National Program for Developing Biotech Crops in Korea

( Sung-han Park ),( Jung-il Cho ),( Youn-shic Kim ),( Su-min Kim ),( Su-mi Lim ),( Gang-seob Lee ),( Soo-chul Park ) 한국육종학회 2018 Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Vol.6 No.3

Global area of genetically modified crops (GM crops or biotech crops) continued to grow and reached 189.8 million hectares in 2017. Recently, a total of 24 countries approved GM crops for planting and an additional 43 countries formally imported biotech crops for food, feed, and processing, meaning that biotech crops are now commonly accepted in those countries. Although biotech crops should be one of key solutions for the challenge of the global food security which will be caused by population growth and climate change, it is real that there are still some debates to accept biotech crops in many countries including Korea. Because of that, safety assessment is an inevitable step for developing and commercializing GM crops. It is, therefore, very important to understand safety regulation. In addition to considering safety assessment, there are several critical points which we must consider before starting to produce GM crops such as target traits and their market values. In other words, passing safety regulation processing and proving market value should be considered first in the development of GM seeds. National Program for GM Crops (NCGC), one of the Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Programs organized by RDA in South Korea, was established in 2011 to develop biotech crops that will be used in the future to solve problems in our agriculture. To accomplish this mission, the NCGC carried out the exploration of useful functional genes, development of qualified events, and the safety assessment of developed events. This report will present the results of our research to develop useful biotech crops.

소면적 재배 작물 중 살충제 Fluxametamide의 잔류양상

최재원 ( Jae-won Choi ),곽세연 ( Se-yeon Kwak ),이상협 ( Sang-hyeob Lee ),오지은 ( Ji-eun Oh ),김태화 ( Tae-hwa Kim ),김장억 ( Jang-eok Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2022 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2022 No.-

Minor crops have limited registered maximum residue limits (MRL) and safety guidelines for pesticides than other major crops because of low economics. However, a positive list system (PLS) was implemented to regulate unregistered pesticides in Korea in 2019, and a recent survey in October 2021 noticed the increased violation rate of Fluxametamide (FM) on crops. In this study, a field experiment was conducted for FM under the greenhouse conditions on two minor crops such as ssam cabbage (SC) and water dropwort (WD) to assess residue patterns and suggest safety guidelines. FM (9% EC) was sprayed 2 times intervals 7 days by foliar application on the crops before harvest (0 days). According to the residue of FM on SC and WD ranged from 0.70∼2.33, and 2.27∼3.91 mg/kg, and the half-lives were 8.41 and 20.69 days, respectively. Whereas, the FM residue on SC did not exceed MRL (5.0 mg/kg), however on WD was exceeded (2.0 mg/kg), therefore it is necessary to suggest a new MRL based on the residue patterns. To validate the recommended MRL (10.0 mg/kg) for WD, theoretical maximum daily intake (TMDI) was considered with food intake and MRL that was registered for FM on 60 crops. It can be estimated the %ADI of FM, through calculation with acceptable daily intake (ADI) (0.0085 mg/kg b.w/day) of FM, TMDI of FM, and average body weight (66.5 kg). Because the sum of %ADI (38.48%) was not over 80% of the tolerable limit, it can be recommended the MRLs of FM for WD. As a result, at the levels of 3 times the residue, the safety guidelines of SC and WD could be proposed as 7 days before harvest following spray schedule 2 times with 7 days interval that does not exceed the MRL of FM on the crops. The findings of this study could be used as the reference data for the evaluation and establishment of MRL for Fluxametamide in minor crops.

유전자교정작물 내 비의도적 돌연변이의 안전성 논란에 관한 과학적 고찰

이신우,김윤희 한국식물생명공학회 2020 JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Vol.47 No.3

The number of commercially approved gene-edited crops is gradually increasing, and in South Korea, it has led to intense investment in gene-edited crop development to increase international competitiveness. However, as with genetically modified crops, the safety of gene-edited crops regarding unexpected risks for humans and the environment is subject to an ongoing debate. In particular, unintentional “off-target effects” have become the center of controversy. In this review, we discuss typical plant characteristics (including somatic variation and ploidy), the extent of various off-target effects in genetically modified crops generated via horizontal transfer in nature, and the off-target effects in commercial genetically modified crops. We conclude that most off-target effects possibly occurring in gene-edited crops are not expected to be critically harmful to humans or the environment. Therefore, existing regulation for genetically modified crops should be enough for the risk assessment of gene-edited crops.

