Exogenous supplementation with sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor, mitigates the effects of salinity in Abelmoschus esculentus L. seedlings

Sundararajan Sathish,Shanmugam Rekha,Sivakumar Hari Priya,Ramalingam Sathishkumar 한국원예학회 2022 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.63 No.3

We investigated the protective role of the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in ameliorating the detrimental effects of salinity in in vitro-grown okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Okra seedlings were subjected to salinity treatments at three different NaCl concentrations (100, 150, and 200 mM), which caused a significant reduction in germination rate, shoot and root lengths, and shoot fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW). Further, salinity exposure had detrimental effects on the total chlorophyll content, proline content, electrolyte leakage (EL), relative water content (RWC), malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, and nitrate reductase activity in the seedlings. However, supplementation with SNP significantly improved the plant growth parameters including shoot and root lengths, shoot FW and DW, chlorophyll content, and proline accumulation. Among the tested concentrations, SNP at 100 and 150 µM significantly reduced the H2O2 content, MDA accumulation, and EL, and increased the RWC under salinity stress. SNP supplementation also resulted in increased activity of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. Our results revealed the positive effects of SNP in alleviating salt stress through enhanced activity of antioxidant enzymes and osmotic adjustment, which can be explored and applied for better growth and yield performance, especially in regions with high salinity.

Performance Analysis of Uplink Cognitive Radio Transmission based on Overloaded MC-DS-CDMA

Sundararajan, Mohandass,Govindaswamy, Umamaheswari The Institute of Electronics and Information Engin 2014 IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing & Computing Vol.3 No.4

This paper reports a cognitive radio network architecture based on overloaded multicarrier direct sequence code division multiple access (O-MC-DS-CDMA). The O-MC-DSCDMA technique combines CDMA with a multicarrier modulation technique to overcome the channel fading effects. In this technique, secondary users are enabled to share the available bandwidth with the existing primary users. Two sets of orthogonal Gold codes are used to support the primary and secondary users simultaneously. The orthogonality between the spreading codes is lost due to the non-zero cross correlation between the codes and the timing synchronization error in the uplink transmission, which causes interference between primary and secondary users. This paper proposes two modified hybrid parallel/successive interference cancellation techniques for primary and secondary user base station receivers with multiple antennas to suppress the interference among users. Interference among the same group of users is cancelled by parallel interference cancellation and the interference among groups is cancelled using successive interference cancellation. The simulation results confirmed that the proposed modified interference cancellation techniques show better BER performance over conventional interference cancellation techniques.

Novel 1-(4-substituted benzylidene)-4-(1-(substituted methyl)-2,3- dioxoindolin-5-yl)semicarbazide derivatives for use against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) and MDR-TB strain

Sundararajan Raja,Chinnasamy Rajaram Prakash 대한약학회 2013 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.36 No.4

A series of eighteen new 1-(4-substituted benzylidene)-4-(1-(substituted methyl)-2,3-dioxoindolin-5-yl)semicarbazidederivatives were designed, synthesized andcharacterized by spectral and elemental analyses. Thederivatives were screened in vitro for antimicrobial activityagainst Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294)and MDR-TB strains. The activity was expressed as theminimum inhibitory concentration in lg/mL. Among thetested compounds 7j, 7m, 7o and 7q possesses equipotentactivity as standard drug Isoniazid against MTB while 7mand 7q exhibited higher activity against MDR-TB strainwhen compared with both the reference drugs isoniazidand rifampicin. Basic structure activity relationships arepresented.

Tissue Culture and Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation Studies in Four Commercially Important Indica Rice Cultivars

Sathish Sundararajan,Balaji Sivaraman,Venkatesh Rajendran,Sathishkumar Ramalingam 한국작물학회 2017 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.20 No.3

Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation method for recalcitrant indica rice cultivars. For this, mature seeds of commercially important indica rice varieties, ASD16, ADT43, IR 64, and Pusa Basmati were cultured on MS and N6 medium supplemented with 2 mg l-1 2, 4-D + 30 g l-1 sucrose. The calli grown in N6 medium showed better friability and embryogenic response. Out of the four varieties tested, ASD16 and IR64 showed better callusing and embryogenic capacity as compared to ADT43 and Pusa Basmati. For genetic transformation studies, embryogenic calli of all the cultivars were co-cultivated with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA 4404 harboring the binary vector pCambia 1305.1 with GUS gene. GUS assay was performed for the putative transformed calli and its activity was found to be qualitatively higher in ASD16 and IR64 than the other two varieties. The best responsive ASD16 transformed calli was regenerated and the putative transgenic lines were regenerated. ASD16 transformed calli were confirmed by GUS assay. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of both GUS and HPT genes in ASD16 transgenic lines.

