Development of a CO₂ emission benchmark for achieving the national CO₂ emission reduction target by 2030

Jeong, Kwangbok,Hong, Taehoon,Kim, Jimin Elsevier 2018 Energy and buildings Vol.158 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>To achieve the national CO<SUB>2</SUB> emission reduction target (CERT) in the building sector established together with the launching of POST-2020, various countries are introducing the emission trading scheme (ETS), which is considered to have a considerable effect on CO<SUB>2</SUB> emission reduction. Towards this end, it is important to establish a reasonable CO<SUB>2</SUB> emission benchmark for the effective allocation of CO<SUB>2</SUB> emission allowances. As the previous CO<SUB>2</SUB> emission benchmark, however, was focused on the industry sector (e.g., power generation sector, manufacturing sector, etc.), it is difficult to apply to the building sector. To solve this problem, this study aimed to develop a CO<SUB>2</SUB> emission benchmark for allocating CO<SUB>2</SUB> emission allowances in multi-family housing complexes (MFHCs). This study was conducted in three steps: (i) establishment of the database; (ii) formation of clusters using a decision tree (DT); and (iii) development of the CO<SUB>2</SUB> emission benchmark for MFHCs. The nine CO<SUB>2</SUB> emission benchmarks (i.e., 0.03116-0.06667 tCO<SUB>2</SUB>/m<SUP>2</SUP> year) for MFHCs were developed using a DT based on the heating type and the elapsed years, and were validated using the Kruskal-Wallis test and <I>t</I>-test. It was shown that using the developed CO<SUB>2</SUB> emission benchmark for MFHCs to calculate the national CO<SUB>2</SUB> emission reduction in MFHCs satisfied the national CERT (18.1%). On the other hand, when the CO<SUB>2</SUB> emission benchmarks for MFHCs calculated based on the South Korean ETS and the EU ETS, which were applied to the industry sector, were used, the national CO<SUB>2</SUB> emission reduction was −5.29 and 45.55%, respectively. The proposed CO<SUB>2</SUB> emission benchmark for MFHCs may be useful for policymaking for determining the allocation of CO<SUB>2</SUB> emission allowances for achieving the national CERT.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A reasonable classification process was proposed using the decision tree method. </LI> <LI> Benchmark was developed to meet the national CO2 emissions reduction target by 2030. </LI> <LI> The data mining and statistical methodologies were used in this study. </LI> <LI> The CO2 emission allowance by cluster was estimated based on CO2 emission benchmark. </LI> <LI> It can help policy-makers in determining the allocation of CO2 emission allowance. </LI> </UL> </P>

排出權去來制度 影響分析을 위한 CO₂排出 豫測模型

조한진(CHO Han-Jin) 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2007 인문사회과학연구 Vol.8 No.1

