Effect of epidural corticosteroid injection on magnetic resonance imaging findings

( Min Soo Kim ),( Tae Yoon Jeong ),( Yu Seon Cheong ),( Young Wook Jeon ),( So Young Lim ),( Seong Sik Kang ),( In Nam Kim ),( Tsong Bin Chang ),( Hyun Ho Seong ),( Byeong Mun Hwang ) 대한통증학회 2017 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.30 No.4

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine is the preferred diagnostic tool for pathologic conditions affecting the spine. However, in patients receiving epidural corticosteroid injection (ESI) for treatment of spinal diseases, there is a possibility of misreading of MR images because of air or fluid in the epidural space after the injection. Therefore, we defined the characteristics of abnormal changes in MRI findings following an ESI in patients with low back pain. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 133 patients who underwent MRI of the lumbar spine within 7 days after ESI between 2006 and 2015.All patients were administered an ESI using a 22-gauge Tuohy needle at the lumbar spine through the interlaminar approach. The epidural space was identified by the loss of resistance technique with air. Results: The incidences of abnormal changes in MRI findings because of ESI were 54%, 31%, and 25% in patients who underwent MRI at approximately 24 h, and 2 and 3 days after ESI, respectively. Abnormal MRI findings included epidural air or fluid, needle tracks, and soft tissue changes. Epidural air, the most frequent abnormal finding (82%), was observed in 41% of patients who underwent MRI within 3 days after injection. Abnormal findings due to an ESI were not observed in MR images acquired 4 days after ESI or later. Conclusions: Pain physicians should consider the possibility of abnormal findings in MR images acquired after epidural injection using the interlaminar approach and the loss of resistance technique with air at the lumbar spine. (Korean J Pain 2017; 30: 281-6)

안구적출에 따른 위둔덕의 칼슘결합단백질의 재구축 및 상호 연관성

안병수,고길석,안명수,김경주,권안성,정명섭,박춘매,조병옥,김진우,Samudra Acharya,Parmeshwar Narayan Amatya,장인엽 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2007 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.32 No.1

Background: Superior colliculus is a part of midbrain, and participates in the visual reflexes, It receives afferent fibers from optic nerve, visual cortex, and spinotectal tract. After optic deprivation, the microscopic structure of the superior colliculus changed. Calcium-binding proteins (CBPs) Play an important role in the neuronal protection, differentiation and reorganization of the central nervous system, Objectives and Methods: The effects of neonatal retinal deafferentation on a CBPs, calbindm D-28k (CB), Parvalbumin (PB) and calretimn (CR), and the existence of colocalization between the CBPs were examined immunohistochemically in the rat superior colliculus. Results: On the experimental (contralateral to enucleation) side of superior colliculus, the number of CB-immunoreactive (IR) cells was reduced (77.4% compared to control), but not fibers. The number of PB-IR neurons and fibers was also reduced on the experimental side (88.5% compared to control), In the other hand, the CR-IR cells were dramatically increased (642% compared to control), but CR-IR fibers were markedly decreased on the experimental side. The colocalization between CB-CR and PV-CR was rarely observed in the superior colliculus Conclusion: These results suggest that the changes of retinotectal projection may alter the expressional pattern of CBPs in different manners; relatively stable in CB- and PV-IR neurons and plastic in CR-IR neurons.

구조적 분석과 DP정합 방법에 의한 한글인식에 관한 연구

유봉길,문창수 順天靑巖大學 1994 論文集-順天靑巖大學 Vol.18 No.-

In this paper, an on-line recognition system for hand-written Korean characters using Structure Analysis and DP Matching Method was implemented. Korean "Hangul" consists of a phonetic alphabet containing consonants and vowels. The consonants were divided into two groups: the standard fourteen simple consonants and five double consonants. Similarly, eleven double vowels have been added to the standard ten simple vowels. These forty make up the basic letters of the Korean alphabet for the purpose of this research. The proposed algorithm, invariant to size and distance, reduces greatly the computational requirement of dynamic programming by matching phonemes rather than character patterns. where the angle difference and the ratio of lengths between input and reference patterns are adopted as matching features. it converts the mouse input into character vector composed of stroke type and relative start position.

