Particulate and gas sampling of prescribed fires in South Georgia, USA

Balachandran, S.,Pachon, J.E.,Lee, S.,Oakes, M.M.,Rastogi, N.,Shi, W.,Tagaris, E.,Yan, B.,Davis, A.,Zhang, X.,Weber, R.J.,Mulholland, J.A.,Bergin, M.H.,Zheng, M.,Russell, A.G. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier [distribution] 2013 Atmospheric environment Vol.81 No.-

Gaseous and particulate species from two prescribed fires were sampled in-situ, to better characterize prescribed burn emissions. Measurements included gaseous and fine particulate matter (PM<SUB>2.5</SUB>) species, particle number concentration, particulate organic carbon (POC) speciation, water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and water-soluble iron. Major PM<SUB>2.5</SUB> components included OC (~57%), EC (~10%), chloride (~1.6%), potassium (~0.7%) and nitrate (~0.9%). Major gaseous species include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, ethane, methanol and ethylene. Particulate organic tracers of biomass burning, such as levoglucosan, dehydroabietic acid and retene, increased significantly during the burns. Water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) also increased significantly during the fire and levels are highly correlated with total potassium (K) (R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.93) and levoglucosan (R<SUP>2</SUP> = 0.98). The average WSOC/OC ratio was 0.51 +/- 0.03 and did not change significantly from background levels. Thus, the WSOC/OC ratio may not be a good indicator of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in regions that are expected to be impacted by biomass burning. Results using a biomass burning source profile derived from this work further indicate that source apportionment is sensitive to levels of potassium in biomass burning source profiles. This underscores the importance of quantifying local biomass burning source profiles.

True Digestibility of Phosphorus in Different Resources of Feed Ingredients in Growing Pigs

Wu, X.,Ruan, Z.,Zhang, Y.G.,Hou, Y.Q.,Yin, Y.L.,Li, T.J.,Huang, R.L.,Chu, W.Y.,Kong, X.F.,Gao, B.,Chen, L.X. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.1

To determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs, two experiments were designed with the experimental diets containing five true digestible P levels (0.16%, 0.20%, 0.23%, 0.26% and 0.39%) and the ratio of total calcium to true digestible P (TDP) kept at 2:1. In Experiment 1, five barrows (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an average initial body weight of 27.9 kg were used in a $5{\times}5$ Latin-square design to evaluate the effect of different dietary P levels on the digestibility and output of P and nitrogen. In Experiment 2, sixty healthy growing pigs (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire) with an average body weight (BW) of 21.4 kg were assigned randomly to one of the five dietary treatments (12 pigs/diet), and were used to determine the true digestible phosphorus (TDP) requirement of growing pigs on the basis of growth performance and serum biochemical indices. The results indicated that the true digestibility of P increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing dietary TDP level below 0.26%. The true P digestibility was highest (56.6%) when dietary TDP was 0.34%. Expressed as g/kg dry matter intake (DMI), fecal P output increased (p<0.05) linearly with increasing P input. On the basis of g/kg fecal dry matter (DM), fecal P output was lowest for Diet 4 and highest (p<0.05) for Diet 5. The apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) did not differ (p>0.05) among the five diets, with the average nitrogen output of 12.14 g/d and nitrogen retention of 66% to 74% (p>0.05), which suggested that there was no interaction between dietary P and CP protein levels. During the 28-d experimental period of Experiment 2, the average daily gain (ADG) of pigs was affected by dietary TDP levels as described by Eq. (1): $y=-809,532x^4+788,079x^3-276,250x^2+42,114x-1,759$; ($R^2=0.99$; p<0.01; y = ADG, g/d; x = dietary TDP, %), F/G for pigs by Eq. (2): $y=3,651.1x^4-3,480.4x^3+1,183.8x^2-172.5x+10.9$ ($R^2=0.99$; p<0.01; y = F/G; x = dietary TDP, %), and Total P concentrations in serum by Eq. (3): $y=-3,311.7x^4+3,342.7x^3-1,224.6x^2+195.6x-8.7$ (R2 = 0.99; p<0.01; y = total serum P concentration and x = dietary TDP, %). The highest ADG (782 g/d), the lowest F/G (1.07) and the highest total serum P concentration (3.1 mmol/L) were obtained when dietary TDP level was 0.34%. Collectively, these results indicate that the optimal TDP requirement of growing pigs is 0.34% of the diet at a total Ca to TDP ratio of 2:1.