  세계 각국은 기후변화의 심각성을 인지하고 92년 6월 리우의 지구환경회의에서 “기후변화협약”을 채택했으며, 95년 3월 베를린에서 제1차 가입국 총회가 개최되었고 97년 12월 교토에서 제3차 총회에서 법적 구속력을 가지는 의정서를 채택하였다. 이에 따라 온실가스 배출조정 목표율을 결정(2008~2012년의 5년간)하였으며, 선진국의 감축 목표율을 합의(평균 5.2%)하였다. 또한 한국 역시 2002년 11월 교토의정서를 비준함으로써 국제사회에서 요구되는 온실가스 감축의지에 동참하게 되었다. 교토의정서 비준과 그에 따른 후속결과로 온실가스의 국제 배출권 거래제도의 도입이 이루어지게 될 것이다. 배출권 거래제도가 시행될 때 각 국가는 온실가스 배출량 감축에 대해 심각한 압박을 느낄 것이며, 특히 현재까지도 교토 의정서의 비준을 거부하고 있는 미국을 비롯한 일본, EU국가 동 감축요구량이 큰 국가들은 국가경제에 큰 손실을 초래 할 것이다. 이렇듯 국가경제에 심대한 영향을 줄 것으로 예상되는 CO₂로  대변되는 온실가스의 발생과 억제는 향후 발생량을 정확히 예측ㆍ산정이 되어진 상태에서 가능하다.<BR>  본 연구에서는 더욱 간편하고 정확한 CO₂배출량을 예측할 수 있도록 하기위해 세계 각국의 CO₂배출량을 경제력 및 과학기술력, 산업구조, 산업생산성, 에너지 이용형태를 대변하는 변수로써 과거의 배출량을 토대로 통계분석 하였다. 이러한 분석에 의한 CO₂배출량 예측 모형을 개발하고 개발된 모형을 이용하여 향후 배출권 거래제도가 시행될 것으로 예상되는 2010년도의 각국의 CO₂배출량을  예측하였다.<BR>  예측결과 2010년도의 배출권 거래량을 Ellerman, et al(1998)에서 제시된 부속서B 거래 시, 전 세계 거래 시의 탄소 Ton당 가격을 적용하여 국가별 손익을 분석한 결과 부속서 B국가 간 거래 시 미국이 1966억$의 배출권 구매비용을 지불해야하는 것으로 나타났으며, 러시아가 605억$의 배출권 판매소득을 얻는 것으로 예상된다. 또한 2010년에 당장 거래에 참여할 의무를 가지지는 않지만 인도는 거래에 참여할 경우 1069억$의 구매가 요구되며, 중국은 491억, 한국은 226억$의 배출권 구매가 필요하다. 또한 전세계간 거래 시는 미국이 356억, 인도가 194억, 중국이 89억, 독일이 79억, 그리고 한국이 41억$의 구매비용이 소요되고, 러시아가 110억$의 매도수익을 얻게 될 것으로 나타났다.<BR>  한국의 경우 2010년도 GDP가 9080억$로 추정되는데 배출권의 구매비용이 부속서 I 국가 간 거래 시 226억, 전 세계 거래 시 41억$가 요구되는 것으로 이는 각각 GDP대비 2.4%, 0.4%를 차지하는 것으로 인도를 제외한 연구 대상 국가들 중에서 가장 부담이 큰 것으로 나타났다.<BR>  본 연구의 결과를 통해 판단해보면 일부의 국가들을 제외한 지구상의 대부분의 국가들이 CO₂배출에  자유롭지 못할 것이므로 환경정화기술의 축적과 함께 경제성장만을 우선시하는 정책에서 탈피하여 환경개선의지를 갖추는 것이 절실하다. CO₂ 배출량을 감축하기위한 국가차원의 노력이 요구되는데, 일차적으로 CO₂배출량에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 오일의 사용량을 줄이는 것으로 에너지세를 위시한 탄소세의 부과로 오일의 직접연소비율을 줄이고 불필요한 에너지의 사용을 막는 것이다. 그리고 두 번째는 국가적 차원으로 발전방법의 전환으로써, 원자력발전에 대한 불안감과 거부감을 해소하여 CO₂배출이 없는 원자력발전 및 청정연료개발 등이 절실하다. 세 번째 CO₂배출량을 제어할 수 있는 저감기술의 개발과 굴뚝 산업으로 대변되는 단순 제조업의 비중을 줄이고 CO₂배출이 상대적으로 적은 3차 산업 및 첨단산업으로의 전환이 시급히 요구된다.   As we concern effect of the GHG reduction to earth country"s economy, the occurrence and suppression of GHG are feasible when the output of GHG is exactly estimated and calculated.<BR>  In order to estimate the exact CO₂ emission, this study statistically analyzed CO₂ emission of each country based on the following variables : levels of economical power and scientific technique, industrial system and productivity, energy efficiency, and etc.<BR>  By using elaborated estimate model of the CO₂ emission, this study anticipate each country"s CO₂ emission of 2010 that emissions trading will come into force.<BR>  Based on the price of CO₂ per ton, which is suggested by Ellerman in 1998, this study evaluates the CO₂ emission transaction and profit and loss statement in 2010.<BR>  According to this evaluation result in case of the transaction between Appendix B, USA will pay $196.6 billion for emission cost and Russia will receive $60.5 billion by selling profits. Moreover, even though India does not have any plan participating transaction of emissions trading in 2010, India need to pay $106.9 billion if this country want to participate in this world trading process. Also incase of the other Asian country, China need to pay $49.1 billion and Korea need to pay $22.6 billion for emissions trading.<BR>  when this emissions trading open to every countries in the world, the following expense will be needed for each country; USA $35.6 billions, India 19.4 billion, China $8.9 billion, Germany $7.9 billion, and Korea $4.1 billion. But Russia will receive $11 billion for income of exchange.<BR>  Korea need to pay $22.6 billion(transaction between Appendix B) and$4.1 billion(transaction between worldwide level) in 2010. Therefor except India, Korea would have to pay the greatest expense for emissions trading.<BR>  According to the result of this study, most of the countries in the world, except some countries, would have accumulation of clean technology and an environmental reform for policy.<BR>  In conclusion, this study suggests the following three worldwide level of requirement for CO₂ emission reduction.<BR>  1) Each country would decrease use of oil which directly effect to the CO₂ emission.<BR>  2) Each country need to a develop plan for a nuclear power generation, and clean energy, which solves a sense of unease.<BR>  3) Each country need to a develop reduced technique that control the CO₂ emission, and reduce concentration of the traditional manufacturing industry. Also, each country need to focus on a high-tech industry.

