Benford’s law and first letter of words

Yan, Xiaoyong,Yang, Seong-Gyu,Kim, Beom Jun,Minnhagen, Petter Elsevier 2018 PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIO Vol.512 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A universal First-Letter Law (FLL) is derived and described. It predicts the percentages of first letters for words in novels. The FLL is akin to Benford’s law (BL) of first digits, which predicts the percentages of first digits in a data collection of numbers. Both are universal in the sense that FLL only depends on the numbers of letters in the alphabet, whereas BL only depends on the number of digits in the base of the number system. The existence of these types of universal laws appears counter-intuitive. Nonetheless both describe data very well. Relations to some earlier works are given. FLL predicts that an English author on the average starts about 16 out of 100 words with the English letter ‘<I>t</I>’. This is corroborated by data, yet an author can freely write anything. Fuller implications and the applicability of FLL remain for the future.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Show that the first letters in many English novels follow a universal frequency ladder. </LI> <LI> Show that the universal frequency ladder only depends on the number of letters in the alphabet. </LI> <LI> Point out the similarity to Benford’s law and the number of digits. </LI> </UL> </P>

Genome-wide analyses and expression patterns under abiotic stress of LAC gene family in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri)

Lu Chunyi,Yang Tianyuan,Zhang Yiwu,Miao Xingchen,Jin Cong,Xu Xiaoyong 한국식물생명공학회 2021 Plant biotechnology reports Vol.15 No.3

Plant laccases are copper-containing glycoproteins oxidizing monolignol, which is a key regulator for lignin polymerization and deposition in plant cell walls. In plants, the LAC gene family has been identifed and functionally characterized in Arabi�dopsis, rice, and other plant species. Whereas, no systematic analysis of LAC genes was explored in pear (Pyrus bretschnei�deri), especially their biological roles in stress responses. In this study, a total of 40 P. bretschneideri LACs (PbLACs) were identifed from the pear genome, among which 32 PbLACs members were distributed on 14 chromosomes, and 8 PbLACs were mapped onto scafold contigs. Subsequently, the chromosome localizations, gene structures, conserved domains, gene duplication were analyzed comprehensively and bioinformatically. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the PbLACs were classifed into seven groups. Synteny analysis exhibited that whole-genome duplication (WGD)/segmental duplication was essential for the expansion of PbLAC family. In detail, the 26 PbLACs duplicated gene pairs were taken place at the two WGD events. Further, our results showed that purifying selection presented as the primary force to drive the evolution of PbLACs. Notably, the transcriptomic data were used for exploring the biological roles of PbLACs in response to abiotic stresses (cold, drought, and salt) in pear. We found that the expression of certain PbLACs was signifcantly induced by drought, cold or salt treatments, suggesting that these PbLACs are potentially key genes for further functional characterization in pear in the future. Taken together, our results not only contribute to an enhanced understanding of the evolutional complexity of PbLAC gene family but also provide a good platform for functional studies of PbLAC genes in response to various abiotic stresses.

Geochemical study of Cretaceous magmatic rocks in Chuzhou region, low Yangtze River metallogenic belt: implications for petrogenesis and Cu-Au mineralization

Hu, Zilong,Yang, Xiaoyong,Lee, Insung Informa UK (TaylorFrancis) 2018 International geology review Vol.60 No.11

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Research on torsional fretting wear behaviors and damage mechanisms of stranded-wire helical spring

Shilong Wang,Xiaoyong Li,Song Lei,Jie Zhou,Yong Yang 대한기계학회 2011 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.25 No.8

