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철분 결핍성 빈혈이 어린이의 인지도 및 신경계 발달에 끼치는 영향
Walter, Thomas 대한영양사협회 1999 대한영양사협회 학술지 Vol.5 No.2
When iron deficiency anemia ensues during the first 2 years of life it has been associated with delayed psychomotor development and changes in behavior. These effects have been shown to persist after several months of iron therapy, despite complete correction of iron nutritional measures. Moreover, it is still uncertain whether or to what extent they are reversible after a extended period of observation, since the long term prospective follow-up studies reported to date, show the persistence of cognitive deficits at 5~6 and at 10 years of age in those who during infancy had anemia. The inherent difficulties of identifying intervening variables in the complex field of mental development, coupled in some cases with suboptimal design have prevented significant progress in the investigation of iron deficiency. However, two studies, one conducted in Costa Rica (Lozoff et al, 1987) and the other in Santiago, Chile (Walter, et al 1989), taking into careful consideration the potential pitfalls confirm conclusions arising from previous work. The Santiago study was performed in association with a field trial of fortified infant foods. One hundred ninety-six healthy, full-term infants were assessed with the Bayley scales of infant development(Bayley, 1969) at 12, 121/2 and 15 months of age. The Costa Rica study enrolled 191 12 to 23 month-old otherwise healthy infants with diverse iron status. The infants were divided into groups ranging from most to least iron deficient.
IV ECM Threshold Cointegration Tests and Nonlinear Monetary Policy in Korea
Walter Enders,Junsoo Lee,Mark C. Strazicich 한국개발연구원 2007 KDI Journal of Economic Policy (KDI JEP) Vol.29 No.2
The goal of this paper is to examine the validity of nonlinear Taylor rules in Korea. To perform our tests, we utilize new IV ECM threshold cointegration tests that are invariant to nuisance parameters. The new tests have a standard chi-square distribution and the same critical values can be used throughout. This is in contrast to OLS ECM threshold cointegration tests, which depend on nuisance parameters and have nonstandard distributions. After finding significant support for nonlinear cointegration, we find that the Bank of Korea raises the call rate of interest only when inflation is above a threshold rate. We additionally find that the Bank of Korea increases the call rate of interest to possibly counter domestic currency deprecation only when the rate of currency deprecation exceeds a threshold.
North Korea’s Quest for Nuclear Weapons: New Historical Evidence
Walter C. Clemens Jr 동아시아연구원 2010 Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.10 No.1
Soviet and East European documents provide significant revelations about the interactions of North Korea and its allies. First, they show Pyongyang’s longstanding interest in obtaining nuclear technology and probably nuclear weapons. Second, they reveal that North Korea’s leadership consistently evaded commitments to allies on nuclear matters—particularly constraints on its nuclear ambitions or even the provision of information. Third, North Korea’s words and deeds evoked substantial concerns in Moscow and other communist capitals that Pyongyang, if it obtained nuclear weapons, might use them to blackmail its partners or risk provoking a nuclear war. When aid from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was not forthcoming, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea sought to bypass Moscow and obtain assistance from the Kremlin’s East European clients and, when that proved fruitless, from Pakistan. The absence of international support reinforced the logic of selfreliance and “military first,” pushing North Korea to pursue an independent line with respect to its nuclear weapons. These patterns cannot be extrapolated in a linear way, but they surely suggest reasons for caution by those hoping to engage North Korea in a grand bargain.