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철분 결핍성 빈혈이 어린이의 인지도 및 신경계 발달에 끼치는 영향
Walter, Thomas 대한영양사협회 1999 대한영양사협회 학술지 Vol.5 No.2
When iron deficiency anemia ensues during the first 2 years of life it has been associated with delayed psychomotor development and changes in behavior. These effects have been shown to persist after several months of iron therapy, despite complete correction of iron nutritional measures. Moreover, it is still uncertain whether or to what extent they are reversible after a extended period of observation, since the long term prospective follow-up studies reported to date, show the persistence of cognitive deficits at 5~6 and at 10 years of age in those who during infancy had anemia. The inherent difficulties of identifying intervening variables in the complex field of mental development, coupled in some cases with suboptimal design have prevented significant progress in the investigation of iron deficiency. However, two studies, one conducted in Costa Rica (Lozoff et al, 1987) and the other in Santiago, Chile (Walter, et al 1989), taking into careful consideration the potential pitfalls confirm conclusions arising from previous work. The Santiago study was performed in association with a field trial of fortified infant foods. One hundred ninety-six healthy, full-term infants were assessed with the Bayley scales of infant development(Bayley, 1969) at 12, 121/2 and 15 months of age. The Costa Rica study enrolled 191 12 to 23 month-old otherwise healthy infants with diverse iron status. The infants were divided into groups ranging from most to least iron deficient.
Walters, K.,Tamaddon-Jahromi, H.R.,Webster, M.F.,Tome, M.F.,McKee, S. The Korean Society of Rheology 2009 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.21 No.4
In various attempts to relate the behaviour of highly-elastic liquids in complex flows to their rheometrical behaviour, obvious candidates for study have been the variation of shear viscosity with shear rate, the two normal stress differences $N_1$ and $N_2$, especially $N_1$, and the extensional viscosity $\eta_E$. In this paper, we shall be mainly interested in 'constant-viscosity' Boger fluids, and, accordingly, we shall limit attention to $N_1$ and $\eta_E$. We shall concentrate on two important flows - axisymmetric contraction flow and "splashing" (particularly that which arises when a liquid drop falls onto the tree surface of the same liquid). Modern numerical techniques are employed to provide the theoretical predictions. It is shown that the two obvious manifestations of viscoelastic rheometrical behaviour can sometimes be opposing influences in determining flow characteristics. Specifically, in an axisymmetric contraction flow, high $\eta_E$ can retard the flow, whereas high $N_1$ can have the opposite effect. In the splashing experiment, high $\eta_E$ can certainly reduce the height of the so-called Worthington jet, thus confirming some early suggestions, but, again, other rheometrical influences can also have a role to play and the overall picture may not be as clear as it was once envisaged.