摘出家兎肺의 理學的 性質에 關한 硏究

兪昌濬,金大洙 慶北大學校 1962 論文集 Vol.6 No.-

The physical natures, especially volume-pressure curves of the excised rabbit lung have been studied in number of experiments to see the mode of changes produced by the temperature and the velocity of air injected into the lung. Also an analytical observation was made on the specificity of the curves, and the results obtained are summarized as follows. (1) Pressure elevation following the injected of certain amount of air into the lung is proportionate to the speed of the air injection. The intratracheal pressure after the ceasation of the air injection decreased exponentially with time and the pressure difference between initial and equilibrium pressure was proportionate to the speed injection and the total amount of air injected. (2) The equilibrium pressure was observed unchanged with the speed throughout the entire experiments, bearing no particular relation with speed of the air injection. (3) The volume-pressure curve at the time of the air injection showed a parabola, its compliance being in proportion to the volume. (4) The volume-pressure curve in hypothermia state did not differ much from that of room temperature. However, its compliance was generally sell than nomal. (5) When the lung was kept under the condition of cooling and expansion for prolonged period of time, say over 12 hours, the volume-pressure curve of the equilibrium pressure showed nearly straight line, indicating increase of compliance and decrease of hysteresis. (6) The volume-pressure curve when the lung volume was diminished following the expansion, showed a parabola, its compliance being decreased at the beginning and increased at the end of the shrinking, A similar pattern was obtanined under different experimental conditions. (7) The volume-pressure curve, when the air was alternately injected into and ejected from the exciced lung showed a closed loop curve. Such a phenomenon of hysteresis could be explainde by the hypothetical basis that the lung is composed of the groups of alveoli having the different critical opening pressure.

AMP(Ammonium Phosphomolybdate) 및 MnO₂대한 방사성 핵종의 흡착 특성

유수창 群山大學校 1997 論文集 Vol.24 No.-

With a view to postulating the analysis of the radioactive materials in the sea water around nuclear power plants the adsorption characteristics of radionuclides, ?Cs, ?Mn, ?Fe, ?Co, ?Ce, for AMP(Ammonium phosphomolybdate) and MnO₂were investigated using high-purity germanium detector. Only the ?Cs out of five radionuclides was found to be adsorbed almost 100% onto the AMP. However, the rest of 4 radionuclides were adsorbed over 90% onto the MnO₂with the highest efficiency when the pH is adjusted to about 8.0.

근골격계질환의 제도적 관리에 관한 연구

장성록,김용수,이관석,김유창,배동철 한국안전학회 2003 한국안전학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Recently, work-related musculoskeletal disorders(WMSDs) are one of major issues in occupational safety and health in Korea Main risk factors of WMSDs include manual handling of heavy weight loads, awkward posture, repetitive tasks, prolonged static muscle contraction, and so on. The number of injured workers has rapidly increased and the related regulation was amended to improve the work conditions and environments. And demands for workers' compensation and improvement of work conditions and environment to prevent WMSDs have increasingly been raised. This study focused on managerial system to prevent WMSDs. Literal survey and questionnaire survey were accomplished to propose a management system in Korea for preventing WMSDs.

강원지역의 자원관리를 위한 지리정보시스템 개발

서백수,임길재,정영준,송화선,류창희,민경원,서희정 강원대학교 석재복합신소재제품연구센터 1997 석재연 논문집 Vol.2 No.-

강원도는 오랫동안 금속, 비금속, 석재 및 석탄과 같은 지하자원들을 공급하는 국내 주요생산지로 알려져 왔으나, 장기적인 채광과 비 계획적인 생산으로 인하여 매장량이 고갈되고 있으며, 대외적으로 생산 경쟁력 마저 잃어가고 있다. 이러한 문제점에 대한 해결방안의 일환으로 본 연구에서는 강원도내에 산재되어 있는 지하자원의 분포, 자원 생산시설 및 생산량, 경제성, 자원개발, 환경문제 등 자원관리에 필요한 제반사항을 수행할 수 있는 강원지역 자원 종합관리 GIS 시스템을 개발하였다. 이 시스템의 개발은 방대한 양의 정보 조사 및 저장, 오랜 개발기간, 많은 소요인력 및 개발 비용이 요구되기 때문에 본 연구에서는 조기에 자원관리 GIS 시스템을 개발하여 이와 관련된 생산 및 연구 분야에 조기에 적용할 수 있도록, 일차년도에는 현재 석재복합 신소재제품 연구센터의 집중적 연구대상 지역인 태백지역에 대한 탄광지역을 중심으로 자원 종합관리 GIS 시스템을 개발하였다. The Kangwon province has been well-known to be one of major underground resource producing districts which are mainly supplying metals, non-metals, stones, and coals. However, due to the long-term mining and unplanned production, the natural resource reserves have been rapidly drained and oversea production competition has been losing. In this study, we has developed a GIS system for regional resource management in the Kangwon province, which can operate, maintain, and manage the distribution of underground resources, resource production facilities, production and economic development, and environmental issues. The development of this system requires the collection, analysis, evaluation, and storage for a huge amount of research data, and in addition, the long period of time, the big research man power, and big development cost. Accordingly, to shorten the development period of time and to early apply itself to production, this stage of study has been intensively developed a regional resource GIS system for managing the mines scattered in the Tabak province, which is one of hottest RRC's research areas.

