Software Defect Model Based on Similarity and Association Rule

Wan Jiang Han,He Yang Jiang,Tian Bo Lu,Xiao Yan Zhang,Weijian Li 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Vol.10 No.7

In order to detect defects efficiently and improve the quality of products, this paper puts forward the concept about defect classification model and defect association model by a lot of defect data. The technology of similarity is applied to defect classification model, and the idea of Knowledge Discovery in Database is applied to defect association model. Defect classification model can analyze the defect efficiently and provides the basis of solving problems quickly while defect association model can be used to detect early and prevent problem, which can make effective improvements for testing and development. This paper summed up GUI defect model based on a large number of interface defects. The model is useful to improve the accuracy of forecast and be used for test planning and implementation through the practice of several projects.

공동주택의 층간소음하자와 담보책임

최창렬 한국토지법학회 2018 土地法學 Vol.34 No.2

우리 나라의 전체 주택 중 공동주택의 비율은 66%를 차지하고 있는데 공동주택은 벽과 벽을 사이에 두고 거주하게 되므로 필연적으로 층간소음의 문제가 자주 발생하게 된다. 특히 주택을 완공하지 전에 분양계약을 체결하는 주택선분양제도는 분양자로 하여금 자금을 미리 조달할 수 있도록 함으로써 주택공급의 양적 확대를 이루는데 기여였다. 그러나 건물의 하자여부는 목적물을 인도받은 후에 확인되는 특성상 하자의 확인과 담보책임의 추급을 어렵게 한다. 공동주택의 층간소음의 하자가 발생하면 주택의 설계나 시공상의 하자로 말미암은 경우에는 분양자에게 하자담보책임을 추궁하여야 하고, 준공검사 이후의 관리상의 하자에 대한 책임은 구분소유자나 관리주체가 부담해야 한다. 그리고 공동주택의 구분소유자나 임차인 등의 입주가가 사용과정에서 특이한 생활행태로 말미암아 발생하는 층간소음은 생활방해에 대한 방지청구권이나 불법행위로 인한 손해배상청구권을 행사하여야 한다. 공동주택의 분양계약에서 층간소음으로 인한 하자담보책임에 관하여 살펴 본 결과 분양계약의 법적 성질에 관한 논의와는 별도로 수분양자는 분양자나 시공자에게 집합건물법 제9조에 따른 수급인의 담보책임을 부담하므로 하자보수청구권과 손해배상청구권 그리고 계약해제권을 행사할 수 있다. 공동주택의 층간소음 하자는 주로 바닥, 벽체, 기둥 등의 설치나 시공상의 잘못으로 인하여 발생하는 것이므로 하자담보책임의 존속기간은 공동주택관리법에서의 내력구조부의 하자이므로 중대한 하자인지의 여부와 상관없이 10년이라고 보아야 한다. 집합건물법에 의하더라도 건물의 주요구조부의 하자라고 할 수 있으므로 10년의 제척기간으로서 그 기산점은 전유부분은 구분소유자에게 인도한 날이고, 공용부분은 사용검사일 또는 임시사용 승인일이라고 본다. 공동주택의 층간소음이 하자인지를 판단하기 위해서는 주택이 원래 가지고 있어야 할 성상을 갖추고 있는지 여부에 의해야 한다. 먼저, 당사자가 합의한 성상에 의해서 판단하고, 이러한 합의가 없으면 묵시적으로 전제한 용도에 따라 판단하여야 하며, 합의나 전제한 용도도 없는 경우에는 보충적으로는 통상의 거래관념에 따라 동종의 물건이 갖추어야 할 성상에 따라 판단하여야 한다. 묵시적으로 전제된 용도를 판단함에 있어서 공법상의 규정이나 환경기준 등은 하자판단의 최소한의 기준일 뿐이지만 현실적으로는 가장 중요한 기준으로 작용하고 있다. 그리고 층간소음으로 인하여 공동주택에 하자가 발생하면 수분양자가 공동주택을 제3자에 양도했을 경우 분양계약의 당사자인 수분양자이나 집합건물법은 집합건물의 소유와 관리에 관한 권리가 현재의 구분소유자에게 있음을 전제하고 있는 점에 비추어 하자보수에 직접적인 이해관계를 가지는 현재의 구분소유자인 전득자가 행사하여야 한다. 그리고 공동주택관리법에서는 구분소유자 뿐만 아니라 입주자대표회의도 하자보수청구권이 있지만, 하자보수청구권을 대신하여 손해배상청구를 청구하는 것은 손해의 전보를 위한 금전채권임에 비추어 별개의 제도이므로 구분소유자에게만 인정하여야 한다고 본다. The ratio of apartment houses of our country’s entire housing accounts for 66% and unlike single-family detached houses, apartment houses frequently bring about the problem of noise complaint issue as they are inhabited between walls and walls. Especially, the pre-construction sales system of housing which enters into a distribution contract prior to the completion of the house has contributed to the quantitative expansion of housing supply as it helps the distributor finance in advance. However, since whether the building has any defect is confirmed after the object is delivered, which makes it difficult to confirm the effect and catch up with the responsibility for defect. Once a defect of