투수성 포장재의 물리적 특성에 관한 연구(Ⅰ) : 합성섬유 보강 투수콘크리트를 중심으로 Based on the Synthetic Fiber Reinforced Permeable Concrete

류남형,강호철 진주산업대학교 건설기술연구소 1998 건설기술연구소보 Vol.1 No.-

본 연구의 목적은 합성섬유보강 특수 콘크리트를 중심으로 본 특수성 포장재의 물리적 특성을 파악하는데 있다. 결과는 아래와 같다. 1) 공시체의 단위중량은 1,972∼2,020㎏/㎥였다. 38mmPP FRPC의 단위중량이 PC, 12㎜PP FRPC의 단위중량보다 높았다. 이는 시멘트와 골재간의 높은 응집력 때문일 것이다. 2) 공시체의 특수계수는 4.42∼5.31×10 exp (-1)㎝/sec였다. PP FRPC의 특수계수는 PC의 특수계수보다 낮은 값을 나타냈다. 이는 공극이 감소했기 때문일 것이다. 3) 재령 28일 압축강도는 104.0∼132.5㎏/㎠였다. 압축강도와 섬유의 길이 사이에는 유의성이 없었다. 이는 공시체 수가 적었기 때문일 것이다. 4) 재령 28일 인장강도는 12.3∼16.3㎏/㎠였다. 인장강도와 섬유의 길이 사이에는 유의성이 없었다. 이는 공시체 수가 적었기 때문일 것이다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical characteristics of permea ble pavement based on the synthetic fiber reinforced permeable concrete. The results are as follows. 1) The unit weight of specimens are 1,972∼2,020㎏/㎥. The unit weight of 38㎜PP FRPC is higher than that of PC, 12㎜PP FRPC. There may be higher cohesion between cements and aggegates. 2) The coefficient of permeability of specimens are 4.42∼5.31×10 exp (-1)㎝/sec. The coefficient of permeability of PP FRPC lower than that of PC. There may be void decrease. 3) the 28 day,s compression strength of specimens are 104.0∼132.5㎏/㎠. There is no significance between the length of synthetic fiber and compression strength. There may be specimen's number problem. 4) The 28 day's tension strength of specimens are 12.3∼16.3㎏/㎠. There is no significance between the length of synthetic fiber and compression strength. There may be specimen's number problem.

連續景觀의 記號化에 관한 硏究 : 飢存事例를 中心으로 Based on the Preceding Studies

柳南馨,具泰益 진주산업대학교 1989 論文集 Vol.27 No.-

This study is purposed to arrange the notation techniques of sequential landscapes and to try the applicability of them. First, this study is to arrange the characteristics, the fortes and foibles of existing techniques based on the review of preceding studies. Later, the following studies will be carried out to verify the applicability of notation techniques based on the analysis and design proposal of real landscape. The review of preceding studies tells us that 1) the preceding studies should be rearranged by similar sites with the view of landscape manipulation, 2) the notation techniques should be recognized not as a solvent, but as a supplement of design communication problems, 3) the notation of landscapes should be purposed on the application of landscape planning and design, not on the analysis of landscapes themselves, 4) the notation of landscapes should be based not only the static images of physical landscapes but also on the holistic experiences of the observers.

