Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) emissions in East Asia determined by inverse modeling

Fang, X.,Thompson, R. L.,Saito, T.,Yokouchi, Y.,Kim, J.,Li, S.,Kim, K. R.,Park, S.,Graziosi, F.,Stohl, A. Copernicus GmbH 2014 Atmospheric chemistry and physics Vol.14 No.9

<P>Abstract. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) has a global warming potential of around 22 800 over a 100-year time horizon and is one of the greenhouse gases regulated under the Kyoto Protocol. Around the year 2000 there was a reversal in the global SF6 emission trend, from a decreasing to an increasing trend, which was likely caused by increasing emissions in countries that are not obligated to report their annual emissions to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In this study, SF6 emissions during the period 2006-2012 for all East Asian countries - including Mongolia, China, Taiwan, North Korea, South Korea and Japan - were determined by using inverse modeling and in situ atmospheric measurements. We found that the most important sources of uncertainty associated with these inversions are related to the choice of a priori emissions and their assumed uncertainty, the station network as well as the meteorological input data. Much lower uncertainties are due to seasonal variability in the emissions, inversion geometry and resolution, and the measurement calibration scale. Based on the results of these sensitivity tests, we estimate that the total SF6 emission in East Asia increased rapidly from 2404 ± 325 Mg yr−1 in 2006 to 3787 ± 512 Mg yr−1 in 2009 and stabilized thereafter. China contributed 60-72% to the total East Asian emission for the different years, followed by South Korea (8-16%), Japan (5-16%) and Taiwan (4-7%), while the contributions from North Korea and Mongolia together were less than 3% of the total. The per capita SF6 emissions are highest in South Korea and Taiwan, while the per capita emissions for China, North Korea and Japan are close to global average. During the period 2006-2012, emissions from China and from South Korea increased, while emissions from Taiwan and Japan decreased overall. </P>

Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8 Thin Films on MgO and Sapphire Substrates

X.J. Zhao,S.L. Yan,C. Zhang,E. Chen,L. Fang,L. Ji,Q.L. Xie,S. Li,T.G. Zhou,X. Zhang,X. Zuo,Y.G. Li 한국물리학회 2006 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.48 No.5I

High quality Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8(Tl-2212) films were grown on MgO and sapphire substrates with CeO2 buffer layers. The CeO2 buffer layers were prepared by using an in-situ process with RF magnetron sputtering. The Tl-2212 thin films were then fabricated in a two-step process: deposition of the Tl-containing precursor film and low-temperature post-thallination of the precursor film. The resulting Tl-2212 films showed an excellent biaxial texture. The superconducting transition temperatures, Tc’s, of the films on MgO and sapphire were 103.4 and 104.2 K, respectively. The critical current densities Jc at 77 K and zero magnetic field were as high as 2.37 × 106 A/cm2 for the film on MgO and 1.76 × 106 A/cm2 on sapphire. A surface resistance of 725 μ at 10 GHz and 77 K was obtained in the Tl-2212 film on CeO2 buffered sapphire.

Effect of Annealing Treatment on Soft Magnetic Properties of Fe-6.5wt.% Si Thin Foils by Cold Rolling

X. S. Fang,J. P. Lin,F. Ye,L. Q. Zhang,G. L. Chen 한국자기학회 2010 한국자기학회 학술연구발표회 논문개요집 Vol.2010 No.12

Multiannual Top-Down Estimate of HFC-23 Emissions in East Asia

Fang, X.,Stohl, A.,Yokouchi, Y.,Kim, J.,Li, S.,Saito, T.,Park, S.,Hu, J. American Chemical Society 2015 Environmental science & technology Vol.49 No.7

<P>Trifluoromethane (CHF<SUB>3</SUB>, HFC-23), with a 100-year global warming potential (GWP) of 12400, is regulated under the Kyoto Protocol. HFC-23 emissions in East Asia, especially in China, are currently thought to represent the majority of global HFC-23 emissions. This study provides both a bottom-up emission inventory and the multiannual top-down estimate of HFC-23 emissions in East Asia during 2007–2012. The new bottom-up inventory yields improved simulated HFC-23 mixing ratios compared to previous bottom-up inventories. The top-down estimate uses inverse modeling to further improve the model-measurement agreement. Results show that China contributed 94–98% of all HFC-23 emissions in East Asia. Annual a posteriori emissions from China were around 6.3 Gg/yr during the period 2007–2010 after which they increased to 7.1 ± 0.7 Gg/yr in 2011 and 8.8 ± 0.8 Gg/yr in 2012. For the first time, this study also provides a top-down estimate of HFC-23/HCFC-22 (chlorodifluoromethane, CHClF<SUB>2</SUB>) coproduction ratios in non-CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) HCFC-22 production plants as well as in all HCFC-22 production plants in China.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/esthag/2015/esthag.2015.49.issue-7/es505669j/production/images/medium/es-2014-05669j_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/es505669j'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Effect of Annealing Temperature on Soft Magnetic Properties of Cold Rolled 0.30 ㎜ Thick Fe-6.5wt.%Si Foils