noise complaint issue in an apartment house, in the case that it results from the defect in the design or construction of the house, then the defect liability should be called to account against the distributor and the defect liability in management after completion inspection should be borne by the owner of the divided property or the managing entity. And as for the noise complaint issue occurring in a peculiar life form그in the process of the owner of the divided property or the tenant of an apartment house, a claim for prevention to life disturbance or a claim for damages due to an illegal act should be exercised. As a consequence of considering defect liability due to noise complaint issue in the distribution contract of an apartment house, regardless of the discussion about the legal nature of the distribution contract, the distributee bears the responsibility for security of a contractee to the distributor or the builder pursuant to Article 9, Aggregate Building Act, so a claim for repairing defect, a claim for damages and a right to cancel the contract can be exercised. Defects of noise complaint issue in an apartment house commonly arise due to the mistake of installation or construction of a floor, a wall or a pillar etc., so the duration of defect liability is that of bearing structure under Apartment Management Act, so it should be considered to be 10 years regardless of whether it is a grave defect or not. Even under Aggregate Building Act, it can be said to be the defect of the major structure in a building, so the starting point of reckoning as the exclusion period of 10 years is the date of being delivered to the owner of the divided property for the section of exclusive ownership and the date of acceptance of work or the date of temporary use acceptance for the section of common ownership. To determine whether it is a noise complaint issue, it should be decided according as the house has properties that it should be by nature and it should be first judged by the properties agreed upon between the parties and if there is no agreement like that, it should be decided in terms of the use implicitly required and if there is no agreed or required use, it should be supplementally decided on the properties the same kind of object should have subject to the normal trading practices. In judging a required use, regulation in public law or environmental standards are the minimum criteria of deciding any defect, but realistically they acts as the most significant ones. And any defect arise in an apartment house due to noise complaint issue, if the distributee transfers the apartment house to a third party, in light of that the distributee of the party of the distribution contract or Aggregate Building Act presupposes that the right on the ownership and management of an aggregate building lies in the current owner of the divided property, so a a subsequent purchaser as the current owner of the divided property having direct interests with the defect repair should exercise the claim for defect repair. And under Apartment Housing Management Act, the owner of the divided property as well as the resident representative meeting have a claim of defect repair, but in light of that the claiming for damages instead of a claim for defec...