步行姿勢解析에 의한 디딤돌의 步行性에 관한 基礎的 硏究

柳南馨 진주산업대학교 산업과학기술연구소 1996 산업과학기술연구소보 Vol.- No.3

To investigate walkability of stepping stones, walking patterns of 1 healthy male,aged 26,were studied at free,rhythm constrained walking on stepping stones using goniometer, footswitch, loadcell and accelerater. By preliminary experiment of 12 adults, aged 20 to 26, the width and length of center of stepping stones were set 6,12,18,24,30cm and 36,48,54,60,72㎝ The results were as follows. 1) The double stance ratio was decreased significantly as increase of center width and center length of stepping stones. With regard to double stance ratio, subject walked abnormally above 24㎝ center width. 2) The maximum knee flexion angle of stance phase was increased significantly in 30㎝ center width and 72㎝ center length. Subject walked abnormally in that circumstances. 3) The autocorrelation coeffcients of spectrum of knee flexion angle was higher in 18 center width and 54, 60㎝ center length of stepping stones. Subject walked convinently in that circumstances. 4) The loads of heal contact were increased significantly in 60, 72㎝ center length of stepping stones. With regard to the loading of heal on time,subject walked convinently under 54㎝ center length of stepping stones. 5) The accelerations of heal contact were lower 48, 54, 60㎝ center length of stepping stones. Subject walked convinently in that circumstances. 6) The convinent center width and center length of stepping stones was varied by cadence, The comparison of factors value in slow rhythm walking was most meaningful. 7) The double stance ratio, maximum knee flexion angle of stance phase and load of heal contact was excellent evaluating factors of difficulty of stepping stones walking. The autocorrelation coefficient of spectrum of knee flexion angle, acceleration of heal contact was excellent evaluating factors of convince of stepping stones walking. As the upper value of stepping stones distance were the result of one subject, generalization of that value was impossible. By the additional research of stepping stones of subjects groups, design guideline of stepping stones distance will be accomplishing.

화강토 포장의 물리적 특성에 관한 연구

류남형 진주산업대학교 1998 산업과학기술연구소보 Vol.- No.5

본 연구의 목적은 입도조정된 화강토에 골재 및 시멘트의 배합비에 따른 화강토포장의 물리적 특성을 파악하여, 투수성과 안정성을 갖춘 화강토포장을 위한 기초자료를 얻는데 있다. 연구결과는 아래와 같다. 1)기층의 권장압축강도 30㎏/㎠은 시멘트혼합비 7.5%이상, 골재혼합비 20%이상인 공시체에서는 충족되었다. 2)시멘트혼합비 12.5%이상, 골재혼합비 40%이상인 공시체의 압축강도는 KAF공법의 7일양생압축강도 100㎏/㎠보다 높은 107㎏/㎠였다. 3)골재혼합비가 20%이상인 공시체의 투수계수는 1 x 10^-2㎝/sec이상이었다. 4)시멘트 혼합비가 높아질수록 투수성은 나빠졌으며, 골재혼합비가 40%인 공시체의 투수성은 매우 좋았다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical characteristics of pavement of dicomposed granite soils according to the ratio of aggregate & cement. The results are as follows. 1)The confined compression strength of specimens, whose cement ratio is over 7.7%, aggregate ratio is over 20%, are over 30㎏/㎠ which is recommendation compression strength of base course. 2)The confined compression strength of specimens, whose cement ratio is over 12.5%, aggregate ratio is over 40%, are over 100㎏/㎠ which is 7 day`s compression strength of KAF method. 3)The coefficient of permeability of specimens, whose aggregate ratio is over 20%, are over 1 × 10^-2㎝/sec which is minimum permeability coefficient of permeable pavement. 4)The higher the ratio of cement is, the lower the coefficient of permeability is. And the permeability of speciemes whose aggregate ratio is over 40% very good.

자연습지의 구조적 특성과 갈대 (Phramites japonica)의 적정생육수심

강호철,류남형 진주산업대학교 건설기술연구소 1998 건설기술연구소보 Vol.1 No.-

This study was carried out focused on two subjects. The first part investgated the structural characteristics of 12 natural wetlands, actual vegetation map. The second part deal with fitted depth zones of Phramites japonica in natural wetlands. The results of this study are as follows; First. The environmental conditions of investigated natural wetlands showed wide variation from site to site. Total plant species collected were 19 families and 35 species. Second. The fitted depth zones of Pharamites Japonica is about 0-30㎝.