X. S. Fang,J. P. Lin,Y. F. Liang,F. Ye,L. Q. Zhang,G. L. Chen 한국자기학회 2011 Journal of Magnetics Vol.16 No.2

0.30 ㎜ thick and 90 ㎜ wide thin foils made of Fe-6.5wt.%Si alloy were successfully fabricated by traditional rolling. The as-rolled sheets had good shapes and shining metal luster. The effects of annealing temperature on the magnetic properties of the sheets were investigated. Excellent Dc properties (Hc: 11.55 A/m, μm: 23710, and Bs: 1.439 T) were obtained at an annealing temperature of 1453 K for 1.5 h. At low frequencies (≤ 1 ㎑), heat treatment temperature has little effect on iron loss which remained at the level of 9.8 W/㎏. Annealing at 1273 K for 1.5 h is optimum for frequencies above 5 ㎑.

Association between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Dgat2 Gene and Beef Carcass and Quality Traits in Commercial Feedlot Steers

Li, J.,Xu, X.,Zhang, Q.,Wang, X.,Deng, G.,Fang, X.,Gao, X.,Ren, H.,Xu, S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2009 Animal Bioscience Vol.22 No.7

Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the final and rate-limiting step of triglyceride synthesis. Both DGAT1 and DGAT2 genes code proteins with DGAT activity. Studies have shown DGAT1 polymorphisms associate with intramuscular fat deposition in beef cattle, but fewer associations between DGAT2 and beef cattle economic traits have been reported. The objective of this study was to investigate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in intron3 of bovine DGAT2 and evaluate the associations of that with carcass, meat quality, and fat yield traits. Test animals were 157 commercial feedlot steers belonging to 3 Chinese native breeds (22 for Luxi, 24 for Jinnan, and 23 for Qinchuan), 3 cross populations (20 for Charolais${\times}$Fuzhou, 18 for Limousin ${\times}$Luxi, and 17 for Simmental${\times}$Jinan) and 1 Taurus pure breed population (16 Angus steers). In the current study, 15 SNP were discovered in intron3 and exon4 of DGAT2 at positions 65, 128, 178, 210, 241, 255, 270, 312, 328, 334, 365, 366, 371, 415, and 437 (named as their positions in PCR amplified fragments). Only 7 of them (128, 178, 241, 270, 312, 328, and 371) were analyzed, because SNP in three groups (65-128-255, 178-210-365 and 241-334-366) were in complete linkage disequilibrium within the group, and SNP 415 was a deletion and 437 was a null mutation. Frequencies for rare alleles in the 3 native breed populations were higher than in the 3 cross populations for 178 (p = 0.04), 270 (p = 0.001), 312 (p = 0.03) and 371 (p = 0.002). A general linear model was used to evaluate the associations between either SNP genotypes or allele substitutions and the measured traits. Results showed that SNP 270 had a significant association with the fat yield associated with kidney, pelvic cavity, heart, intestine, and stomach (KPHISY). Animals with genotype CC and CT for 270 had less (CC: -7.71${\pm}$3.3 kg and CT: -5.34${\pm}$2.5 kg) KPHISY than animals with genotype TT (p = 0.02). Allele C for 270 was associated with an increase of -4.26${\pm}$1.52 kg KPHISY (p = 0.006) and $-0.92{\pm}0.45%$ of retail cuts weight percentage (NMP, Retail cuts weight/slaughter body weight) (p = 0.045); allele G for 312 was associated with an increase of -5.45${\pm}$2.41 kg KPHISY (p = 0.026). An initial conclusion was that associations do exist between DGAT2 gene and carcass fat traits. Because of the small sample size of this study, it is proposed that further effort is required to validate these findings in larger populations.