THE TAIWANESE-AMERICAN OCCULTATION SURVEY PROJECT STELLAR VARIABILITY. II. DETECTION OF 15 VARIABLE STARS

Mondal, S.,Lin, C. C.,Chen, W. P.,Zhang, Z.-W.,Alcock, C.,Axelrod, T.,Bianco, F. B.,Byun, Y.-I.,Coehlo, N. K.,Cook, K. H.,Dave, R.,Kim, D.-W.,King, S.-K.,Lee, T.,Lehner, M. J.,Lin, H.-C.,Marshall, S. American Institute of Physics 2010 The Astronomical journal Vol.139 No.5

<P>The Taiwanese-American Occultation Survey (TAOS) project has collected more than a billion photometric measurements since 2005 January. These sky survey data—covering timescales from a fraction of a second to a few hundred days—are a useful source to study stellar variability. A total of 167 star fields, mostly along the ecliptic plane, have been selected for photometric monitoring with the TAOS telescopes. This paper presents our initial analysis of a search for periodic variable stars from the time-series TAOS data on one particular TAOS field, No. 151 (R.A. = 17<SUP>h</SUP>30<SUP>m</SUP>6<img entity='fs' SRC='http://ej.iop.org/icons/Entities/fs.gif' ALT='fs' ALIGN='BASELINE' />7, decl. = 27°17'30'', J2000), which had been observed over 47 epochs in 2005. A total of 81 candidate variables are identified in the 3 deg<SUP>2</SUP> field, with magnitudes in the range 8 < R < 16. On the basis of the periodicity and shape of the light curves, 29 variables, 15 of which were previously unknown, are classified as RR Lyrae, Cepheid, δ Scuti, SX Phonencis, semi-regular, and eclipsing binaries.</P>

PANCHROMATIC OBSERVATIONS OF THE TEXTBOOK GRB 110205A: CONSTRAINING PHYSICAL MECHANISMS OF PROMPT EMISSION AND AFTERGLOW

Zheng, W.,Shen, R. F.,Sakamoto, T.,Beardmore, A. P.,De Pasquale, M.,Wu, X. F.,Gorosabel, J.,Urata, Y.,Sugita, S.,Zhang, B.,Pozanenko, A.,Nissinen, M.,Sahu, D. K.,Im, M.,Ukwatta, T. N.,Andreev, M.,Klun IOP Publishing 2012 The Astrophysical journal Vol.751 No.2

<P>We present a comprehensive analysis of a bright, long-duration (T-90 similar to 257 s) GRB 110205A at redshift z = 2.22. The optical prompt emission was detected by Swift/UVOT, ROTSE-IIIb, and BOOTES telescopes when the gamma-ray burst (GRB) was still radiating in the gamma-ray band, with optical light curve showing correlation with gamma-ray data. Nearly 200 s of observations were obtained simultaneously from optical, X-ray, to gamma-ray (1 eV to 5 MeV), which makes it one of the exceptional cases to study the broadband spectral energy distribution during the prompt emission phase. In particular, we clearly identify, for the first time, an interesting two-break energy spectrum, roughly consistent with the standard synchrotron emission model in the fast cooling regime. Shortly after prompt emission (similar to 1100 s), a bright (R = 14.0) optical emission hump with very steep rise (alpha similar to 5.5) was observed, which we interpret as the reverse shock (RS) emission. It is the first time that the rising phase of an RS component has been closely observed. The full optical and X-ray afterglow light curves can be interpreted within the standard reverse shock (RS) + forward shock (FS) model. In general, the high-quality prompt and afterglow data allow us to apply the standard fireball model to extract valuable information, including the radiation mechanism (synchrotron), radius of prompt emission (R-GRB similar to 3 x 10(13) cm), initial Lorentz factor of the outflow (Gamma(0) similar to 250), the composition of the ejecta (mildly magnetized), the collimation angle, and the total energy budget.</P>

Hydrogen Behaviors with different introduction methods in SiC-C Films

Huang, N.K.,Zou, P.,Liu, J.R.,Zhang, L. The Korean Vacuum Society 2003 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.12 No.1

SiC-C films were deposited with r. f. magnetron sputtering on substrates followed by argon ion bombardment. These films were then permeated by hydrogen gas under the pressure of $3.23\times10^{7}$ Pa for 3 hours at temperature of 500K or bombarded with hydrogen ion beam at 5 keV and a dose of $1\times10^{18}$ ions/$\textrm{cm}^2$. SIMS, AES and XPS were used to analyze hydrogen related species, chemical bonding states of C, Si as well as contamination oxygen due to hydrogen participation in the SiC-C films in order to study the different behaviors of hydrogen in carbon-carbide films due to different hydrogen introduction. Related mechanism about the effects of hydrogen on the element of the SiC-C films was discussed in this paper.