국내 유통중인 약용작물의 생물학적 위해요소 모니터링

이영섭,이상원,김연복,김옥태,박경훈,이재원,이대영,김금숙,권동렬,한신희 한국약용작물학회 2016 한국약용작물학회지 Vol.24 No.2

Background: The public has increasing concerns about herbal crops owing to insufficient information on biological hazards such as foodborne pathogens. Therefore, the objective of this study is the development of a herbal crop quality control system through monitoring with biological hazard analysis. Today, it is estimated that millions of people become ill every year from food contamination. The public demands agricultural products of stable and consistent quality. Governments have the responsibility of establishing the standards, legislation and enforcement programs necessary to control food quality and safety. However, research on the biosafety of herbal crop products is still insufficient. Therefore, the implementation of monitoring systems with high standards is critical for public safety. Methods and Results: In this study, we collected 52 samples of herbal crop products, and conducted both quantitative and qualitative biological hazard analysis. With biological hazard analysis, aerobic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Coliforms, and Listeria spp. could be detected. Conclusions: Herbal crops were found to be contaminated with aerobic bacteria at 3.69 ± 0.32 log CFU/g. Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Coliforms, and Listeria spp. were not detected in any of the samples. This research suggests that continuous monitoring of biological hazards is required to improve the quality of herbal crops.

유전자조작벼 상용화의 법적 문제

김은진 한국경영법률학회 2017 經營法律 Vol.27 No.2

In 2015, Rural Development Administration(RDA), one of our government, announced the plan of commercializing genetically modified rice(GM rice). After then, there were lots of public protests. Even though RDA explained GM rice would be used not for agricultural use but for industrial use, public still worried about potential risk of GM rice. There are some reasons. Firstly, rice is our major crop. 54% of crop land in the country is rice paddy and rice is main food. Secondly, GM rice in issue is 2nd generation GM with special function. Until now, GM crops are connected with agricultural chemicals. In future, GM crops move to functional crop, such as rice containing improved resveratrol as active ingredients. Thirdly, it is the first approval of producing GM crop in the country. Therefore, we must prepare more specific standard before producing GM rice. There is no general guideline for socio-economic consideration of GM crops. However, guidelines for socio-economic consideration are prepared if we have a plan to produce GMOs because producing GM crops is totally different from importing, In addition, not only health but also agricultural and environmental safety assessment is included in guideline, as well. 그동안 GMO는 안전성에 관한 우려가 많았음에도 불구하고 국내에서 직접 생산하지 않았기 때문에 수입GMO를 사용하는 가공식품 등에서 문제가 되어왔다. 그러나 2015년 9월 농촌진흥청이 GM벼 상용화 계획을 발표하면서 GMO에 대한 우려는 국내에서도 직접적인 문제가 되었다. 더욱이 지난 7월에는 산업용이라는 명분하에 화장품용 GM작물의 생산이 승인되었다. 아직까지 상품화하지는 않았지만 이미 상업적 생산이 승인된 만큼 곧 상품화가 이루어질 전망이다. 그 결과 국내에서는 많은 시민사회단체가 전국적인 조직까지 만들면서 GMO의 상용화를 반대하기에 이르렀다. 이런 논란은 이번 발표가 다음의 몇 가지 문제를 내포하고 있기 때문에 발생한다. 첫째, GMO 작물이 국민의 주곡인 벼이기 때문이다. 둘째, 상용화발표에 따른 GMO가 2세대로 일컬어지는 기능성이기 때문이다. 셋째, 재배용이 아니라 산업용이라는 이유로 안전성관리를 위한 절차가 생략되기 때문이다. 국민의 주곡은 섭취량이 많은 만큼 달리 취급해야 한다. 예컨대 바이오안전성의정서에서 정하고 있는 사회/경제적 고려는 이런 점에서 단순히 ‘고려’대상이 아니라 적극적인 심사항목이 되어야 한다. 이는 앞으로 벼뿐만 아니라 밀 등의 주곡에서는 더욱 중요한 문제가 될 것이다. 또한 기농성 GMO에 적합한 안전성평가방식도 필요하다. 지금까지의 안전성평가는 1세대를 대상으로 하는 것으로 주로 농약과 관련한 것이었다. 그러나 기능성은 농약과 직접적인 관련이 있는 것이 아니라 그 효능에 초점을 맞춘 것이기 때문에 그에 적합한 안전성평가방식이 마련되어야 한다. 마지막으로 산업용을 재배용과 구분하여 안전성관리를 하는 것 역시 개선되어야 한다. 이미 실험과정에서도 얼마든지 유출이 가능하다는 것이 밝혀진 이상 산업용이 노지 재배용이 아니라는 이유로 노지재배에 필요한 절차가 생략되어서는 안된다. GMO와 관련하여 가장 중요한 것은 안전성관리이다. 기존의 안전성관리제도로는 현재 상용화의 대상이 된 GM벼, 즉, 기능성이며, 주곡이며, 또한 직접 생산용인 GM작물을 관리하는 데 한계가 있다. 따라서 이에 맞는 안전성관리제도가 전제되어야 한다. 안전에 관한 확신이 없는 과학기술과 그 결과물에 대한 관리는 아무리 철저히 해도 장기간의 영향을 예측하기 어렵다. 따라서 GM벼 역시 그에 관한 관리제도가 선행될 때까지 상용화를 중단해야 한다.