정신분열병 환자에서 얼굴 영상의 작동기억 장애 : 기능자기공명영상연구

이창욱,김태석,주라형,박주미,박여진,김종진,전신수,배치운,김정진,이수정,이철,백인호 大韓神經精神醫學會 2005 신경정신의학 Vol.44 No.2

Objectives : Impaired processing of facial information is one of the broad ranges of cognitive deficits seen in patients with Schi-zophrenia. We aimed to elucidate the differences in brain activities involved in the process of facial working memory between schizophrenic patients and healthy comparison subjects. Methods : Twelve patients with schizophrenia were recruited along with twelve demographically matched healthy volunteers as a comparison group. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to assess cortical activities during the Perfor-mance of a 2-back working memory paradigm using images of neutral faces as mnemonic content. Rcsults : The patient group performed the tasks with reduced accuracy. Group analysis revealed that the left fusiform gyrus, the right superior frontal gyrus, the bilateral middle frontal gyri/insula, the left middle temporal gyrus, the precuneus, the quadrangular lobules and the vermis of cerebellum showed decreased cortical activities in the patient group. On the other hand, an increased level of activation in the lateral prefrontal cortex and the pahetal lobule was observed from the patient group, all in the right hemisphere. Conulusion : A decreased level of activity in the left fusiform gyrus among the patient group implicates inefficient processing of facial information. An increased level of activation in prefrontal and parietal neural networks from the patient group confirms earlier findings on the impaired working memory of patients with schizophrenia.

