Code Switching in Religion : From Ancestors to Christian Prophets in Southern Africa

Annekie Joubert 장로회신학대학교 세계선교연구원 2008 선교와 신학 Vol.22 No.-

인간은 손으로 종교적 숭배 대상을 만들고, 눈으로 그것을 종교적으로 의미 있는 복합체의 부분으로 인식하고, 마음과 몸으로 아주 중요한 상징적인 의미를 가지는 의례를 행한다. 이 모든 코드는 물질적 대상, 언어적 혹은 비언어적 행동과 상호 연결되어 있으며, 또한 그 코드는 인간 삶을 이해하는 통일성 있는 방식을 의미한다. 그러나 만약 인간이 초자연적인 힘 역시 이 세상과 개인의 삶에 개입한다는 것을 그들의 육체적인 행동으로 서로 의사소통하지 못한다면 종교는 더 이상 종교가 아니다. 초자연적인 힘의 개입은 항상 공동체 내의 구성원에게 그들의 종교적 행동을 통하여 상호 전달되고 경험된다. 초기의 접촉 시에는 유대-기독교적 전통에 따라 세계를 이해했던 유럽인들에 있어 아프리카 원주민의 토착적인 종교 코드를 이해한다는 것은 불가능했다. 아프리카 남단의 토착 원주민인 코이코이 족이 유럽인과 첫 만남이 이루어졌을 때, 유럽인은 코이코이 족의 언어를 인식할 수 없었기 때문에 혀를 차는 소리가 많이 담긴 언어적 코드로서의 코이코이 족의 어려운 언어 코에(Khoe)를 동물의 소리와 동일시하여, 인간과 동물의 언어를 연결하는 자연스런 연결 고리로 간주하였다. 코이코이 족은 유럽인들에 의하여 인간과 동물을 이어 주는 피조물로 생각되었다. 코이코이 종교가 거부된 이유는 그들 토착민의 삶에서 지각된 언어의 부재, 기독교 교리와 실천의 부재에 기초하였다. 서구 기독교는 하나님에 관한 참된 계시와 그리스도를 통한 세상의 구원을 중재하는 입장으로부터 이교도의 종교적 대상과 행위와 언어를 뿌리 뽑는 경향으로 나아갔으며, 이러한 것들을 기독교의 규범과 원칙에 토대를 두는 새로운 문화 종교적 질서로 대체하는 경향으로 나타났다. 그러므로 선교의 영향은 단순히 종교적 틀을 제공하는 차원을 넘어서 그들의 사역이 미치는 사회들의 문화적 변형에 이르게 되었다. 토착민의 토착 문화적 관습의 중요성을 이해하지 못하는 것은 그만두고라도, 선교사들은 또한 토착민 사회의 유익을 위하여 종교적이며 문화적인 코드를 생존 가능한 대안으로 변환시키는 데 실패하였다. 이러한 상황은 새로운 아프리카적인 의미가 오래된 기독교적(유럽적) 표지(코드)에 배당된 이래로 토착 회심자들로 하여금 기독교적인 관점을 왜곡시키게 하였다. 선교사와 기독교 신앙이 유럽 문화와 긴밀하게 연결됨으로써 선교 사역의 수용자인 토착민들은 위기에 빠지게 되었다. 이런 위기는 다양한 새로운 아프리카 종교 형식으로 나타난 아프리카 종교적 코드의 폭발적인 증가를 가져왔다. 결국 이러한 현상은 남부 아프리카에서 종교 코드 변환에 중요한 역할을 한 지도자를 가진 아프리카 토착 교회들의 출현을 낳았다. 전통적인 서구 교회와 결별하여 아프리카 독립 교회들(AICs)이 형성되었다. 아프리카 독립 교회의 창설자들은 기독교를 자신들의 아프리카 전통 종교 경험에 따라 형성하였다. 의례, 용어, 민족 정신(ethos), 의식(ceremonies), 양식(style), 기록(protocol) 등이 아프리카 백성의 필요와 특성에 부응하게 만들어졌다. 아프리카 독립 교회는 서구 기독교에 대한 아프리카 사람들 고유의 토착적 접근과 그들의 전통적인 관습과 이상 사이의 상호 작용의 결과이다. 서구의 종교적인 에토스를 아프리카 전통에 적용함으로써 혼합주의적 왜곡을 가져오기도 하지만, 다른 한편 적응은 “이전의 관습을 창조적으로 변형하였으며, 따라서 정당한 기독교화 혹은 기독교 토착화”가 이루어졌다. With their hands humans create religious objects, with their eyes they view them as part of a religiously meaningful whole, and with their minds and bodies they engage in rites that have decisive symbolic meaning. All these codes, be it material objects, verbal, or non-verbal actions, are interrelated, and together they signify a coherent way of understanding human life. But religion would be no religion if humans do not, through their bodily actions, communicate to each other that supernatural forces are also involved in their common world and individual lives. The involvement of supernatural forces are constantly communicated in experienced by community members in their religious human actions. During their first encounters it was impossible for Europeans, who understood their world in terms of the great stories from the Judeo-Christian tradition, to understand the religious codes of the indigenous African inhabitants. Because of the European agent's inability to recognize the Khoikhoi language, Khoe, with its many clicks as a linguistic code, this difficult language was often equated with animals sounds and became the natural link between the language of men and that of animals. The Khoikhoi were regarded by the Europeans as the creatures that bridge human and animal domains. The denial of Khoikhoi religion was based on the perceived absence of language, Christian doctrines and practice in the lives of indigenous people. From the position of mediating true revelation about God, and his salvation of the world through Christ, the tendency of western Christianity was to uproot heathen objects, actions and words, and to replace these with a new cultural and religious order based on the norms and principles of Christianity. Mission influence therefore stretched beyond merely providing a religious framework to the cultural transformation of the societies touched by their work. Apart from not understanding the importance of the indigenous practices for the indigenous people, missionaries also failed to switch religious and cultural codes into viable alternatives for the advancement of indigenous societies. This situation caused the distortion of Christian references by indigenous converts, since new African meanings were assigned to old Christian/European signs/codes. The close association of the missionaries and their Christian faith with the European culture led to a crisis on the part of the indigenous people, who were the recipients of the mission wo가. This crisis led to an explosion of African religious codes into various new forms of African religion, resulting in the emergence of African Indigenous Churches, whose leaders play important roles in religious code-switching in Southern Africa. Breaking away from the traditional western churches, African Independent Churches (AICs) have been formed. The founders of the AICs have remolded Christianity from their experience of traditional African religion, The liturgies, diction, ethos, ceremonies, style and protocol are designed to serve the needs and character of the African people. African Independent Churches are a result of the interaction between African people's peculiar African indigenous approach to a western Christianity and their own traditional customs and ideals. The adaptation of a western religious ethos to a traditional African sometimes borders on syncretic distortion. The other side is also true where adaptations lead to "an imaginative transformation of ancient customs so that it amount to a legitimate christianizing of Christian indigenisation."

