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Missing teeth after maxillofacial trauma: a case report and management protocol
Ramaraj P.N.,Mahabaleshwara C.H.,Rohit Singh,Abhijith George,Vijayalakshmi G. 대한구강악안면외과학회 2020 대한구강악안면외과학회지 Vol.46 No.6
Management of maxillofacial trauma includes primary care, in which diagnosis and management of dentoalveolar injury play a vital role. Due to the impact sustained during a maxillofacial injury (whether direct or indirect), dentoalveolar injuries can occur, leading to fracture and displacement of teeth and associated alveolar bone into the surrounding soft tissues and associated structures, such as the maxillary sinus, nasal cavity, upper respiratory tract, tracheobronchial tree, or gastrointestinal tract. Undiagnosed displaced teeth may cause complications such as airway obstruction. This paper reports a case of displaced teeth in the nasal cavity and gastrointestinal tract and highlights the management protocol for displaced teeth secondary to maxillofacial trauma.
Hui Wang,Ramaraj Sathasivam,기장서 한국조류학회I 2017 ALGAE Vol.32 No.2
Although green algae of the genus Closterium are considered ideal models for testing toxicity in aquatic ecosystems,little data about the effects of toxicity on these algal species is currently available. Here, Closterium ehrenbergii was usedto assess the acute toxicity of copper (Cu). The median effective concentration (EC50) of copper sulfate based on a dose responsecurve was 0.202 mg L-1, and reductions in photosynthetic efficiency (Fv / Fm ratio) of cells were observed in culturesexposed to Cu for 6 h, with efficiency significantly reduced after 48 h (p < 0.01). In addition, production of reactive oxygenspecies significantly increased over time (p < 0.01), leading to damage to intracellular organelles. Our results indicate thatCu induces oxidative stress in cellular metabolic processes and causes severe physiological damage within C. ehrenbergiicells, and even cell death; moreover, they clearly suggest that C. ehrenbergii represents a potentially powerful test modelfor use in aquatic toxicity assessments.
Ryu, Jeong,Ramaraj, B.,Yoon, Kuk Ro John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 2009 Surface and interface analysis Vol.41 No.4
<P>Herein, we report the fabrication of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) polymeric conjugates of shortened multi-walled carbon nanotubes (sMWCNT). The synthesis method involves the attachment of initiator on the surface of nanotubes followed by surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) of GMA from the initiator-bound sMWCNT surface. This is achieved by the procedure consisting of three important steps: introduction of amino groups onto the sMWCNT and attachment of polymerization initiator, 2-bromo-2-methylpropinonyl bromide, and polymerization of GMA. The structure and properties of the resultant polymeric conjugates were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and SEM. The FT-IR analysis of polymeric conjugates shows infrared (IR) peaks characteristic of GMA. AFM, TEM and SEM images clearly show the formation of poly(glycidyl methacrylate)(PGMA) polymer on sMWCNT surface. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</P>
Basavaraj, E.,Ramaraj, B.,Lee, Joong‐,Hee,Siddaramaiah, Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2013 Polymer engineering and science Vol.53 No.8
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>With an objective to investigate the influence of molybdenum disulphide (MoS<SUB>2</SUB>) on physico–mechanical and tribological properties of polyamide 66 (PA 66), was compounded with MoS<SUB>2</SUB> in the presence of carbon black (CB). The compounded material was injection molded to make test specimens to evaluate physico–mechanical, thermal, and tribological (wear, friction, and laser etching) characteristics. It was found that tensile strength, percentage elongation at break, and tensile modulus of PA 66/CB/MoS<SUB>2</SUB> composite increased linearly with increase in MoS<SUB>2</SUB> content. The impact strength of the PA 66 matrix increased from 37.2 to 43.2 J/m with an increase in MoS<SUB>2</SUB> content. The wear behavior of PA 66/CB/MoS<SUB>2</SUB> composites have been investigated under dry sliding conditions at different normal loads, sliding distances, and sliding velocities at room temperature. It was found that the introduction of MoS<SUB>2</SUB> in the presence of CB has certainly reduced the friction, wear behavior of PA 66 with improvement in laser etching resistance. MoS<SUB>2</SUB> could increase the adhesion between the transfer film and the counterface surface. The ability of the synergistic fillers in helping the formation of thin, uniform, and continuous transfer film would contribute to enhance the wear resistance of PA 66 composites. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers</P>
Chandrakala, H.N.,Ramaraj, B.,Shivakumaraiah,Lee, J.H.,Siddaramaiah Elsevier Sequoia 2013 Journal of alloys and compounds Vol.580 No.-
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films doped with different concentrations viz., 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0wt.% of the carbon coated zinc oxide (C-ZnO) nanoparticles were prepared by solution casting method in order to investigate the effect of C-ZnO addition on the electrical, optical, structural and morphological properties of PVA matrix. The electrical properties such as dielectric constant (ε'), dielectric loss (ε''), dissipation factor (Tan δ), electrical modulus (M', M'') and AC conductivity (σ<SUB>ac</SUB>) of the PVA/C-ZnO nanocomposites have been performed with reference to weight percentage of nanofiller (i.e., 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0wt%) and frequency (20Hz to 1MHz). It is observed that the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and electrical conductivity gradually decrease with filler concentration. Microstructural property of the nanocomposites is studied by using X-ray diffraction. XRD profiles demonstrated the semi crystalline nature of the composites. SEM photomicrographs of the PVA/C-ZnO nanocomposites reveal the uniform distribution of nanoparticles within the polymer matrix. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms of nanocomposites clearly indicates that the influence of nanofillers on their melting temperature (T<SUB>m</SUB>) is insignificant.
Wang, Hui,Sathasivam, Ramaraj,Ki, Jang-Seu The Korean Society of Phycology 2017 ALGAE Vol.32 No.2
Although green algae of the genus Closterium are considered ideal models for testing toxicity in aquatic ecosystems, little data about the effects of toxicity on these algal species is currently available. Here, Closterium ehrenbergii was used to assess the acute toxicity of copper (Cu). The median effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) of copper sulfate based on a dose response curve was $0.202mg\;L^{-1}$, and reductions in photosynthetic efficiency ($F_v/F_m$ ratio) of cells were observed in cultures exposed to Cu for 6 h, with efficiency significantly reduced after 48 h (p < 0.01). In addition, production of reactive oxygen species significantly increased over time (p < 0.01), leading to damage to intracellular organelles. Our results indicate that Cu induces oxidative stress in cellular metabolic processes and causes severe physiological damage within C. ehrenbergii cells, and even cell death; moreover, they clearly suggest that C. ehrenbergii represents a potentially powerful test model for use in aquatic toxicity assessments.