Metformin Reduces the Progression of Atherogenesis by Regulating Sestrin2-mTOR Pathway in Obese and Diabetic Rats

Saravanakumar Sundararajan,Isaivani Jayachandran,Gautam Kumar Pandey,Saravanakumar Venkatesan,Anusha Rajagopal,Kuppan Gokulakrishnan,Muthuswamy Balasubramanyam,Viswanathan Mohan,Nagaraj Manickam 한국지질동맥경화학회 2023 지질·동맥경화학회지 Vol.12 No.3

Objective: In previous research, we found that Sestrin2 has a strong association with plasma atherogenicity and combats the progression of atherogenesis by regulating the AMPK-mTOR pathway. Metformin, an activator of AMPK, is widely used as a first-line therapy for diabetes, but its role in preventing atherosclerosis and cardiac outcomes is unclear. Hence, we aimed to assess the effect of metformin on preventing atherosclerosis and its regulatory role in the Sestrin2-AMPK -mTOR pathway in obese/diabetic rats. Methods: Animals were fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity, administered streptozotocin to induce diabetes, and then treated with metformin (150 mg/kg body weight) for 14 weeks. Aorta and heart tissues were analyzed for Sestrin2 status by western blotting and immunohistochemistry, AMPK and mTOR activities were investigated using western blotting, and atherogenicity-related events were evaluated using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and histology. Results: Obese and diabetic rats showed significant decrease in Sestrin2 levels and AMPK activity, accompanied by increased mTOR activity in the heart and aorta tissues. Metformin treatment significantly restored Sestrin2 and AMPK levels, reduced mTOR activity, and restored the altered expression of inflammatory markers and adhesion molecules in obese and diabetic rats to normal levels. A histological analysis of samples from obese and diabetic rats showed atherosclerotic lesions both in aorta and heart tissues. The metformin-treated rats showed a decrease in atherosclerotic lesions, cardiac hypertrophy, and cardiomyocyte degeneration. Conclusion: This study presents further insights into the beneficial effects of metformin and its protective role against atherosclerosis through regulation of the Sestrin2-AMPK-mTOR pathway.

Outside-in technique versus inside-out semitendinosus graft harvest technique in ACLR: a randomised control trial

( Silvampatti Ramasamy Sundararajan ),( Rajagopalakrishnan Ramakanth ),( Amit Kumar Jha ),( Shanmuganathan Rajasekaran ) 대한슬관절학회 2022 대한슬관절학회지 Vol.34 No.-

Background: Paraesthesia after hamstring graft harvest is a ubiquitous complication in the early post-operative period, and its correlation with vertical versus horizontal skin incision are well documented. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the incidence and extent/area of sensory loss of saphenous nerve branches occurring with the outsidein (OI) versus inside-out technique (IO) of semitendinosus graft harvest from the sartorius fascia and to determine a better method of graft harvest. Methods: Sixty patients who underwent isolated semitendinosus graft harvest during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) between 2016 and 2017. Patients were randomised into two groups depending on the graft harvest technique: 30 in the OI group and 30 in the IO group. The area of sensory loss was mapped on the patients’ skin using tactile feedback from the patients at each follow-up (10 days, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year). Then, the area of sensory changes for the infrapatellar branch (IPBSN) and sartorial branch (SBSN) of the saphenous nerve, incision length, graft harvest duration, and graft length were analysed statistically between the groups. Results: In groups 1 and 2, 18/30 (60%) and 19/30 (63%) of patients, respectively, developed sensory changes, with no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.79). Isolated SBSN and IPBSN paraesthesia occurred in 2/60 (3%) and 19/60 (32%), respectively. Combined SBSN and IPBSN paraesthesia was present in 16/60 (27%) of patients. There was no significant difference in the area of the sensory deficit between OI and IO groups on the 10th post-operative day or at 1-month, 3-month or 1-year follow-up (p = 0.723, p = 0.308, p = 0.478, p = 0.128, respectively). However, at 6-month follow-up, the area of paraesthesia was significantly higher in the IO group (p = 0.009). The length of incision and duration of graft harvest was higher in the OI group than in the IO group (p = 0.002 and p = 0.007, respectively), and the total length of the graft was greater in the IO group (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Incidence is equally distributed, area of iatrogenic saphenous nerve injury gradually decreases, and recovery is seen in the majority of the patients in both graft harvest techniques. IO graft harvesting technique is better in terms of graft harvest time and cosmetics and yields longer graft; however, area of paraesthesia, though not significant, was two-fold higher than the OI technique at 1-year follow-up. Clinical relevance: IO graft harvest technique would enable the surgeon to adopt quicker graft harvest, smaller surgical scar and lengthier graft than the OI technique. Level of evidence: Therapeutic randomised controlled prospective study, Level II.

Does Second-Generation Suspensory Implant Negate Tunnel Widening of First-Generation Implant Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction?

