항정신병약물 사용 중인 정신분열병 환자에서 올란자판으로의 교체 방법에 관한 연구(II) : Comparison of Safety 안전성 비교

안용민,권용실,권준수,민성호,박두병,양문정,소형석,송종호,신윤식,우행원,유범희,이홍석,정한용,한창환,김용식 大韓神經精神醫學會 2002 신경정신의학 Vol.41 No.5

연구목적: 이 다기관 공동임상연구는 사용 중인 항정신병약물을 ’직접 교체 방법’또는 ’시작-감량 교체 방법’중 한 가지 방법으로 올란자핀으로 교체한 후, 안정성 측면에서 두 교체 방법 간의 비교와 교체후의 변화를 관찰하기 위한 것이다. 방법: 국내 13개 병원의 입원 및 외래에 내원한 환자들 중 ICD-10 지단기준으로 정신분열병에 해당되며, 임상적으로 항정신병약물 교체가 필요한 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 두 가지 교체 방법 중 한 가지를 무작위로 피험자에 적용하였으며, ’직접 교체 방법’에 배정된 경우에는 사용중인 항정신병약물을 일시에 중단하고 10㎎의 올란자핀을 바로 투여하였고, ’시작-감량 교체 방법’에 배정된 경우는 10㎎의 올란자핀 투여하고 2주에 걸쳐서 기존 약물을 감량하여 중단하였다. 올란자핀 사용기간은 총 6주이며, 용량은 5∼20㎎ 범위로 제한하였다. 한정성 평가를 위해서 체중, 생명징후, 자발적인 이상반응 복, 실험실 검사 그리고 Simpson-Angus Scale(SAS), Barnes akathisia rating scale(BARS), Abnormal involuntary movement scale(AIMS). Liverpool University neuroleptic side effect rating scale(LUNSERS)등을 이용하였다. 결과: 총 103명의 정신분열병 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 사용한 올란자핀의 용량, 벤조디아제핀의 병용률, 탈락률과 탈락 사유, 자발적인 이상반응 보고, 생명징후, 실험실 검사 그리고 대부분의 부작용 척도 상에서 임상적으로 의미 있는 차이를 두 교체 방법간에 발견하지 못하였다. 다만 AIMS의 감소는 ’직접 교체 방법’군에서 보다 적었고, 항콜린제의 병용률은 ’시작-감량 교체 방법’군에서 보다 많았다. 기저 상태에서 전체 피험자의 SAS와 BARS 점수는 각각 3.5점과 1.8점이었으며 70% 이상의 피험자가 고프로락틴 혈증을 보였다. 올란자핀으로 교체한 후, SAS, BARS, AIMS 점수의 유의한 감소가 있었으며 고프로락틴 혈증을 보인 피험자 분율도 약 30%이하로 감소하였다. 그러나 교체 방법과 상관없이 올란자핀 교체 후 유의한 체중 증가가 있었다. 결론: 이 연구를 통해 교체 방법에 관계없이 비교적 안전하고 용이하게 올란자핀으로 교체 할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 기존 항정신병약물을 올란자핀으로 교체함으로써 일부 부작용들을 줄일 수 있음을 간접적으로 관찰할 수 있었다. 하지만 이 연구는 여러 제한점과 문제점을 지니고 있기 때문에 보다 체계적인 연구를 통해 검정이 필요하리라 생각된다. Objectives: This multicenter clinical trial involving 13 hospital sites compared the safely of switching to olanzapine between ’direct switching method’ and ’start-tapering switching method’. Method: This study included both inpatients and outpatients who fulfilled the criteria for schizophrenia as defined in the ICD-10, and were in need to be appropriate for switching antipsychotics. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the two switching methods. For ’direct switching method’group, previous antipsychotics were abruptly discontinued and 10㎎ of olanzapine was administered, and previous antipsychotics was gradually tapered for 2 weeks. Olanzapine was used for 6 weeks and the dose was adjusted within the range of 5-20㎎. The safety of switching to olanzapine was measured with vital sings including body weight, adverse events reported spontaneously, laboratory tests, and various scales such as Simpson-Angus Scale(SAS), Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale(BARS). Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale(AIMS), and Liverpool University Neuroleptic Side Effect Rating Scale(LUNSERS). Results: 103 patients were switched to olanzapine in this study. The comparison between two switching methods did not show any significant difference in the dosage of olanzapine used, the concomitant use of benzodiazepine, the rate and reasons of drop-out, the adverse events, vital signs, laboratory tests, and most scales for measuring side-effects. However, the decrease in AIMS scores was significantly lower in ’direct switching method’ group, and the concomitant use of anticholinergics was comparatively greater in ’start-tapering switching method’ group. At baseline, SAS and BARS scores were 3.5 and 1.8 points respectively, and more than 70% of the subjects showed hyperprolactinemia. After switching to olanzapine, SAS, BARS, and AIMS scores were significantly decreased and the proportion of the patients with hyperprolactinemia was also decreased to less than 30%. However significant weight gain after the treatment of olanzapine was observed regardless of switching method. Conclusion: This study may suggest that switching to olanzapine can be done with relatively high safety regardless of switching methods and olanzapine can significantly decrease some side-effects induced by other antipsychotics.