受給人의 瑕疵擔保責任에 있어 瑕疵의 槪念

이준형(Lee, Joon-Hyong) 한국민사법학회 2004 民事法學 Vol.25 No.-

The discovery of defects during work or after a project has been completed often generate disputes. An owner who believes he has not received the project to which he is entitled often seeks to transfer any resultant loss to those he claims have caused the defect. We have a dozen of civil code articles laying down defect liabilities, none of which introduce a definition of defects themselves. This study concentrates upon the concept of defects, especially of independent contractor s works. Historically traced, the understanding of the concept has changed so much during a very long period, that the historical explanation had better be a starting point. Roman expression of the contract for work, location conductio operis, didn t know the institution of defect liability but only the breach of agreements. Current defect liabilities have their roots in another Roman institution established and developed by official market regulators in the area of sale law, further developed and generalized into other contracts by natural law theorists and canonists, and finally codified into some early modern codes: French, Prusso-German, Austrian and Swiss. The resemblances and differences among them are scrutinized in this study(Part Ⅱ), mentioning several points as belows: What can we say be the characteristics of the work contract? Did the codification contain an separate chapter for the work contract, cover intangible defects as well? Was the regulation a sub-system of general breach of contract liability or an independent agreement-indifferent liability system? This study answers like this: Firstly, the party providing work has control over the performance process, but only has to use control for the other party s sake. Secondly, the objects of the work contract has been continuously spread all through the time. Thirdly, contractors defect liabilities could be called as products of practical needs on the doctrinal basis of contractual performance obligations, not those of historical traditions. Following the above observations, this research tries to make clear the possible standards of defective works(Part Ⅲ), at first with discussion starting from the defective goods in sale. Doctrines currently explain this as the absence of quality or performance that must be present at the goods, while they add the failure of promised quality in describing that. But such a dualism should be overcome; a defective work can be defined as failure of the work to meet the quality or quantity requirements expressed in or implied by the contract. Thus there is only one standard of agreed quality. And a differentiation must be made between expressed and implied agreement; to each of them apply general theories of agreement interpretation. Looking ahead, in interpreting, an important role might be played by the specified use expressively or impliedly agreed by both parties and supposed by the owner in the project contract. Very instructive is the German new legislation that gives up the requirement of additional warranties(“Zusicherung ) to end its prolonged dualism. Some people say that the currently increasing objective elements, such as public safety guidelines, could be a challenge to the subjective understanding; however, those should, not as it is but only in the complex process of contract interpretations, be admitted into agreement, and hereby into determining a defective work.

The evaluation of healing patterns in surgically created circumferential gap defects around dental implants according to implant surface, defect width and defect morphology

임세웅,홍지연,채경준,정의원,김창성,이용근,조규성,김종관,최성호 대한치주과학회 2008 Journal of Periodontal & Implant Science Vol.38 No.2

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors affecting healing patterns of surgically created circumferential gap defects around implants in dogs. Materials and Methods: In four mongrel dogs, all mandibular premolars were extracted. After 8 weeks of healing periods, implants were submerged. According to the surface treatment, turned surface was designated as a group A and rough surface as a group B. In each dog, surgical defects on the left side were made with a customized tapered step drill and on the right with a customized paralleled drill. Groups were also divided according to the width of the coronal gaps: 1.0mm, 1.5mm, or 2.0mm. The dogs were sacrificed following 8 weeks and the specimens were analyzed histologically and histomorphometrically. Results: During the postoperative period, healing was uneventful and implants were well-maintained. As the size of the coronal gap was increased, the amount of bone-to-implant contact was decreased. The bone healing was greater in rough surface implants compared to the turned ones. About the defect morphology, tapered shape showed much bone healing and direct bone to implant contact even in the smooth surface implants. Conclusion: Healing of the circumferential defect around dental implant is influenced by the implant surface, defect width and the morphology of the defect. When using rough surface implants, circumferential gap defects within 2 mm do not need any kinds of regenerative procedures and the healing appeared to be faster in the tapered defect morphology than the paralleled one. (J Korean Acad Periodontol 2008;38:385-394) Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors affecting healing patterns of surgically created circumferential gap defects around implants in dogs. Materials and Methods: In four mongrel dogs, all mandibular premolars were extracted. After 8 weeks of healing periods, implants were submerged. According to the surface treatment, turned surface was designated as a group A and rough surface as a group B. In each dog, surgical defects on the left side were made with a customized tapered step drill and on the right with a customized paralleled drill. Groups were also divided according to the width of the coronal gaps: 1.0mm, 1.5mm, or 2.0mm. The dogs were sacrificed following 8 weeks and the specimens were analyzed histologically and histomorphometrically. Results: During the postoperative period, healing was uneventful and implants were well-maintained. As the size of the coronal gap was increased, the amount of bone-to-implant contact was decreased. The bone healing was greater in rough surface implants compared to the turned ones. About the defect morphology, tapered shape showed much bone healing and direct bone to implant contact even in the smooth surface implants. Conclusion: Healing of the circumferential defect around dental implant is influenced by the implant surface, defect width and the morphology of the defect. When using rough surface implants, circumferential gap defects within 2 mm do not need any kinds of regenerative procedures and the healing appeared to be faster in the tapered defect morphology than the paralleled one. (J Korean Acad Periodontol 2008;38:385-394)