모듈형 경사지붕 녹화시스템의 토양과 식물생육 모니터링

류남형 ( Nam Hyong Ryu ),이춘석 ( Chun Seok Lee ) 한국환경복원기술학회(구 한국환경복원녹화기술학회) 2011 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.14 No.5

The major objective of this study was to quantify the effects of substrate depth and substrate composition on the development of sedum etc., in a sloped rooftop (6 12 pitch) environment during: a 4-year period. The experiment was conducted from 2006 October to 2010 December under several conditions without soil erosion control two substrate depth (5cm, 10cm), four substrate composition: (A5N3C2, A3N3C4, A6C4, G5L3C2; A artificial lightweight soil, N natural soil, G granite::: decomposed soil, C leave composite, L loess), four sloped roof direction (E40°W, W40°N, S40°W,:: N40°E). In this experiment 4 sedum etc., were used; Sedum sarmentosum, Sedum kamtschaticum, Sedum rupestre, Sedum telephium, flowering herbs (mixed seed:Taraxacum platycarpum, Lotus corniculatus, Aster yomena, Aster koraiensis), western grasses (mixed seed:Tall fescue, Creeping redfescue, Bermuda grass, Perennial ryegrass). The establishment factor had two levels succulent: shoot establishment (sedum), seeding (flowering herbs, western grasses). The major findings were as follows; 1. Enkamat, as it bring about top soil exfoliation, was unsuitable material for soil erosion control. 2. Sedum species exhibited greater growth at a substrate depth of 10cm relative to 5cm. All flowering herbs and western grasses established only at a substrate depth of 5cm were died. A substrate depth of 5cm was not suited in sloped rooftop greening without maintenance. If additional soil erosion control will be supplemented, a substrate depth of 10cm in sloped rooftop greening without maintenance was considered suitable. 3. For all substrate depth and composition, the most abundant species was Sedum kamtschaticum. The percentage of surviving Sedum kamtschaticum was 73.4% at a substrate depth of 10cm in autumn 2007 one year after the roof vegetation had been established. But the percentage of surviving other sedum were 33.3% 51.9%, therefor mulching for soil erosion control was essential after rooftop ~ establishment in extensive sloped roof greening was proved. To raise the ratio of plant survival, complete establishment of plant root at substrate was considered essential before rooftop establishment. 4. There was a significant interaction between biomass and substrate moisture content. There were also a significant difference of substrate moisture and erosion among substrate composition. The moisture content of A6C4 was highest, the resistance to erosion of A5N3C2 was highest among substrate composition. The biomass of plants were not significantly higher in A5N3C2 and A6C4 relative to A3N3C4 and G5L3C2, For substrate moisture and erosion resistance, A5N3C2 and A6C4 were considered suitable in sloped rooftop greening without maintenance. 5. There were significant difference among roof slope direction on the substrate moisture. Especially, the substrate moisture content of S40°W was lower relative to that of N40°E, that guessed by solar radiation and erosion.

보문 : 춘추용 생활한복 소재의 태에 관한 연구

손형남 ( Hyong Nam Son ),유효선 ( Hyo Seon Ryu ) 韓國衣類學會 2007 한국의류학회지 Vol.31 No.9,10

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus 감염에 있어서의 국내에서 제조된 반코마이신의 임상적 효과와 안전성에 관한 연구

김태형,최상호,이미숙,김남중,김양수,류지소,우준희,염윤기 대한화학요법학회 2002 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.20 No.4