Wear on the local area of steel wires’ surface is attributed to torsional fretting on the working process of stranded-wire helical spring. A mathematical model to calculate normal contact force and angular displacement amplitude among the wires is established first when the spring is impacted. With the experimental parameters obtained from the model, the torsional fretting test, which stimulates torsional fretting among the wires in the working process of the spring, is realized successfully on a newly developed fretting tester. Torsional fretting behaviors are strongly dependent upon normal contact force, angular displacement amplitude, and number of cycles. There are three basic types of T-θ curves (short for torque), angular displacement curves during the process of torsional fretting, namely, parallelogram,elliptic, and linear T-θ curves. To analyze the damage mechanisms, distribution maps of oxygen in the wear scar of spring wires under different working conditions are revealed. The damage gets slight in the partial slip region, mainly with the abrasive wear and the slight oxidative wear, whereas the wear mechanisms are mainly the abrasive wear, the oxidative wear, and the delamination, accompanied with obvious plastic deformation in the mixed fretting and slip regions.

Highly-sensitive Detection of Salvianolic Acid B using Alumina Microfibers-modified Electrode

Dong Sun,Xiaoyong Zheng,Xiafeng Xie,Xiaofeng Yang,Huajie Zhang 대한화학회 2013 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.34 No.11

Alumina microfibers with porous structures were prepared through hydrothermal reaction, and then used to modify the surface of carbon paste electrode (CPE). After modification with alumina microfibers, the electrochemical activity of CPE was found to be greatly improved. On the surface of alumina microfibersmodified CPE, the oxidation peak current of salvianolic acid B, a main bioactive compound in Danshen with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, was remarkably increased compared with that on the bare CPE surface. The influences of pH value, amount of alumina microfibers and accumulation time were studied. Based on the strong signal amplification effects of alumina microfibers, a novel electrochemical method was developed for the detection of salvianolic acid B. The linear range was from 5 μg L−1 to 0.3 mg L−1, and the detection limit was 2 μg L−1 (2.78 nM) after 1-min accumulation. The new method was successfully used to detect salvianolic acid B in ShuangDan oral liquid samples, and the recovery was over the range from 97.4% to 102.9%.

북중국 우강 지역에 분포하는 호상철광상의 성인에 대한 지구화학적 연구

문인경,이인성,Xiaoyong Yang 대한자원환경지질학회 2019 자원환경지질 Vol.52 No.3

우강 호상철광상은 북중국 남쪽 끝 부분의 타이후아 복합체에 위치 하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 우강 호상철광상에서 산출되는 철광석 시료의 전암 분석 결과의 해석을 통하여 우강 호상철광상의 유형과 성인을 이해하고자 하였다. 이 광상의 철광석의 조직은 밴딩 구조가 약하게 나타나는 것과, 밴딩 구조가 나타나지 않는 것 두 가지로 분류할 수 있 다. 주요 구성 광물들은 조립질의 자철석, 석영, 휘석, 각섬석 등이다. 지구화학적 연구 결과 우강 호상철광상은 해수 와 0.1~1 %를 차지하는 열수로부터 철을 공급받아 형성 되었다. 또한 이 과정에서 육지성 물질로부터의 철 공급이 있었음을 확인하였다. 이전 연구 결과와 종합해 보았을 때, 대부분의 철광석에서 Ce 이상치는 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않 지만 일부 철광석에서는 음의 Ce 이상치를 보였다. 이러한 결과는 우강 호상철광상은 환원 환경이 우세한 해양 환경 에서 형성되었지만, 상대적으로 산화된 해양의 표층 환경의 가능성을 제시해 준다. 이러한 지구 화학적 특징을 바탕으로 우강 호상철광상이 형성된 지구조적인 환경은 대륙붕 연안이나 후열도 분지환경이라 생각된다. 또한 우강 호상 철광상은 혼성암, 각섬석 편마암, 규암, 대리암이 함께 산출되는데, 이는 연구 광상이 화산 활동과 밀접한 연관성이 없 음을 지시한다. 본 연구에서는 지금까지 보고된 지구화학적 분석 결과와 이번 연구 결과를 종합해 우강 호상철광상이 슈피리어 유형 호상철광상의 특징을 보임을 확인하였다.