A Defect Prevention Model based on SW-FMEA

김효영(Hyo Young Kim),한혁수(Hyuk Soo Han) 한국정보과학회 2006 정보과학회논문지 : 소프트웨어 및 응용 Vol.33 No.7

성공적인 소프트웨어 개발은 QCD에 의해 결정되며, 그 중 Quality는 Cost와 Delivery를 결정하는 핵심요소이기도 하다. 그리고 소프트웨어의 규모와 복잡도가 증가함에 따라 quality의 조기 확보의 중요성이 점차 커지고 있다. 이러한 관점에서 개발 후 결함을 찾아내고 수정하는 것보다 결함예방을 위해 더 많은 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다. 결함 예방을 위해서는 peer review, testing과 같은 결함 식별활동과 함께 기존에 발생된 defect에 대한 분석을 통해 발생 가능한 결함의 주입을 차단하는 활동이 필요하며, 이를 위해 기존의 품질 데이타의 조직화 및 활용이 필요하다. 소프트웨어의 품질 예방을 위한 방법으로 system safety 확보를 위해 사용되고 있는 FMEA를 활용할 수 있다. SW-FMEA(Software Fault Mode Effect Analysis)는 예측을 통해 결함을 예방하는 방법으로, 기존에는 요구사항 분석 및 설계 시 많이 활용되어 왔다. 이러한 SW-FMEA는 개발 활동을 통해 측정되는 정보를 활용하여, 분석, 설계, 나아가 peer review나 testing 등 개발 및 관리 활동에 적용하여 결함예방(defect prevention)의 수단으로 활용 할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 기존에 시스템 분석, 설계에 focusing된 SW-FMEA를 변형하여 product 결함뿐 아니라, 개발과정 중 발생할 수 있는 fault를 줄일 수 있는 결함 예방 model을 제안한다. The success of a software development project can be determined by the use of QCD. And as a software’s size and complexity increase, the importance of early quality assurance rises. Therefore, more effort should be given to prevention, as opposed to correction. In order to provide a framework for the prevention of defects, defect detection activities such as peer review and testing, along with analysis of previous defects, is required. This entails a systematization and use of quality data from previous development efforts. FMEA, which is utilized for system safety assurance, can be applied as a means of software defect prevention. SW-FMEA (Software Failure Mode Effect Analysis) attempts to prevent defects by predicting likely defects. Presently, it has been applied to requirement analysis and design. SW-FMEA utilizes measured data from development activities, and can be used for defect prevention on both the development and management sides, for example, in planning, analysis, design, peer reviews, testing, risk management, and so forth. This research discusses about related methodology and proposes defect prevention model based on SW-FMEA. Proposed model is extended SW-FMEA that focuses on system analysis and design. The model not only supports verification and validation effectively, but is useful for reducing defect detection.

Risk Analysis Model of Automobile Defect Based on Weibull

Guozhong Huang,Wu Lin,Qingyuan Niu 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Hybrid Information Techno Vol.9 No.1

Currently, from the statistical analysis of accidents at home and abroad, the number of automobile defects and the resulting automobile accidents are very large. Obviously, the automobile defects have become one of the main factors affecting traffic safety, and risk assessment as an automobile key technical defect of risk management, the elimination of defects and reduce automobile accidents are of great significance. Through statistical study of automobile defect recall, this paper analyzes the automobile defects and its risk characteristics and the event tree analysis (ETA) method was introduced to determine the risk flow route of automobile defects. Based on thousands of automobile breakdown cases for risk probability forecast, this paper proposes a three-dimensional matrix risk assessment model of automobile defect. According to the dispersibility of automobile, a risk forecast method based on the Weibull distribution is established. The results indicate that on gathering actual failure data from after-sales service, the Weibull distribution model has a favorable applicability for forecasting risk possibility, and then apply it to auto defect in three-dimensional matrix model so as to get the overall risk level of defect automobile.