ZigBee 센서를 활용한 건설장비의 CO₂배출량 측정방법

전진구(Chun Jin-Ku),김병수(Kim Byung-Soo) 대한토목학회 2012 대한토목학회논문집 D Vol.32 No.2D

최근 온실가스저감인증(CERs)과 관련한 CO₂배출량 감축을 위한 노력은 전생애주기를 통하여 활발하게 연구가 진행되고 있다. 그러나 CO₂배출량을 줄이기 위한 기술은 아직 초기단계에 있으며, 정확하게 계산하기 위한 기술도 불충분하다. 따라서, 본 연구는 ZigBee센서를 활용하여 건설장비의 CO₂배출량을 실시간으로 측정하기 위한 방법을 개발하고자 하였다. 이산화탄소 배출량 산출방법을 검토하기 위하여 IPCC 제시 방법론을 기준으로 CO₂ 배출량에 영향을 미치는 영향인자들을 분류하였다. 또한 무선데이터통신을 활용한 ZigBee센서의 활용성을 검토하였다 검토결과, 건설장비의 CO₂ 배출량과 RPM류, 연료종류도 추가하여 조사할 필요가 있다는 결론을 얻었다. Recently, the effort to reduce CO₂ emission concerning certified emission reductions (CERs) is progressing lively with the institute in the center through lifecycle. However, the technique for reduce CO₂ emission is the first stage yet and the technique is insufficient to calculate with accuracy it. Therefore, this study tries to develop the method to measure by actual time CO₂ emission of construction equipment using Zigbee sensor. To review the method that calculate CO₂ emission, have classified the impact factors that affect at CO₂ emission by IPCC guideline. It also has review the application of Zigbee sensor that use wireless data communication. The reviewed result get that the measuring objects are the CO₂ emission, RPM and fuel consumption of equipment, there are needs to search the year of equipment, waiting time, kind of vehicle and fuel that affect to CO₂ emission.

농촌형 녹색마을에 신재생에너지 보급을 위한 시설재배 및 농업기계의 CO2 배출량 분석

김종구(J.G. Kim),유영선(Y.S. Ryou),강연구(Y.K. Kang),김영화(Y.H. Kim),장재경(J.K. Jang),김현태(H.T. Kim),서광욱(K.W. Seo),이승기(S.K. Lee),조희제(H.J. Cho),강지원(J.W. Kang) 유기성자원학회 2011 유기물자원화 Vol.19 No.1