Investigating Heavy Metal Contamination Extent of Soil and Plant from Urban Gardens in Jinju

정명석,김권래,이미나,츄수르윈 한국토양비료학회 2023 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.56 No.2

In Korea, 90% of the population lives in urban areas, so urban agriculture is commonly carried out. However,research on the safety of urban soils for growing food still needs to be done. Thus, this study was conducted toevaluate the suitability of urban soil for crop cultivation by investigating the heavy metal concentration of soiland plant from urban gardens in Jinju. Soils and crop leaves were collected from 23 urban gardens, and theconcentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were analyzed. The average concentrations of garden soils inJinju were As 5.31, Cd 0.59, Cr 30.09, Cu 33.05, Ni 21.14, Pb 23.28, and Zn 121.68 mg kg-1, which did notexceed the Korean guidelines except for Zn in one study site. Geoaccumulation Index, calculated using thebackground values of heavy metals in Korean soil, showed that contamination of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn was inprogress. The inflow of Cu and Zn into the garden soils would be from the atmosphere and direct entry into thesoil by adding livestock manure. Differently, the other elements were more predominantly introduced fromthe atmosphere. Particularly, a significant amount of Pb was introduced into the soils from the atmosphere ina couple of gardens. Overall, the results from this study indicated that continuous monitoring for heavy metalsin urban garden soils is required for food safety.

AtCYP78A7 과발현 환경스트레스 내성 형질전환 벼의 단백질 진단 키트 개발

남경희(Kyong-Hee Nam),박정호(Jung-Ho Park),백인순(In-Soon Pack),김호방(Ho Bang Kim),김창기(Chang-Gi Kim) 한국생명과학회 2018 생명과학회지 Vol.28 No.7