세율변화를 통한 조세정책의 개선방안에 관한 연구: 납세자, 세무공무원 및 세무대리인의 인식을 중심으로

유병관(Yu, Byeong-Kwan),이창수(Lee, Chang-Soo) 글로벌경영학회 2015 글로벌경영학회지 Vol.12 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 응답자 유형(납세자, 세무공무원, 세무대리인)에 따른 조세정책의 개선방안에 대한 인식차이를 분석하여 조세정책의 수립에 활용할 수 있는 기초정보를 제공하는 것이다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 수도권 소재(근무) 법인사업자, 개인사업자, 세무대리인, 세무공무원등 4집단을 대상으로 설문지를 배부하고 418부를 회수하여, 세율변화에 따른 조세정책의 개선방 안에 대한 응답자 인식차이를 실증하였다. 조세정책의 개선방안으로 소득세율과 법인세율의 인상방안, 소득세율과 법인세율의 인하방안, 납세의식을 높이기 위한 조세관련 교육의 역할에 대해 이해관계자집단별 인식차이를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 이해관계자집단별로 보면 납세자(개인사업자, 법인사업자), 세무대리인 순으로 높아 세무공무원을 제외한 응답자들은 세율인상에 부정적인 반면, 세무공무원은 2~4% 또는 1~2%의 인상에 긍정적인 것으로 나타나 세율 인상안에 대해 응답자별 서로 다른 인식을 나타났다. 둘째, 세율의 인하안에 대한 이해관계자집단별 인식차이는 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 세부 인식차이를 보면 과세표준 구간조정에 대해 세무대리인, 세무공무원, 납세자(개인사업자, 법인사업자) 순으로 나타났다. 이어서 1~2% 인하안은 세무공무원, 세무대리인 순이었고, 2~4% 인하안은 납세자 중 법인사업자, 개인사업자 순이었다. 셋째, 현재의 세율을 점차 인하하는 조세정책을 시행한다면 탈세가 축소될 것인가에 대한 인식 차이를 검증한 결과, 이해관계자집단별 인식차 이를 보이고 있다. 즉, 탈세가 축소되지 않을 것이라는 부정적 의견이 세무공무원, 납세자(법인사 업자, 개인사업자), 세무대리인 순이며 그 순위 중 세무공무원이 월등히 높았다. 그 이유로는 120 명이 세금계산서 등 세무노출을 꺼리는 사업자 등이 많기 때문이라고 응답을 하였고, 73명은 사업상 장부에 기표할 수 없는 필연적인 비용이 발생하기 때문이라고 답하여, 아직도 양성화되지 않은 소득이 상당히 존재하고 있음을 추측할 수 있다. 결국 납세순응도를 높이는 것은 세율만 인하한다고 되는 것이 아니며, 또한 과세당국은 숨은 세원발굴을 위한 지하경제 양성화 등 적극적인 조세 정책을 펴야 할 것으로 생각된다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the awareness about tax policies improvement plan based on occupational cluster and gender establishing tax policies, to provide basic information applicable to policy improvement enhancing the level of tax compliance to contribute to expand of national public revenue by inducing a higher and more diligent payment. To test the research questions of this paper, an empirical research was conducted on 418 responses. On the basis of the results in this research, the findings of this paper and practical suggestions can be summarized as follows. First, as for the occupational clusters, all the individual business and corporate income taxpayers, tax agent except revenue officer respectively showed the most aggressive attitudes towards increasing income tax rate. On the other hand, the revenue officer displayed positive attitudes towards increasing either 2~4% or 1~2% of income tax rate showing that different occupational clusters have different opinions on the issue of increasing income tax rate. Second, it was clarified that the opinions on decreasing income tax rate showed no difference among different occupational clusters. To point out the details, the tax agent and revenue officer, the individual business and corporate income taxpayers scored respectively in an interval adjusted tax base. Furthermore revenue officer and tax agent respectively supported decreasing 1~2% of income tax and the individual business and corporate income taxpayers respectively supported the 2~4% one. Third, as already having verified the difference views on what will happen if a tax policy to decrease tax rate is put into practice, revenue officer, individual business and corporate income taxpayers, tax agent respectively were the most negative that tax evasion will not reduce and the percentage of revenue officer was notably higher than the others. 120 responded “Because many businessmen are reluctant towards tax invoice including tax exposure”, 73 responded “Because there always are necessary payments that cannot be recorded.” allowing us to speculate that there are a lot of legalized revenues. Thus simply decreasing tax rate cannot increase the level of tax compliance and taxation authorities should actively carry out tax policies to discover the hidden tax revenues.

Cr(Ⅲ)과 Ρ-Dimethylaminoazobenzene과의 착물형성에 관한 연구

김은수,유수창,이국행 群山大學校基礎科學硏究所 1996 基礎科學硏究 Vol.11 No.-

아세토니트릴, 메탄올 그리고 아세토니트릴-메탄올 혼합용매에서 Cr(Ⅲ)과 p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene(DMAB)을 반응시켜 착물을 얻었다. 15-35℃의 온도범위에 걸쳐 UV-Vis 분광기를 이용하여 다양한 열역학적 성질들을 얻었다. 분광학적 결과들은 반응성과 반응속도가 △H와 △S에 의해 조절된다는 것을 보여주었다. 이온종들의 거동은 전기전도도법으로 연구하였으며, 착물 대 리간드의 비는 1:1과 1:2를 이루는 것으로 나타났다. 착물의 구조는 특징적인 라만밴드들의 변화를 관찰함으로써 예상하였다. The complex of Cr(Ⅲ) with p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene(DMAB) was studied in acetonitrile, methanol and acetonitrile-methanol mixture solvents. Various thermodynamic properties were obtained using UV-Vis spectroscopy at temperature range 15-35℃. The spectroscopic results showed that the reactivity and the reaction rate were controlled by △H, △S. The behavior of the ionic species was studied by a conductometric method, and the ratio of the metal to ligand was found to be 1:1 and 1:2. The structure of the complex was predicted observing the changes in characterisitic Raman bands.