화석에너지 의존도를 줄이면서 CO2 배출량을 낮추기 위하여 정부에서는 녹색마을을 선정하고 에너지자급률을 40% 수준으로 높이려는 계획을 추진 중이다. 본 연구는 각 농업 분야 중에서 농기계의 사용과 재배 시설에 있어서의 에너지 사용량을 파악하고 이를 바이오디젤로 대체하였을 때의 CO2 저감수준을 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여, 농업 각 분야별 에너지 소비수준의 분석, 그리고 실천 가능한 신재생 에너지원의 선정이 요구된다. 경종재배의 전체 연간온실가스 배출량은 5,667,258 t-CO2이고, 그 중 시설 부문은 4,932,607 t-CO2인 것으로 분석되었으며, 농업시설 부문 중 에너지원별로 보면 경유가 3,105,707t-CO2, 중유가 1,370,578 t-CO2를 배출하는 것으로 분석되었다. 우리나라 시설작물의 단위 면적당 온실가스 평균배출량은 29,418 t-CO2/ha인 것으로 나타났다. 농기계별 2007년 총에너지소비량을 살펴보면 트랙터가 284,763 kL로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 동력 경운기221,314 kL, 곡물건조기 145,524 kL, 콤바인 72,537 kL 등의 순이었다. 전라북도 G시를 대상으로 이용 중인 시설재배와 농업기계의 이산화탄소 배출량을 비교분석한 결과,바이오디젤로 전환하면 약 7% 정도의 CO2 감소효과가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. In order to reduce dependence on the fossil fuels and CO2 gas emission in farming activities, the government has pushed ahead with making the self-sufficiency of farming energy up 40% level in green villages. The objectives of this study are to survey the energy consumption of horticultural facilities or agricultural machineries, and to analyze the reduced CO2 gas emission level from fossil fuel to bio-diesel fuel. For the implement of this study, it is necessary to analyze the energy consumption level in the various sector of farming activities, and available renewable energy sources should be selected. Annual total CO2 gas emission in the tillage farming sector was analyzed as 5,667,258 t-CO2 and that in the horticultural facilities occupied 4,932,607 t-CO2, while the CO2 gas emission level of diesel fuel was 3,105,707 t-CO2, and that of the heavy oil showed 1,370,578 t-CO2. The average CO2 gas emission level of horticultural facilities in the country was analyzed as 29,418 t-CO2/ha. Among the total energy consumption of agricultural machineries, tractor used 284,763kL, power tiller spent 221,314 kL, grain drier consumed 145,524kL and combine tractor expend 72,537kL. From the comparison of CO2 gas emission level between fossil fuel and bio-diesel fuel for the horticultural facilities or agricultural machinery in G-City, Jeonbuk Province, the CO2 gas emission level can be reduced by 7% through replacing the fuel from fossil to biodiesel.

조적벽의 CO2 배출비용을 포함한 건설원가 비교에 관한 연구

이병윤,김보라,김광희 한국건축시공학회 2010 한국건축시공학회지 Vol.10 No.3

The carbon dioxide(CO2) emissions that result from construction are one of the main factors causing a global warming problem. It is therefore necessary to make efforts to reduce CO2 emissions in the construction industry. Some researchers have studied CO2 emissions in the industry ; however, there has been a lack of study on CO2emissions cost. Therefore, in this study, the construction costs, including the CO2 emission cost, of masonry wall type, which is a common brick wall, concrete brick wall, and fired brick wall, were examined. The purpose of this study is to compare the construction costs of masonry wall types, including CO2 emission costs. The study found that the CO2 emission costs were highest for the fired brick wall, followed by the concrete brick wall. This research could provide basic information that can be used in other engineering methods to convert CO2 emissions to CO2 emission cost. 건설산업에서 발생하는 CO2배출량은 지구 온난화를 유발하는 주요 원인 중 하나이다. 이에 따라 건설산업에서는 CO2배출량을 줄이기 위해 노력하고 있다. 최근 건축물의 CO2배출량에 관한 다양한 연구가 진행되고 있지만 CO2배출비용에 관한 연구는아직 없는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 벽체별(시멘트벽돌벽, 블록벽돌벽, 점토벽돌벽)로 기존 공사비에 CO2배출비용을 포함하여비교해 보았다. 그 결과 CO2배출비용은 점토벽돌벽, 시멘트벽돌벽, 블록벽 순으로 높았다. 본 연구는 CO2배출량을 비용으로 환산하는 방법을 제시함으로써 향후 CO2배출량을 비용측면으로 비교해 볼 수 있는 기초적 자료를 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