배경 : 1980년대에 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)가 출현한 이래 반코마이신은 MRSA 감염증에 있어 선택적 약물로 널리 쓰여 왔다. 반코마이신과 관련된 부작용으로 알려져 있는 것으로는 red-man syndrome, 신 독성, 이 독성 등이 있다. 저자들은 MRSA감염증의 치료에 있어 국내에서 제조된 반코마이신의 임상적 효능과 안전성을 검증하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법 : 1999년 4월부터 2001년 9월까지 MRSA 감염증이 증명되거나 의심되어 반코마이신을 사용한 79명의 환자를 전향적으로 추적하여 반코마이신의 효능과 부작용을 평가하였다. 결과 : 총 42명의 환자가 MRSA 감염증으로 확진되어 평가 가능하였다. 폐렴(14/42 ; 33.3%)이 가장 흔한 MRSA 감염증이었으며 그 외의 원인으로는 피부와 연조직 감염(9/42: 11.9%), 원발병소미상의 패혈증(5/42: 11.9%), 중심정맥도관감염증(5/42; 11.9%)의 순이었다. Favorable clinical response (cure or improved)는 31명(75.6%)의 환자에게서 나타났고, favorable bacteriological response (eradicated or presumed eradicated)는 28명(68.3%)에서 나타났다. MRSA 감염증과 관련된 사망률은 14.3%였다. 반코마이신과 관련된 부작용으로는 피부발진, red-man syndrome, 신독성, 백혈구감소증이 각각 2명이었고 혈소판 감소증이 1명에서 발생하였다. 결론 : 제한적인 수의 환자를 대상으로 한 결과이기는 하나 국내에서 제조된 반코마이신은 다양한 종류의 MRSA 감염증에 있어 비교적 효과적이고 안전한 치료제로 평가되며 보다 대규모의 비교연구가 필요할 것이다. Background : Since the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in 1980s, vancomycin has been widely used as the antibiotic of choice for MRSA infections. Adverse events known as related with vancomycin are red-man syndrome, ototoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. We studied the clinical and bacteriological efficacy and safety of generic vancomycin (Cheiljedang vancomycin®) in the treatment of infections caused by MRSA. Methods : During the period between April 1999 and September 2001, we prospectively enrolled 79 patients with established or suspected MRSA infection and evaluated the clinical and bacteriological efficacy and adverse events. Results : Total 42 patients were evaluable for MRSA infections. MRSA pneumonia (14/42; 33.3%) was the most common diagnosis, followed by skin &. soft tissue infection (9/42: 21.4%), primary bacteremia (5/42; 11.9%), and catheter-related infection (5/42; 11,9%). A favorable clinical response (cure or improved) occurred in 31 patients (75.6%) and a favorable bacteriological response (eradicated or presumed eradicated) occurred in 28 (68.3%) patients. MRSA infection related case fatality was 14.3%. The adverse events related to vancomycin were as follows; 2 patients (4.8%) with skin rash, 2 (4.8%) red-man syndrome, 2 nephrotoxicity, 2 leukopenia, and 1 thrombocytopenia. Conclusion : These results suggest that Cheiljedang vancomycin hydrochloride could be effective and safe as treatment for severe infections caused by MRSA.

투$\cdot$보수성 시멘트 콘크리트 포장의 열환경 특성( I )

류남형,유병림,Ryu Nam-Hyong,Yoo Byung-Rim 한국조경학회 2005 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.32 No.6

This study was undertaken to measure and analyze the thermal environment characteristics of the grey permeable cement concrete pavement(GPCCP), the permeable cement concrete brick pavement(PCCBP) compared with impermeable cement concrete pavement(ICCP) and bare soil(BS) under the summer outdoor environment. Following is a summary of major results. 1) The peak surface temperature was greatest in the GPCCP$(54.2^{\circ}C)$ followed by ICCP$(47.2^{\circ}C)$ rut August 2, 2002, the hottest day$(35.3^{\circ}C\;of\;highest\;temperature)$ during the experiment; peak temperature in the ICCP and BS were $45.5^{\circ}C)$ and $45.3^{\circ}C)$ respectively. 2) Analysis of heat budget of the pavements has revealed that the heat environment was worse in the GPCCP than that in the ICCP and that this was mainly due to a low albedo in the former(0.2) relative to that of the latter(0.4). 3) Analysis of heat budget of the pavements has revealed that the heat environment was worse in the GPCCP than that in the PCCBP, BS and that this was mainly due to a decreased latent heat resulting from a time dependent decreasing impact of rainfall. 4) It is necessary to make cool pavements to further studies on light-colored surface materials for attaining high albdo and construction methods which can enhance the latent heat through the continuous evaporation from pavements surface. 5) Vertical arrangement of pavement layers has not been considered in the present study, which has been focuses on the heat characteristics of the surface layer materials. Accordingly, future studies will have to be empasized on pavement methods including the vertical arrangement of the pavement layers.