정량적 게이트 심근관류 스펙트 검사에서 관류결손이 좌심근질량 측정과 부하 후 좌심실 용적 및 구혈률에 미치는 영향

안병철,배선근,이상우,정신영,이재태,이규보 대한핵의학회 2002 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.36 No.6

목적: 심질환의 예후 인자로 알려진 좌심근 질량 및 좌심실 구혈률을 구할 수 있는 게이트 심근관류 스펙트는 관류결손에 의해 영향을 받을 수 있다. 또한 관류결손을 일으키는 심혈관질환은 안정시와 부하후 좌심실 기능에 영향을 줄 수 있다. 본 연구는 심근관류 스펙트상 관류결손을 가진 환자를 대상으로 하여, 첫째 관류 결손의 크기와 가역성 여부에 따른 안정시와 부하 후 게이트 심근관류 스펙트로 구한 좌심근 질량의 차이를 알아 보았으며, 둘째, 관류결손의 가역성 여부에 따른 안정시와 부하 후 게이트 심근관류 스펙트로 얻은 좌심실 용적과 좌심실 구혈률의 상관성 및 차이를 비교해 보았다. 대상 및 방법: 심근관류 스펙트상 관류 결손이 있는 환자 46명을 대상으로 하였다. 대상 환자 가운데 남자가 34명(73.9%)이었고 평균연령은 64±9세였으며, 40명(87.0%)은 가역성 관류결손이었다. 게이트 심근관류 스펙트는 740MBq의 Tc-99m MIBI를 투여한 후 이중헤드 감마카메라(Vertex Plus, ADAC,USA)를 이용하여 영상자료를 얻었다. 좌심근 질량, 이완기말/수축기말 좌심실 용적 및 좌심실 구혈률은 AutoQUANT 프로그램을 이용하여 구하였다. 결과: 안정시와 부하 후 게이트 심근관류 스펙트로 구한 좌심근 질량은 뛰어난 상관성을 나타내었다. 가역적 관류결손 환자보다 고정 관류결손 환자가, 관류 결손의 크기가 20%미만인 환자가 관류 결손크기가 20% 이상은 환자보다 두 값 사이에 더 높은 상관성이 있었다. 고정 관류결손을 가진 환자는 안정시와 부하 후 게이트 심근관류 스펙트에서 얻은 좌심실 이완기말 용적, 좌심실 수축기말 용적, 좌심실 구혈률에 차이가 없었으나, 가영적 관류결손을 가진 환자에서는 안정시와 부하후 게이트 심근관류 스펙트에서 얻은 좌심실 구혈률에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 가역적 관류결손 환자 40명 가운데 10명(25%)에서는 부하후 게이트 심근관류 스펙트에서 구한 좌심실 구혈률이 안정시에 구한 좌심실 구혈률보다 5% 이상 낮았다. 고정관류 결손환자는 가역적 관류 결손환자에 비해 안정시와 부하 후 좌심실 용적과 구혈률에 더 높은 상관성을 나타내었다. 결론: 관류결손은 게이트 심근관류 스펙트를 이용한 좌심근 질량측정에 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, 고정 관류 결손을 가진 환자 보다 가역적 관류 결손을 가진 환자에서 심근부하 후 과심실 구혈률 감소가 더 빈번하게 발생됨을 알 수 있었다. Purpose: The presence of perfusion defect ma influence the left ventricular mass (LVM) measurement by quantitative gated myocardial perfusion SPECT (QGS), and ischemic myocardium, usually showing perfusion defect may produce post-stress LV dysfunction. This study was aimed to evaluated the effects of extent and reversibility of perfusion defect on the automatic measurement of LVM by QGS and to investigate the effect of reversibility of perfusion defect on post-stress LV dysfunction. Subjects and Methods: Forty-six patients (male/female=34:12, mean age=64years) with perfusion defect on myocardial perfusion SPECT underwent rest and post-stress QGS. Forty patients (87%) showed reversible defect. End-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), LV ejection fraction (EF), and LV myocardial volume were obtained from QGS by AutoQUANT program, and LVM was calculated by multiplying the LV myocardial volume by the specific gravity of myocardium. Results: LVMs measured at rest and post-stress QGS showed good correlation, and higher correlation was founded in the subjects with fixed perfusion defect and with small defect (smaller than 20%). There were no significant differences in EDVs, ESVs and EFs between obtained by rest and post-stress QGS in patients with fixed myocardial defect. Whereas, EF obtained post-stress QGS was lower than that by rest QGS in patients with reversible defect and 10 (25%) of them showed decreases in EF more than 5% in post-stress QGS, as compared to that of rest QGS. Excellent correlations of EDVs, ESVs, EFs between rest and post-stress QGS were noted. Patients with fixed defect had higher correlation between EDVs, ESVs, EFs than patients with reversible defect. Conclusion: These results suggest that perfusion defect can affect LVM measurement by QGS and patients with reversible defect shows post-stress LV dysfunction more frequently than patients with fixed perfusion defect. (Korean J Nucl Med 2002;36;381-91)