본 연구는 시토크롬 P450 단백질을 암호화하는 애기장대 유래의 AtCYP78A7을 과발현하는 형질전환 식물체로 부터 AtCYP78A7 단백질을 특이적으로 인식하는 단일큰론 항체의 제조와 그 항체를 AtCYP78A7 단백질과 접촉시켜 항원-항체 복합체 형성을 검출함으로써 AtCYP78A7 단백질을 효소면역학적(ELISA) 방법으로 검출하는 진단키트를 개발하기 위하여 수행하였다. 재조합한 GST-AtCYP78A7 단백질을 항원으로 사용하여 단일클론 항체를 분비하는 융합세포주를 제조한 후 비오틴화 및 페어링 테스트를 통해 포획항체와 검출항체를 선정하였으며, GST-AtCYP78A7 정제 단백질을 기준으로 일품벼, 화영벼, AtCYP78A7 과발현 벼(10B-5, 18A-4)의 용해물을 검출항원으로 사용하여 product test를 진행하였다. 그 결과 AtCYP78A7 단백질에 특이적으로 결합하는 4개의 단클론 항체(mAb 6A7, mAb 4C2, mAb 11H6, mAb 7E8)를 생산하였고, 포획항체 mAb 4C2와 검출항체 mAb 7E8-biotin의 조합으로 ELISA 키트를 개발하였다. 개발된 ELISA 키트를 이용한 벼 시료의 분석 결과 AtCYP78A7 과발현 벼는 전체 단백질 대비 AtCYP78A7 단백질의 비율이 0.1% 이상인 양성으로, 일품벼와 화영벼는 0.1% 미만인 음성으로 나타나 키트를 이용한 AtCYP78A7 단백질의 검출이 가능하였으며, 따라서 본 키트는 향후 AtCYP78A7를 과발현하는 형질전환 작물을 대상으로 하는 환경 모니터링 또는 인체 위해성 평가에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Quantitative determination of the protein expression levels is one of the most important parts in assessment of the safety of foods derived from genetically modified (GM) crops. Overexpression of AtCYP78A7, a gene encoding cytochrome P450 protein, has been reported to improve tolerance to abiotic stress, such as drought and salt stress, in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L.). In the present study, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for diagnosing AtCYP78A7 protein including AtCYP78A7-specific monoclonal antibody was developed. GST-AtCYP78A7 recombinant protein was induced and purified by affinity column. Four monoclonal antibodies (mAb 6A7, mAb 4C2, mAb 11H6, and mAb 7E8) against recombinant protein were also produced and biotinylated with avidin-HRP. After pairing test using GST-AtCYP78A7 protein and lysate of rice samples, mAb 4C2 and mAb 7E8 were selected as a capture antibody and a detecting antibody, respectively, for ELISA kit. Product test using rice samples indicated that percentages of detected protein in total protein were greater than 0.1% in AtCYP78A7-overexpressing transgenic rice (Line 10B-5 and 18A-4), whereas those in negative control non-transgenic rice (Ilpum and Hwayoung) were less than 0.1%. The ELISA kit developed in this study can be useful for the rapid detection and safety assessment of transgenic rice overexpressing AtCYP78A7.

Assessment of the effect on soil microbial communities of genetically modified soybean and a hybrid from crossing with wild soybean

Oh Sung-Dug,Jang Ye-Jin,Park Soo-Yun,Lee Kijong,Lee Seong-Kon,Yun Doh-Won,서상재,Chae Jong-Chan 한국식물생명공학회 2021 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.15 No.6

Microbial community analysis of the rhizosphere is one of many approaches for evaluating the environmental impact of genetically modified (GM) crops. To elucidate the influence of GM and hybrid soybeans on the bacterial community of the rhizosphere, this study used a beta-carotene-enhanced transgenic soybean as the GM crop, modified from Kwangan soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), and a hybrid soybean line in which this GM soybean line had been crossed with wild soybean (Glycine soja). Bacterial community analysis indicated that compared to their non-transgenic counterpart, there were no significant effects on the rhizospheres of either the GM or hybrid soybeans. The bacterial densities of the rhizosphere of hybrid and GM soybeans were found to be within the range of those of non-GM soybeans. We found no horizontal gene transfer from GM and hybrid soybeans to soil rhizosphere microorganisms by PCR analysis. Therefore, our results suggest that the impact of GM and hybrid soybeans on the environment, especially on soil microorganisms, is insignificant.

Investigating Heavy Metal Levels of Greenhouse Soils Using Long-Term Livestock Manure

정명석,김권래,이미나,츄수르윈,위남희,백태희 한국토양비료학회 2023 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.56 No.3