교토 의정서와 CO_2 감축의무 대상국의 시장충격

임형록,정석균 한국기업경영학회 2011 기업경영연구 Vol.18 No.1

Global warming is no more than a climate change but it is drawing a global attention heading to some international cooperations based on mutual interests between climate and economic sacrifice. It is indispensible to analyze the impact of Kyoto protocol on global economy as it affects the economic performance of Annex-B countries that are supposed to cut off their CO_2 emission. A presumption of international cooperation for CO_2 emission control is that any country abided by CO_2 emission control duty would afford critical economic loss. This is the reason why we are concerned on Koyto Protocol that assigned CO_2 emission control to 34 countries, which are named to be Annex-B countries. They are important groups, in particular, because they are leading countries with affording a sort of voluntary sacrifice. Surely, Annex-B countries are able to take advantage of stronger bargaining power against non Annex-B countries as their preemptive action would enforce the non Annex-B countries to compromise another step toward global warming prevention. However, if the Annex-B countries had to sacrifice critical economic losses due to CO_2 emission control, we may fail to initiate another post Kyoto Protocol international cooperation for global warming. For this concern, this paper considers two groups of firms: Annex-B countries vs. Non Annex-B countries. We use a panel data that is composed of both Annex-B countries and non Annex-B countries from 1990 to 2008. Because Annex-B countries are supposed to decrease their CO_2 emission to 1990 level by the year of 2012, we created time series frm 2009 to 2012, which means that our study is designed to forecast, not to examine real performances. As we study country-level data, endogeneity is inevitable. In order to circumvent endogeneity problem, we test 2SLS(two-stage least squares) and panel IV(instrument variable) model. According to the main findings, it is obvious that Annex-B countries must afford significant economic losses, which indicates that post 2012 international cooperation will not be sustainable. In particular, we test how CO_2 emission control affects GDP and the ratio of export to GDP, which strongly supports the sacrifice of Annex-B countries. Therefore, one can say that post-2012 global cooperation for reducing global warming may not be that sustainable. This outcome presents an important implication to businesses. In that, global conglomerates need to adapt their value chains to CO_2 emission control; however, it may not be that urgent strategic choice as another next global warming cooperation are not likely to go forward smoothly. 지구 온난화 극복을 위한 CO_2 배출량 감축은 생산활동을 위축시켜 경제적 충격으로 이어진다는 우려가 지배적이고, 바로 이 점이 국제공조의 가장 큰 난점으로 작용하여 왔다. 이에 본 연구는 지구 온난화 방지를 위한 국제공조 즉, 교토 의정서에 의하여 2012년까지 CO_2 감축의무가 부과된 Annex-B 국가군과 CO_2 감축의무가 없는 非Annex-B 국가군을 구별하여 Annex-B 국가들에게 실제적인 경제적 負의 충격이 발생하는가를 실증적으로 규명하고자 하였다. 분석단위가 국가단위로 거시변수들이 사용되는 만큼 내생성(endogeneity)이 필연적으로 발생하므로 이를 극복할 수 있는 Panel IV(instrument variable) 추정방식을 사용하였다. 경제적 충격 변수로 일국의 富를 측정할 수 있는 불변 GDP와 함께 불변 수출액의 불변 GDP 내 비중을 각각 사용하였는데, 두 변수 모두 2012년까지 교토 의정서에 의한 감축목표를 달성된다고 가정할 때 Annex-B 국가군에서만 통계적으로 유의한 수준의 負의 효과가 발생할 것으로 예측되었다. 반면 非Annex-B 국가들의 경우 과거 10년 간의 추세대로 CO_2를 배출할 경우 양 지표 모두 유의적인 수준에서 상승할 것을 예상할 수 있다. 이는 경제적 가치를 강조할 경우 2012년 이후 지구 온난화 방지를 위한 다음 단계의 국제공조가 쉽지 않을 것임을 시사하고 따라서 국제공조의 지속가능성 문제가 제기될 수 있다. 그러나 2010년 기준 세계 7대 수출대국으로 성장한 우리나라의 경우 설령 국제공조의 지속 가능성이 낮을지라도 국제공조에서 방관자적 입장만을 취할 수는 없다. 즉, 현재 개발도상국 지위를 부여받고 있으나 국제공조에 대한 선제적 대응이 경제적 負의 충격을 최소화할 수 있는 것이다. 향후 어떠한 형태로든 국제공조에 참여하여야할 것이고 대외 무역의존도가 매우 높은 경제구조인 우리나라 주요 제조업체들의 원가상승 압력을 우회할 수 있는 경영진의 전략적 속도대응이 요구된다.