China Spallation Neutron Source: Accelerator Design Iterations and R&D Status

J. Wei,C.-D. Deng,C.-H. Wang,C.-T. Shi,H. Sun,H.-F. Ouyang,H.-M. Qu,H.-Y. Dong,J. Li,J. Zhang,J.-S. Cao,J.-Y. Tang,L. Dong,L.-L. Wang,Q. Qin,Q.-B. Wang,S. Wang,S.-N. Fu,S.-X Fang,T. -G. Xu,W. Kang,Y.- 한국물리학회 2007 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.50 No.I

The China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) is a high-power, accelerator-based project currently under preparation. The accelerator complex consists of an H$^-$ ion source, an H$^-$ linac, a rapid-cycling proton synchrotron, and the transport lines. During the past year, the design of most accelerator systems went through major iterations, and initial research and developments was started on the prototyping of several key components.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Bainite Weld with Regeneration

K. Fang,J. G. Yang,K. J. Song,X. S. Liu,Z. B. Dong,H. Y. Fang 대한금속·재료학회 2014 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.20 No.5

Because of the brittle martensite crystalline structure, nanostructured bainitic steel is very difficult to bewelded and easily form cracks in the welded joint, which limits the scope of their application. Regenerationtreatment can lead to nanostructured bainite formation in the welded joints, preventing further degradationof the welded joint. Detailed changes of microstructures and mechanical properties of the weld arecharacterized here. Coarse inter–dendrite structures appear in the weld due to welding segregation, and areconfirmed to be retained austenite by TEM. Moreover, an extraordinary combination of strength and ductilityof the weld is achieved. The ultimate tensile strengths are 1913MPa and 2115MPa when regenerationtemperatures are 250 °C and 230 °C. The corresponding elongations are 5.14% and 2.3%. In addition,the tension fracture behaviour and crack propagation mode of the weld are investigated.

PCR-SSCP Polymorphism of Inhibin ${\beta}_A$ Gene in Some Sheep Breeds

Chu, M.X.,Xiao, C.T.,Fu, Y.,Fang, L.,Ye, S.C. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.7

Inhibins participate in the regulation of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone synthesis and secretion, follicular maturation and steroidogenesis in the female. Inhibin ${\beta}_A$ gene (INHBA) was studied as a candidate gene for the prolificacy of sheep. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the entire coding region and partial 3' untranslated region of INHBA were detected by PCR-SSCP in two high fecundity breeds (Small Tail Han and Hu sheep) and six low fecundity breeds (Dorset, Texel, German Mutton Merino, South African Mutton Merino, Chinese Merino and Corriedale sheep). Only the PCR products amplified by primers 3, 4 and 5 displayed polymorphisms. For primer 3, genotype CC was only detected in Chinese Merino sheep, genotype AA was detected in the other seven sheep breeds. Genotype BB was only detected in Hu sheep. Only Hu sheep displayed polymorphism. Eight or four nucleotide mutations were revealed between BB or CC and AA, respectively, and these mutations did not result in any amino acid change. For primer 4, genotypes EE, EG and GG were detected in Dorset and German Mutton Merino sheep, genotypes EE, EF and FF were detected in Chinese Merino sheep, only genotype EE was detected in the other five sheep breeds. Only Dorset, German Mutton Merino and Chinese Merino sheep displayed polymorphism. Sequencing revealed one nucleotide mutation ($114G{\rightarrow}A$) of exon 2 of INHBA gene between genotype FF and genotype EE, and this mutation did not cause any amino acid change. Another nucleotide change ($143C{\rightarrow}T$) was identified between genotype GG and genotype EE, and this mutation resulted in an amino acid change of $serine{\rightarrow}leucine$. For primer 5, genotypes KK and KL were detected in German Mutton Merino and Corriedale sheep, genotypes KK, LL and KL were detected in the other six sheep breeds. Genotype MM was only detected in Hu sheep. All of these eight sheep breeds displayed polymorphism. Sequencing revealed one nucleotide mutation ($218A{\rightarrow}G$) of exon 2 of the INHBA gene between genotype LL and genotype KK, and nine nucleotide mutations between genotype MM and genotype KK. These mutations did not alter amino acid sequence. The partial sequence (395 bp for exon 1 and 933 bp for exon 2) of the INHBA gene in Small Tail Han sheep (with genotype KK for primer 5) was submitted into GenBank (accession number EF192431). Small Tail Han sheep displayed polymorphisms only in the fragment amplified by primer 5. The Small Tail Han ewes with genotype LL had 0.53 (p<0.05) or 0.63 (p<0.05) more lambs than those with genotype KL or KK, respectively. The Small Tail Han ewes with genotype KL had 0.10 (p>0.05) more lambs than those with genotype KK.

Folding Studies of Arginine Kinase from Euphausia superba Using Denaturants

Si, Y. X.,Fang, N. Y.,Wang, W.,Wang, Z. J.,Yang, J. M.,Qian, G. Y.,Yin, S. J.,Park, Y. D. HUMANA PRESS INC 2014 Applied biochemistry and biotechnology Vol.172 No.8