한 이해

이준환 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2021 한국문화 Vol.- No.94

The purpose of this article is to analytically understand the macro-structure and micro-structure of Hunmongjahoe and to look at the Chinese characters and related information in each section. To these goal, I first examined the overall composition, including the introduction and legend, and examined the contents described in each section, and understood the technical contents related to the understanding of the structure of the Hunmongjahoe. Then, sequentially, the macro-structure and micro- structure were analyzed to understand the subjects. The contents described in the introduction show that the purpose of this book is to expand the compilation of various books, such as Confucian scriptures and history books, into something that can actually be understood. The legend refers to the structure, purpose, and utilization of the Hunmongjahoe, which faithfully reflects the aspects of polysemy, but suggests meaning in a form that prioritizes special and specific meanings. Furthermore, the processing of Chinese consonants is in a prescriptive direction, and even Chinese characters used in Chinese can be found to have been circulated in Joseon or suggest Chinese characters for those learning Korean. In relation to macrostructure, Volume one and Volume two are composed of vocabulary with specific instruction targets. And the Volume three is composed of vocabulary without specific instruction targets. Looking at this composition, focusing on meaning's aspect, it was found that the proportion of immutable words in the Volume one and Volume two was overwhelming with 95% and 93%, respectively, but only 31% in the Volume three, indicating that the proportion of variable words is high. This shows that Volume one and Volume two are composed of noun or adverb-centered compositions, while Volume three are composed of verb or adjective-oriented compositions. The results of the analysis on microstructure can be understood by dividing it into information on the relevance between the subject and Chinese characters, information on the sound of Chinese characters and intonation, Chinese language usage, meaning, scope of use, and field of use. It can also be seen that there are many cases in which Chinese vocabulary and he sound of Chinese characters used in China are also presented. These aspects show that learning Chinese and importing vocabulary from China were in mind. Subsequently, through marks of the home country(本國), Korean Language(國語), the sound of Korean language(國音), Munjongeoseok(文宗御釋), Chohakjahoe(初學字會), the characteristic aspects of use in the Korean language and the aspects described in the previous period of literature are also presented. And it is quite noticeable that information corresponding to medical books, medicine books, forms, and the language of officials(吏語) is presented. These are understood to be the use of professional fields, and it can be seen that Choe Sejin wanted to present practical knowledge that would be helpful to the middle class in need of Chinese characters and Chinese writing. .