국내연료의 고유탄소함유량에 의한 CO₂배출계수 및 배출량 산정 연구

정애라(Aera Jeong),정혁(Hyuk Jung),신용일(Yongil Shin),박용성(Yongsung Park),강형규(Hyungkyu Kang) 한국자동차공학회 2011 한국자동차공학회 부문종합 학술대회 Vol.2011 No.5

Method of Tier2 is calculated by the CO₂ emission factor and calorific values for intrinsic carbon content of domestic fuel. However, until the present, we have been applying the CO₂ emission factor of IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change) guidelines and calorific values for intrinsic carbon content of domestic fuel to calculate CO₂ emission of Tier2 level. So we think that estimated CO₂ emission is not accurate. In this study, the CO₂ emission factor and calorific values of gasoline, diesel and LPG according to intrinsic carbon content of domestic fuel are developed and be calculated CO₂ emission to be accurate estimation of CO₂ emission. As a results, the CO₂ emission factors of gasoline, diesel and LPG are 72,221㎏/TJ, 73,187㎏/TJ, 66,053㎏/TJ in each. The CO₂ emissions of gasoline, diesel and LPG are also 22,546,595ton, 41,200,441ton, 13,581,060ton in each per year.

Designing an Atmospheric Monitoring Network to Verify National CO2 Emissions

심소정,정수종,박채린,신재원,Kim Insun,반수진,임철수 한국기상학회 2024 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.60 No.2

To achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, it is vital to prioritize climate action and monitor the progress of policies with accurate emission estimates. As CO2 emission estimates can be independently verified using atmospheric CO2 measurements, the need for optimal CO2 monitoring networks has increased. This study proposed an experimental method for designing national-scale atmospheric CO2 monitoring networks. We used gridded data for fossil fuel CO2 emissions, facilitating the selection of emission grids as potential monitoring sites. First, we determined the appropriate number of CO2 monitoring sites, which increased in proportion to the magnitude and variability of CO2 emissions within the region. Subsequently, the emission grids corresponding to the region were arranged in descending order of emissions. Grids were then selected at regular intervals as potential monitoring sites, aligning with the predetermined number of sites. This selection process ensured that monitoring sites were evenly distributed, ranging from areas with high emissions to those with lower emissions. Lastly, as a verification step to assess the suitability of this potential network, a transport model simulating meteorological conditions was employed to evaluate its coverage to detect the influence of CO2 emissions. This method was applied to South Korea, and 96 candidate monitoring sites were created. The optimal CO2 monitoring network distributed evenly across South Korea could evaluate variations in CO2 emissions. The simple monitoring network design method proposed in this study can accelerate the installation of a national CO2 monitoring network, ultimately enabling the verification of CO2 emissions and supporting climate policies.

Kinetic Responses of Soil Carbon Dioxide Emission to Increasing Urea Application Rate