公共行政에 있어서 市民參與制度의 役割

申容宇 상명대학교 논문집 1986 상명대학교논문집 Vol.17 No.-

1. Introduction 2. The Meaning of Citizen Participation 3. Citizen Participation and Administrative Democracy 4. Citizen Participation and Administrative Efficiency 5. Conclusions The number of administrative agencies and employees grew slowly but steadily during the 19th and early 20th centuries, and then increased explosively on the occasion of World War Ⅰ, the Depression, and World War Ⅱ. Max Weber, after all, warned us that in capitalist and socialist societies alike, bureaucracy was likely to acquire an overtowering power position. To control the high-powered authority of administrative agencies and employees, we can propose Citizen Participation which is the best way to secure Democracy. And, this citizen participation is understood to be a process by which citizens organize into interest groups and lobby, bargain, and otherwise respond to the established program agencies. This thesis focuses on the impact of citizen participation upon the administrative democracy and the administrative efficiency. At first, consideration of the impact of citizen participation upon the administrative democracy propose that citizen participation has a merit which it removes the citizens' disadvantages due to the bureaucrats' professional self-righteousness, hierarchical force of habit, secrecy, etc. Also, consideration of the impact of citizen participation upon the administrative efficiency propose that citizen participation require the high cost at the sides of personal management, economics, planning, and so on. According to these results, we can know citizen participation generally improve the administrative democracy, but decrease the administrative efficiency. Finally, the application of the citizen participation in the administrative process have to be decided by the valuation of the administrative democracy and the administrative efficiency.

영구자석 동기발전기의 정주파수 정전압 출력에 관한 연구

우정인,조용길,황정원,송호신 동아대학교 공과대학 부설 한국자원개발연구소 1994 硏究報告 Vol.18 No.2

The permanent magnet machines have the advantages of high efficiency and power density, features very improtant for air-borne applications with their requiement of no external dc supply for rotor excitation, in addition, a very lower synchronous reactance thus making it a stiff source of power with a higher steady state and more transient capability than ist counterpart, the wound rotor type. In this paper, The permanent magnet synchronous machine is taken as a power source in the variable speed constant frequency power conversion scheme with converter-inverter system. All digital routines are excuted in the sampling time of 100 micro second by a DSP Board (TMS320c25) with A/D converters, which is detect the load current, capacitor current and DC link voltage at a sudden load change and to compute the predicted current. In one sampling interval, two optimal space voltage vectors as well as tow zero voltage vectors are employed so that the capacitor current may follow the reference. As a result, sinusoidal output constant voltage is obtained while swiching frequency is constant, and experimental results are presented, which shows the effectiveness of the proposed control method.

증후성 단일 소심부뇌경색의 임상적 및 방사선학적 양상

신원철,이태규,노용우,오재욱,장대일,정경천 대한노인병학회 2000 Annals of geriatric medicine and research Vol.4 No.3

전력선 통신(PLC)을 위한 모뎀 개발에 관한 연구

신관우,김용태,이윤섭 공주대학교 생산기술연구소 2001 論文集 Vol.9 No.-

PLC (Power Line Communication) is the communication method using the existing power line installed in houses and offices to convert and transmit high frequency communication signal from tens of KHz to tens of MHz, and receive the filtered signal using high frequency filter. The advantage of PLC is that PLC uses the existing power line installed in houses and offices so it does not require separate power line. Easy and convenient access using electric outlets is another advantage of PLC. However, PLC has some disadvantages such as limited transmission power, high load interference and noise, variable signal attenuation, characteristic of impedance, selective possibility of frequency property. This study designed the boiler temperature control system by unit using the modem designed on the basis of technology used for PLC modem. After conducting experiments with systems, it was possible to control stably. By commercializing this product, we can avoid unnecessary heating of separate temperature control unit, and save the cost accordingly.