저토심 경사지붕과 평지붕 녹화모듈의 저류 및 증발산 특성

류남형,이춘석,Ryu, Nam-Hyong,Lee, Chun-Seok 한국조경학회 2013 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.41 No.6

This study was undertaken to investigate the characteristics of retention and evapotranspiration in the extensive greening module of sloped and flat rooftops for stormwater management and urban heat island mitigation. A series of 100mm depth's weighing lysimeters planted with Sedum kamtschaticum. were constructed on a 50% slope facing four orientations(north, east, south and west) and a flat rooftop. Thereafter the retention and evapotranspiration from the greening module and the surface temperature of nongreening and greening rooftop were recorded beginning in September 2012 for a period of 1 year. The characteristics of retention and evapotranspiration in the greening module were as follows. The water storage of the sloped and flat greening modules increased to 8.7~28.4mm and 10.6~31.8mm after rainfall except in the winter season, in which it decreased to 3.3mm and 3.9mm in the longer dry period. The maximum stormwater retention of the sloped and flat greening modules was 22.2mm and 23.1mm except in the winter season. Fitted stormwater retention function was [Stormwater Retention Ratio(%)=-18.42 ln(Precipitation)+107.9, $R^2$=0.80] for sloped greening modules, and that was [Stormwater Retention Ratio(%)=-22.64 ln(X)+130.8, $R^2$=0.81] for flat greening modules. The daily evapotranspiration(mm/day) from the greening modules after rainfall decreased rapidly with a power function type in summer, and with a log function type in spring and autumn. The daily evapotranspiration(mm/day) from the greening modules after rainfall was greater in summer > spring > autumn > winter by season. This may be due to the differences in water storage, solar radiation and air temperature. The daily evapotranspiration from the greening modules decreased rapidly from 2~7mm/day to less than 1mm/day for 3~5 days after rainfall, and that decreased slowly after 3~5 days. This indicates that Sedum kamtschaticum used water rapidly when it was available and conserved water when it was not. The albedo of the concrete rooftop and greening rooftop was 0.151 and 0.137 in summer, and 0.165 and 0.165 in winter respectively. The albedo of the concrete rooftop and greening rooftop was similar. The effect of the daily mean and highest surface temperature decrease by greening during the summer season showed $1.6{\sim}13.8^{\circ}C$(mean $9.7^{\circ}C$) and $6.2{\sim}17.6^{\circ}C$(mean $11.2^{\circ}C$). The difference of the daily mean and highest surface temperature between the greening rooftop and concrete rooftop during the winter season were small, measuring $-2.4{\sim}1.3^{\circ}C$(mean $-0.4^{\circ}C$) and $-4.2{\sim}2.6^{\circ}C$(mean $0.0^{\circ}C$). The difference in the highest daily surface temperature between the greening rooftop and concrete rooftop during the summer season increased with an evapotranspiration rate increase by a linear function type. The fitted function of the highest daily surface temperature decrease was [Temperature Decrease($^{\circ}C$)=$1.4361{\times}$(Evapotranspiration rate(mm/day))+8.83, $R^2$=0.59]. The decrease of the surface temperature by greening in the longer dry period was due to sun protection by the sedum canopy. The results of this study indicate that the extensive rooftop greening will assist in managing stormwater runoff and urban heat island through retention and evapotranspiration. Sedum kamtschaticum would be the ideal plant for a non-irrigated extensive green roof. The shading effects of Sedum kamtschaticum would be important as well as the evapotranspiration effects of that for the long-term mitigation effects of an urban heat island. 본 연구는 저토심 옥상녹화모듈의 빗물유출 및 도시열섬 저감효과를 정량적으로 평가하기 위해, 저토심 경사 평지붕 녹화모듈의 저류 및 증발산 특성을 규명한 것이다. 이를 위해 기린초를 식재한 라이시미터(깊이 100mm)를 4방향(동, 서, 남, 북)의 50% 경사 지붕과 평지붕 위에 구축하였다. 그리고 저토심 경사지붕 및 평지붕 녹화모듈을 대상으로 연간 수분보유량 및 저류량과 증발산량 그리고 옥상과 평지붕 녹화모듈의 표면온도를 2012년 9월 1일부터 2013년 8월 31일까지 1년간 연속적으로 측정하였다. 측정된 자료를 근거로 분석한 녹화모듈의 저류 및 증발산 특성은 다음과 같다. 경사지붕 녹화모듈의 수분보유량은 눈이 오는 겨울철을 제외하면 강우 직후 8.7~28.4mm까지 상승하였으며, 무강우 지속 시 3.3mm까지 저하하는 것으로 나타났다. 경사지붕 녹화모듈은 최대 22.2mm까지 강우를 저류했던 것으로 나타났다. 녹화모듈의 강우량 대비 강우 저류율 예측식은 경사지붕의 경우 [강우 저류율(%)=-18.37 ln(강우량(mm))+107.75, $R^2$=0.79], 평지붕의 경우 [강우 저류율(%)=-22.64 ln강우량(mm))+130.8, $R^2$=0.81]였다. 경사지붕 녹화모듈의 증발산량은 강우 후 경과일수에 따라 급격히 감소하였으며, 봄철과 가을철에는 로그함수형으로, 여름철에는 거듭제곱함수형으로 감소하였다. 그리고 경사지붕 녹화모듈의 강우 후 일증발산량은 여름 > 봄 > 가을 > 겨울 순으로 높게 나타났다. 이는 일사량 및 기온의 차이에 의한 것으로 사료된다. 녹화모듈의 증발산량은 강우 후 3~5일간 2~7mm/day에서부터 1mm/day 미만으로 급격히 감소하였으며, 이후 완만하게 감소하였다. 이는 녹화모듈에 식재된 기린초는 수분이 충분할 경우에는 수분을 급격히 소비하고, 수분이 부족할 때는 수분을 보존한다는 것을 시사한다. 여름철 알베도는 옥상면이 0.151, 옥상녹화면이 0.137 그리고 겨울철 알베도는 옥상면이 0.165, 옥상녹화면이 0.165로 나타나, 옥상면과 옥상녹화면의 알베도에는 큰 차이가 없었다. 여름철 녹화에 의한 표면온도의 저감효과는 일평균표면온도가 $1.6{\sim}13.8^{\circ}C$(평균 $9.7^{\circ}C$), 일최고표면온도가 $6.2{\sim}17.6^{\circ}C$(평균 $11.2^{\circ}C$)로 나타났다. 겨울철 녹화에 의한 온도 차이는 일평균 표면온도가 $-2.4{\sim}1.3^{\circ}C$(평균 $-0.4^{\circ}C$), 일최고표면온도가 $-4.2{\sim}2.6^{\circ}C$(평균 $0.0^{\circ}C$)로 크게 나타나지 않았다. 증발산량이 증가함에 따라 녹화에 의한 저감온도가 선형함수형으로 커지는 것으로 나타났으며, 증발산량에 따른 저감온도의 예측식은 [저감온도($^{\circ}C$)=$1.4361{\times}$증발산량(mm)+8.83, $R^2$=0.59]였다. 무강우 지속 시 녹화에 의한 표면온도 저감은 세덤 수관에 의한 차양효과에 의한 것으로 판단되었다. 본 연구 결과, 녹화모듈에 의한 저토심 옥상녹화는 저류와 증발산 작용에 의해 빗물 유출 및 도시열섬 관리에 긍정적인 효과를 준다는 것을 규명하였다. 또한 기린초는 무관수 저토심 옥상녹화용 수종으로 이상적 식물재료이며, 장기적인 도시열섬 완화라는 측면에서는 기린초의 증발산효과뿐 아니라 차양효과를 고려해야 한다는 것을 제시하였다.