이선일,임상선,이광승,곽진협,정재운,노희명,최우정 한국환경농학회 2011 한국환경농학회지 Vol.30 No.2

BACKGROUND: Application of urea may increase CO_2 emission from soils due both to CO_2 generation from urea hydrolysis and fertilizer-induced decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing urea application on CO_2 emission from soil and mineralization kinetics of indigenous SOC. METHODS AND RESULTS: Emission of CO_2 from a soil amended with four different rates (0, 175, 350, and 700 mg N/kg soil) of urea was investigated in a laboratory incubation experiment for 110 days. Cumulative CO_2 emission (Ccum) was linearly increased with urea application rate due primarily to the contribution of urea-C through hydrolysis to total CO_2 emission. First-order kinetics parameters (C0, mineralizable SOC pool size; k, mineralization rate) became greater with increasing urea application rate; C0 increased from 665.1 to 780.3 mg C/kg and k from 0.024 to 0.069 day-1, determinately showing fertilizer-induced SOC mineralization. The relationship of C0 (non-linear) and k (linear) with urea-N application rate revealed different responses of C0 and k to increasing rate of fertilizer N. CONCLUSION(s): The relationship of mineralizable SOC pool size and mineralization rate with urea-N application rate suggested that increasing N fertilization may accelerate decomposition of readily decomposable SOC; however, it may not always stimulate decomposition of non-readily decomposable SOC that is protected from microbial decomposition. BACKGROUND: Application of urea may increase CO_2 emission from soils due both to CO_2 generation from urea hydrolysis and fertilizer-induced decomposition of soil organic carbon (SOC). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing urea application on CO_2 emission from soil and mineralization kinetics of indigenous SOC. METHODS AND RESULTS: Emission of CO_2 from a soil amended with four different rates (0, 175, 350, and 700 mg N/kg soil) of urea was investigated in a laboratory incubation experiment for 110 days. Cumulative CO_2 emission (Ccum) was linearly increased with urea application rate due primarily to the contribution of urea-C through hydrolysis to total CO_2 emission. First-order kinetics parameters (C0, mineralizable SOC pool size; k, mineralization rate) became greater with increasing urea application rate; C0 increased from 665.1 to 780.3 mg C/kg and k from 0.024 to 0.069 day-1, determinately showing fertilizer-induced SOC mineralization. The relationship of C0 (non-linear) and k (linear) with urea-N application rate revealed different responses of C0 and k to increasing rate of fertilizer N. CONCLUSION(s): The relationship of mineralizable SOC pool size and mineralization rate with urea-N application rate suggested that increasing N fertilization may accelerate decomposition of readily decomposable SOC; however, it may not always stimulate decomposition of non-readily decomposable SOC that is protected from microbial decomposition.

배출량 분포에 따른 대구시 일산화탄소 측정망 위치의 적절성 평가

김효정,조완근 대한공간정보학회 2012 Spatial Information Research Vol.20 No.2

Air quality in Daegu area is lower compared to many other cities, since Daegu is a basin surrounded by mountains. Accordingly, the present study investigated the location of carbon monoxide(CO) monitoring stations for systematic CO pollution management on the basis of the CO emission distribution in Daegu area. In order to achieve this purpose, the location of CO monitoring stations, which can be used for the establishment of CO management, were assessed. Emission map in Daegu area was prepared using numerical map and Clean Air Policy Support System(CAPSS) data supplied by the Ministry of Environment. Average emissions were estimated by dividing emission sources into four subgroups(roadway, apartment, industry, and municipal incineration facility) according to legal division. The CO emission intensities were subdivided into 10, which a high number represents a high emission intensity, and the current monitoring stations were evaluated for the determination of their steps in CO emission intensities. As a result, additional installation of monitoring stations were suggested for the high CO emission areas rather than the low CO emission areas. A systematic CO management strategy would be established by the supplying various principle CO data when the CO monitoring stations are additionally installed at Kukwudong and other six sites on the basis of analyses of data obtained from 1999 to 2007. 대구지역은 주위가 산으로 둘러싸인 분지형 도시이기 때문에 대기 환경 쾌적성이 타 도시 보다 낮은 편이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 대구지역 자동대기오염측정소의 위치를 일산화탄소(CO) 배출량 분포에 기초하여 CO를 체계적으로 관리하기위한 적합한 장소에 대해 조사하였다. 이를 위하여 현재 대구지역 CO 관리정책 수립에 기초자료를 제공하는 자동대기측정소의 위치 적절성에 대하여 평가하였다. 대구시 수치지도와 환경부에서 제공하는 CAPSS(대기정책지원시스템;Clean Air Policy Support System) 자료를 활용하여 배출량 지도를 작성하였다. 도로, 아파트, 공장, 소각장 4가지로 구분하여 배출량을 입력한 뒤 법정동별 평균 배출량을 산출하였다. CO 배출지역을 고 배출량 지역과 저 배출량 지역 10단계로 구분하고 현재 측정소가 어느 단계에 해당하는지 조사하였다. 결과적으로, 저 배출량 지역 보다는 CO 고 배출량 지역에 해당하는 측정소가 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 특히, 1999년부터 2007년까지 공통적으로 추가 설치가 필요하다고 나온 국우동 외 6곳에 CO 측정망이 설치된다면 보다 다양한 기초 자료의 제공으로 체계적인 CO 관리가 가능할 것으로 판단된다.