Petrogenetic and metallogenic implications of the Late Mesozoic intrusive rocks in the Xuancheng ore district, eastern China: insight from in situ analysis of apatite

Huasheng Qi,Xiaoyong Yang,Sanming Lu,이인성,김영민 한국지질과학협의회 2022 Geosciences Journal Vol.26 No.1

The Xuancheng ore district is a newly discovered ore district within the Middle–Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt (MYRMB) of Eastern China. Here we investigated the major and trace element concentrations of apatite crystallizes in ore-related intrusions from three skarn deposits with distinctive metal endowments in this region to further reveal their implications for petrogenesis, metallogenesis, and potential for polymetallic mineralization. The studied apatite samples identified as fluorapatite, display identical contents of F (2.04–3.25 wt%), whereas distinctive variations of Cl (0.04–1.42 wt%). The different correlations between Sr contents and (La/Yb)N, (La/Sm)N, and (Sm/Yb)N reflect the differentiation process of the magma evolution in the Xuancheng area. Furthermore, the negative Eu/Eu* and Ce/Ce* correlation, and high log fO2 values (–10.02 to –17.40) of apatite studied, further indicate more oxidized and moderate oxidized environments. Apatite chemistry is characterized by LREE enriched patterns and has high (La/Yb)N ratios with a moderate negative Eu anomaly, suggesting that these plutons originated from enriched mantle mixing with various degrees of crustal components. Meanwhile, the visible differences in apatites among skarn Cu fertile, Cu-Mo fertile, and Cu-W fertile plutons were attributed to distinctive source affinities that ultimately control their metal endowments. Also, our study demonstrates that the Cl, F/Cl, and Eu/Eu* ratios in apatite can act as powerful pointers for ore varieties and mineral exploration.

Removal of Strontium Ions by Immobilized Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in Magnetic Chitosan Microspheres

Yanan Yin,Jianlong Wang,Xiaoyong Yang,Weihua Li 한국원자력학회 2017 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.49 No.1

A novel biosorbent, immobilized Saccharomyces cerevisiae in magnetic chitosan microspheres was prepared, characterized, and used for the removal of Sr2+ from aqueous solution. The structure and morphology of immobilized S. cerevisiae before and after Sr2+ adsorption were observed using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The experimental results showed that the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models could be used to describe the Sr2+ adsorption onto immobilized S. cerevisiae microspheres. The maximal adsorption capacity (qm) was calculated to be 81.96 mg/g by the Langmuir model. Immobilized S. cerevisiae was an effective adsorbent for the Sr2+ removal from aqueous solution.

Highly-sensitive Detection of Salvianolic Acid B using Alumina Microfibers-modified Electrode

Sun, Dong,Zheng, Xiaoyong,Xie, Xiafeng,Yang, Xiaofeng,Zhang, Huajie Korean Chemical Society 2013 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.34 No.11

Alumina microfibers with porous structures were prepared through hydrothermal reaction, and then used to modify the surface of carbon paste electrode (CPE). After modification with alumina microfibers, the electrochemical activity of CPE was found to be greatly improved. On the surface of alumina microfibers-modified CPE, the oxidation peak current of salvianolic acid B, a main bioactive compound in Danshen with anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, was remarkably increased compared with that on the bare CPE surface. The influences of pH value, amount of alumina microfibers and accumulation time were studied. Based on the strong signal amplification effects of alumina microfibers, a novel electrochemical method was developed for the detection of salvianolic acid B. The linear range was from 5 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$ to 0.3 mg $L^{-1}$, and the detection limit was 2 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$ (2.78 nM) after 1-min accumulation. The new method was successfully used to detect salvianolic acid B in ShuangDan oral liquid samples, and the recovery was over the range from 97.4% to 102.9%.

Geochemical evidence of the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) from Yuanjiacun BIF in North China Craton

Inkyeong Moon,Insung Lee,Xiaoyong Yang 대한지질학회 2018 대한지질학회 학술대회 Vol.2018 No.10