The Application of RBF Neural Network in the Wood Defect Detection

Hongbo Mu,Mingming Zhang,Dawei Qi,Haiming Ni 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Hybrid Information Techno Vol.8 No.2

Wood defect is due to the physiological process, genetic factor or affected by the external environment in the growth period. These defects will reduce the utilization value of wood. However, it is very difficult to determine whether there are defects exist, and the degree of defects. Therefore, the effective detection of wood defect information is particularly important. A new wood defect detection method by using RBF neural network was proposed in this paper. The new RBF defect detection method can be divided into the following main steps: (1) Detect wood defects by using X-ray nondestructive testing technology. (2) Deal with defect images by using digital image processing technology. (3) Analyze the information of different defects, and extract the characteristic value of wood defects. (4) Then, the RBF neural network model was constructed. (5) Finally, the RBF neural network is trained with the known samples and simulated with the unknown samples. The experimental results shown that the RBF neural network method was effectively detect the two typical wood defects. This method provides an important theoretical basis to realize the wood defect automatic detection.

Double defects-induced elastic wave coupling and energy localization in a phononic crystal

조수호,신용창,Choi Wonjae,Yoon Heonjun,Youn Byeng D.,김미소 나노기술연구협의회 2021 Nano Convergence Vol.8 No.27

This study aims to investigate elastic wave localization that leverages defect band splitting in a phononic crystal with double defects through in-depth analysis of comparison of numerical and experimental results. When more than one defect is created inside a phononic crystal, these defects can interact with each other, resulting in a distinctive physical phenomenon from a single defect case: defect band splitting. For a phononic crystal consisting of circular-hole type unit cells in a thin aluminum plate, under A 0 (the lowest antisymmetric) Lamb waves, both numerical simulations and experiments successfully confirm the defect band splitting phenomenon via frequency response functions for the out-of-plane displacement calculated/measured at the double defects within a finite distance. Furthermore, experimental visualization of in-phase and out-of-phase defect mode shapes at each frequency of the split defect bands is achieved and found to be in excellent agreement with the simulated results. Different inter-distance combinations of the double defects reveal that the degree of the defect band splitting decreases with  the increasing distance due to weaker coupling between the defects. This work may shed light on engineering applications of a multiple-defect-introduced phononic crystal, including broadband energy harvesting, frequency detectors, and elastic wireless power transfer.

반도체의 결점 크기 분포를 이용한 신뢰도 추정

김경미 한국경영공학회 2010 한국경영공학회지 Vol.15 No.1

Random defects occur on wafers or glasses during the fabrication of semiconductor. Defects larger than a certain critical size cause the immediate device failures and such defects are called the yield defects. Any device with a yield defect is scrapped or repaired. On the other hand, defects smaller than a critical size are released to the customer and may or may not cause the device failure depending on the operating time and the operating condition. It is necessary to develop the defect size distribution in the operating time and the operating condition. Previously, the defect size distribution at time is assumed to be a parallel move of the defect size distribution at time 0. In this paper, we consider a defect growth model using a lognormal distribution and develop expressions on semiconductor reliability for the different distributions for the number of random defects in a device. The proposed model has benefits over the previous model in that random exponential defect growth is considered.