The use of eco-friendly compost, such as livestock manure, has increased due to the environmental pollution of chemical fertilizers. However, many farmers use livestock manure and inorganic fertilizer together, leading to excessive soil nutrients. Also, livestock manure includes heavy metals, so the long-term use of livestock manure could increase heavy metal levels, particularly in greenhouse soils. Therefore, this study aims to investigate heavy metal concentrations in greenhouse soils using long-term livestock manure. The soils were collected from 24 greenhouses applying livestock manure for 5 - 32 years in Gyeongnam province, Korea. The chemical characteristics and heavy metal concentrations of the soils were analyzed. As a result, soil pH, organic matter, available phosphorus, and exchangeable-Ca, Mg, and K of most soils were higher than the average values of greenhouses in Gyeongnam. The As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn levels of the studied soils also exceeded Gyeongnam greenhouses’ average values. Moreover, Zn concentrations of three greenhouse soils were 394.4 mg kg-1, 305.3 mg kg-1, and 323.2 mg kg-1, which exceeded the Korean Zn threshold of 300 mg kg-1. The levels of Cu in these three soils showed higher values than in other soils, so the accumulation of Cu and Zn was mainly concerned with applying livestock manure. Thus, the soils using long-term livestock manure would be recommended for regular monitoring for food safety.

재배작물별 단동비닐하우스의 안전풍속 및 적설심 분석

이종원 경북대학교 농업생명과학대학 2013 Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences Vol.31 No.4

국내에 설치되어 있는 원예시설 중 가장 많은 면적을 차지 하고 있는 단동비닐하우스의 기상재해로 인한 피해를 경 감시킬 수 있는 모델 개발에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고 자 재배작물별로 대표적인 온실규격를 선정하여 안전풍 속과 적설심을 구한 후 재현기간 8년에 해당하는 지역의 설계풍속 및 적설심과 비교하여 온실의 구조 안전성을 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 재배작물별 대표온실에 단위풍하중을 적용한 결과, 최 대 단면력은 과채류, 근채류, 엽채류 온실 순으로 크게 나타났으며 재배작물별 서까래 간격을 고려한 안전풍 속은 엽채류 온실이 17.7 m/s, 과채류 온실이 20.2 m/s, 근채류 온실이 22.3 m/s로 나타나 지역별 8년 빈도의 설계풍하중과 비교하였을 때 홍천, 이천, 성주지역을 제외하고는 대부분의 지역에 있어서 불안전한 것으로 나타났다. 2. 재배작물별 대표온실에 단위 적설하중을 적용한 결과, 근채류 온실의 최대 단면력이 가장 크게 나타났으나 재배작물별 서까래 간격을 고려한 안전적설심은 엽채 류 온실이 8.8 cm, 과채류 온실이 9.4 cm, 근채류 온실이 11.8 cm인 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 지역별 8년 빈도의 적설하중과 비교하였을 때 경남지역 일부를 제 외하고는 대부분의 지역에 있어서 불안전한 것으로 분 석되었다. 3. 재배작물별 대표 온실의 안전풍속과 적설심에 대하여 구조물에 발생하는 최대 인발력은 12.7~15.1 kgf/개소, 최대 연직하중은 20.6~21.7 kgf/개소로 나타나 기초는 안전한 것으로 분석되었으나 안전풍속과 안전적설심이 매우 작기 때문에 폭설이나 강풍에 대비한 보강이 필요 한 것으로 나타났다. This study supplies basic data to develop a greenhouse model for reducing the damage to single-span greenhouses caused by strong winds and heavy snow. Single-span plastic greenhouses are predominantly used for growing crops in Korea. Thus, the safety wind speeds for single-span greenhouses were calculated and compared with the actual wind speeds and snow depths over a period of 8 years in different regions to analyze the structural safety of single-span greenhouses. The unit wind load and unit snow load were applied to different designs of single-span greenhouse according to the cultivated crop to achieve a structural analysis. As a result, the maximum section force for the wind and snow load was greatest for leaf and root vegetables, where the safety wind speeds for single-span greenhouses according to the cultivated crop were 17.7 m/s(leaf vegetables), 20.2 m/s (fruit vegetables), and 22.3 m/s (root vegetables). Thus, the single-span greenhouses were not found to be safe for the wind load in most regions, except for Hongcheon, Icheon and Sungju. Plus, the safety snow depths for single-span greenhouses according to the crop were 8.8 cm (leaf vegetables), 9.4 cm (fruit vegetables), and 11.8cm (root vegetables). Thus, when comparing the safety snow depths with the actual snow depths, the single-span greenhouses were not found to be safe. Therefore, to improve the safety of single-span greenhouses, the structures need reinforcement by reducing the interval between rafters or increasing the size of the pipes. However, additional research is needed.