Silvampatti Ramasamy Sundararajan,Balaji Sambandam,Ajay Singh,Ramakanth Rajagopalakrishnan,Shanmuganathan Rajasekaran 대한슬관절학회 2018 대한슬관절학회지 Vol.30 No.4

Purpose: Tunnel widening following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is commonly observed. Graft micromotion is an important contributing factor. Unlike fixed­loop devices that require a turning space, adjustable­loop devices fit the graft snugly in the tunnel. The purpose of this study is to compare tunnel widening between these devices. Our hypothesis is that the adjustable­loop device will create lesser tunnel widening.Materials and Methods: Ninety­eight patients underwent ACL reconstruction from January 2013 to December 2014. An adjustable­loop device was used in 54 patients (group 1) and a fixed­loop device was used in 44 patients (group 2). Maximum tunnel widening at 1 year was measured by the L’Insalata’s method. Functional outcome was measured at 2­year follow­up.Results: The mean widening was 4.37 mm (standard deviation [SD], 2.01) in group 1 and 4.09 mm (SD, 1.98) in group 2 (p=0.511). The average International Knee Documentation Committee score was 78.40 (SD, 9.99) in group 1 and 77.11 (SD, 12.31) in group 2 (p=0.563). The average Tegner­Lysholm score was 87.25 (SD, 3.97) in group 1 and 87.29 in group 2 (SD, 4.36) (p=0.987). There was no significant difference in tunnel widening and functional outcome between the groups. Conclusions: The adjustable­loop device did not decrease the amount of tunnel widening when compared to the fixed­loop device. There was no significant difference in outcome between the two fixation devices.Level of Evidence: Level 3, Retrospective Cohort

Detection of Defects on Steel Surface for using Image Segmentation Techniques

S. M. Ramesh,B. Gomathy,T.V.P.Sundararajan 보안공학연구지원센터 2014 International Journal of Signal Processing, Image Vol.7 No.5

An online surface inspection system m of hot rolled strips is introduced. This system is designed t o detect such main Surface defects on hot rolled strips as scar, scratches, pits, water drops Cracks. Cross hatchings, and so on. Multiple CCD area scan cameras are adopted to capture images of strip surface simultaneously, and all the images are processed by parallel computation system Real-time, which is supported by fast image process techniques and parallel computation techniques, in order to snap main defect regions on the surface of strips. At last, the defects will be classified to several types. The application of the system to practical production line shows that it can detect main defects of hot rolled strips more effectively than traditional method, and it is easily to be maintained.

Quasi-brittle and Brittle Fracture Simulation Using Phase-field Method based on Cell-based Smoothed Finite Element Method

이창계,Sundararajan Natarajan,이정재 한국전산구조공학회 2023 한국전산구조공학회논문집 Vol.36 No.5

This study introduces a smoothed finite-element implementation into the phase-field framework. In recent years, the phase-field method has recieved considerable attention in crack initiation and propagation since the method needs no further treatment to express the crack growth path. In the phase-field method, high strain-energy accuracy is needed to capture the complex crack growth path; thus, it is obtained in the framework of the smoothed finite-element method. The salient feature of the smoothed finite-element method is that the finite element cells are divided into sub-cells and each sub-cell is rebuilt as a smoothing domain where smoothed strain energy is calculated. An adaptive quadtree refinement is also employed in the present framework to avoid the computational burden. Numerical experiments are performed to investigate the performance of the proposed approach, compared with that of the finite-element method and the reference solutions.

Energy Efficient Analysis of CRN-A Hybrid Approach

Pravin M.,Sundararajan T. V. P. 대한전기학회 2024 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.19 No.1

In recent years, the 6G technology has been increased in many diferent applications especially in mobile communications. So, the mobile data growth is increased which creates the issues in the control plane load (IoE, IoT). These problems are solved by efcient utilization of the resources and reduce the energy consumption in the cognitive radio network (CRN). In literature, many methods are developed by researchers to manage the spectrum sensing as well as energy efcient operation, but its sill require the improvement to increase the system efciency and capacity. Hence, in this paper, the oppositional function based chimp optimization algorithm (OFCOA) method is developed in the CRN to manage the energy as well as resource allocation. The proposed method is a combination of the oppositional function (OF) and chimp optimization algorithm (COA). In the COA, the optimal solution process is enhanced with the consumption of the OF. The proposed method is enabling energy efcient operation in CRN by manage the energy with the consideration of spectrum sensing. The proposed method is validated with the consideration of four conditions of primary user (PU) and secondary user (SU) with channel occupation and detection in CRN network. The proposed methodology is implemented in MATLAB and performances are evaluated by performance metrices such as throughput, network life time, delivery ratio, delay, drop, energy consumption and overhead. The performance of the proposed methodology is compared with the conventional methods such as chimp optimization algorithm (COA), whale optimization algorithm (WOA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) respectively.