배 농가의 경영효율성 분석 : 비모수적 접근방법에 의한 사례연구 A case study using non-parametric method

우수곤,유진채,강경하,신용광 한국농촌지도학회 2002 농촌지도와 개발 Vol.9 No.2

The objective of this study was to compare the farm efficiency of members of cooperative firms with that of non-members in Korea. Data were collected from 27 farms members of three cooperatives and 13 non-member farms, based on the managerial achievements of 1999. For the analysis, the data were divided into three different farming types: type I and Ⅱ of member farms and non-member farms. Economic analysis were implemented using DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis). Major findings was as follows. Total average technology efficiency was 0.782, which implies that there still remains 21.8% of improvement possibility. Among the time types, type I showed the highest technology efficiency of 0.9055, while " 11 and non-member farms showed 0.7670 and 0.7171, respectively. This means that these farms have relatively high potential improved. Also, comparing technology efficiency by dividing into pure technology and scale efficiency, all type of the farms exhibit a higher pure technology efficiency compared to scale efficiency. Therefore, to improve current technology efficiency, farms need to focus more on pure technology efficiency improvement. Meanwhile, profit analysis based on farm size indicate that most of the farms demonstrated the increasing-return-to-scale, which means it is necessary to extend the farm size to improve technical efficiency. Type I member farms achieve higher profit and efficiency than other two types and relatively higher producer prices through introducing cooperative sorting, grading and packing. Also, these labor saving technologies increased farm size.

산화구리에 의한 배기 가스 중의 아황산 가스 제거 : 반응속도에 관한 연구 A Kinetic Study

신창섭,노용우,이태희 연세대학교 산업기술연구소 1985 논문집 Vol.17 No.2

The reaction of cupric oxide powder with 2% sulfur dioxide was investigated over a temperature range of 300-500℃ and over a particle size range of 0.051-3㎜. The experimental data were correlated well by the shrinking unreacted core model and the optimal reaction temperature was found to be 450℃. With average particle diameter less than 1㎜ and superficial gas velocity higher than 8.8 ㎝/sec, the reaction of cupric oxide powder with sulfur dioxide was found to be controlled by the chemical reaction and the intrinsic rate constant was k=8987 exp(-8134/RT).

정신분열병에 대한 Risperidone의 효과 및 안전성에 관하여

신석철,왕성근,지익성,이선우,이규광,이봉희,이진영,황선희,신용재,배경도,김정란 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1997 충남의대잡지 Vol.24 No.1

In order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of risperidone, 10 patients with chronic schizophrenia were examined for 8 weeks in a silgle-open study. After the wash-out period of 1 week, risperidone was administered. Efficacy was evaluated by means of Positive and Negative syndrome Scale for Schizophernia(PANSS) and Clinical Global Impression(CGI). Safety assessment included the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale(ESRS), vital signs, body weight, ECG, and laboratory tests. The results were as follows 1) On the PANSS total score, there was significant improvement of total score after 1 week (P<.05) of administratiom. 2) On the PANSS positive and negative subscal, there were significant improvement of posotive and negative scores after 2 weeks (P<.05) of administration. 3) On the PANSS general psychopatholgy subscals, there were significant improvement of general psychopathologyscores after 1 week (P<.05) of administratiom. 4) On the CGI, there was significant decreasement of clinical impression of severity of schizophrenia score after 2 week (P<.05) of administration. 5) A statistically significant increase in body weight (P<.05) was observed after 8 weeks of administration. 6) EPS reached the peak at the end of the 1st week of administration of risperidone (11.8± 24.25) but they were easily relieved by addition of benztropine and clonazepam. There was not significant change in laboratory tests, vital sign, ECG after 8 weeks of administration. These results suggest that Risperidone is an effective antipsychotics and clinically safe except for increased body weight in chronic schizophrenia.

Managing Cultural Diversity by Effective Human Resource Management of International Trade: Focus on Asian Perspectives

Shin,Soo Yong,Pak,Myong Sop,Cho,Sung Woo 한국무역상무학회 2012 貿易商務硏究 Vol.56 No.-

Changes in the global business environment continue at an accelerated pace. The 21st century maybe remarked, perhaps, for its hot issues on globalization and diversity. Diversity may arise in terms of ethnic, gender, age and culture. Cultural diversity out of all stands out in front in modern times as more multinational companies operate internationally resulting more people to start living abroad and work with people from different cultures. In recent years, these multinational companies realized the important roles human resource management play in international trade since cultural diversity is very influential on their work performance. A well-managed human resources will ensure organizations' success to a great extent. This paper touches the field of cultural diversity and introduces human resource management of international trade as a way to handle diversity matters faced by international organizations.

교류여자방식 브러시리스 동기전동기의 공간벡터에 의한 토오크제어

우정인,정영일,노태균,조용길,신동률 東亞大學校 附設 情報通信硏究所 1997 情報通信硏究所論文誌 Vol.5 No.1

In the paper, a vector control method for a AC-excited BLSM(Brushless Synchronous Motor) is proposed. The BLSM has a feature that separate exciter is not needed for excitation. The proposed method is described in two parts as follow, one is the design of drive and the other is a modeling for its imlpementation. Rotor flux is estimated using inditect sensing method based on voltage equation in the synchronously rotation reference frame. And rotor position os calculated from rotor angular velocity and stator current. Through computer simulation results of this prorosed system, it is shown that the BLSM drive has a ability of precision torque control from the static and dynamic performances.