Hydrogen Behaviors with different introduction methods in SiC - C Films

N. K. Huang,P. Zou,J. R. Liu,L. Zhang 한국진공학회(ASCT) 2003 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.12 No.S1

SiC-C films were deposited with r. f. magnetron sputtering on substrates followed by argon ion bombardment. These films were then permeated by hydrogen gas under the pressure of 3.23×10^7 ㎩ for 3 hours at temperature of 500K or bombarded with hydrogen ion beam at 5 keV and a dose of 1×10^(18) ions/㎠. SIMS, AES and XPS were used to analyze hydrogen related species, chemical bonding states of C, Si as well as contamination oxygen due to hydrogen participation in the SiC-C films in order to study the different behaviors of hydrogen in carbon-carbide films due to different hydrogen introduction. Related mechanism about the effects of hydrogen on the element of the SiC-C films was discussed in this paper.

Experimental Study of the Runaway Current in the J-TEXT Tokamak

Y. H. Luo,Z. Y. Chen,X. Q. Zhang,D. W. Huang,W. Jin,Y. H. Huang,Y. Tang,J. C. Li,R. H. Tong,W. Yan,G. Zhuang 한국물리학회 2014 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.64 No.3

Major plasma disruptions in tokamaks often generate runaway currents, which contain electronswith energies of several tens of megaelectron-volts (MeV). These currents can cause substantialdamage when control is lost and the current hits the limiters or the vessel wall. The interactionbetween the runaway electrons and the impurities inside the plasma results in soft X-ray emission,which can provide detailed information about the runaway generation process and the confinementof runaway electrons. A vertical soft X-ray array at the top of Joint Texas Experimental Tokamak(J-TEXT) was used to study the runaway beams resulting from major disruptions. Runawayelectron production and confinement of runaway current were observed by using soft X-ray images.

Effect of Die-upset Process on Magnetic Properties and Deformation Behavior of Nanostructured Nd-Fe-B Magnets

R. Zhao,W. C. Zhang,J. J. Li,H. J. Wang,M. G. Zhu,W. Li 한국자기학회 2011 Journal of Magnetics Vol.16 No.3

Nd-Fe-B high performance magnets were prepared by die-upset forging. The effects of the deformation parameters on magnetic properties and flow stress were studied. Deformation temperatures in the range of 600~900 ℃ enable to achieve an effective anisotropy and temperature 800 ℃ proves to be suitable for deformation of Nd-Fe-B magnets. The amount of c-axis alignment along the press direction seems to depend on the amount of deformation and a saturation behavior is shown at deformation ratio of 75%. Magnetic properties are also related to strain rate, and maximum energy product is attained at an optimum strain rate of Φ= 1 × 10?² s?¹. By analyzing the relationship of stress and strain at different deformation temperature during die-upset forging process, deformation behavior of Nd-Fe-B magnets was studied and parameters for describing plastic deformation were obtained. Nd-rich boundary liquid phase, which is additionally decreasing the flow stress during deformation, is supposed to play the role of diffusion path and enhance the diffusion rate.

SCARECROW-LIKE 3 promotes gibberellin signaling by antagonizing master growth repressor DELLA in Arabidopsis

Zhang, Z.-L.,Ogawa, M.,Fleet, C.M.,Zentella, R.,Hu, J.,Heo, J.-O.,Lim, J.,Kamiya, Y.,Yamaguchi, S.,Sun, T.-p. National Academy of Sciences 2011 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.108 No.5

System of Covariance Data Evaluation at China Nuclear Data Centre-COVAC

R. R. Xu,T. J. Liu,J. S. Zhang,Z. J. Sun 한국물리학회 2011 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.59 No.23

To determine the uncertainty of neutron cross sections for modern nucleardata application, a new evaluation system, COVAC is being developed at ChinaNuclear Data Centre (CNDC). In COVAC, experimental data were firstlypre-analyzed and handled via processing tools. The sensitivities oftheoretical model parameters were analyzed by a special designedsubsystemSEMAW which offers a platform to obtain parameter sensitivities fordifferent nuclear reaction codes. In addition the generalized least-squaresmethod (GLS) and Bayesian method were both contained in COVAC to generatethe recommended covariance The experimental and theoretical uncertaininformation can be included in the covariance by each of the two methods.The outputs are formatted in ENDF-6. So far, COVAC is suitable to generatethe covariance files for structure and fission nuclei in the fast neutronenergy range, and n+^(48)Ti was taken to illuminate the wholeprocedure.