The Narcissistic Entrapment of Scarlett O`Hara

( Marika Joubert ) 21세기영어영문학회 2012 영어영문학21 Vol.25 No.3

The popular image of Scarlett O``Hara``s character easily polarizes readers into extreme and equally superficial opposites. Her existence in readers` minds as feisty American heroine or self-centered princess neglects the nuanced depiction of her complex and destructive personality. The author`s achievement lies in providing a morally superficial and simplistic character with a complex subtext of motivations. In conjunction with a clinical understanding of narcissism, it can be shown that she ought neither to be admired as icon nor scorned as psychotic, but seen as the profoundly flawed character the text carefully conveys. The clinical understanding of narcissistic personality disorder is currently under debate again. It stands to be eliminated from the next edition of The American Psychiatric Association`s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) due to renewed uncertainty whether narcissism should be seen as a clinical disease or just a collection of signs and symptoms better understood in terms of other disorders. In Scarlett`s actions and motivations it is possible to see such a collection of signs that invite the broader label of narcissistic personality traits. Specifically, Scarlett`s narcissistic complex stems from the insufficient mirroring supplied by her distant mother Ellen and the resultant overidealization of Ellen`s womanhood. The aim of this essay is to show that Scarlett`s enchantment with the image of her mother and consequently her own ego-ideal, has consequences for relating adequately to others and being able to mature. Since her lack of self-analysis cannot aid her in detecting these flaws, she is also unable to avert a regression to girlhood strategies and fantasies. This dynamic can best be constructed as a narcissistic entrapment.

온두라스 저항운동의 지도자들이 쿠데타에 대항하여 계속 투쟁할 것을 결의하다

베르따 쥬베르 쎄씨(Berta Joubert-Ceci),장진엽(번역자) 노동사회과학연구소 2009 정세와노동 Vol.- No.49

정신건강 위기와 수요에 대응하는 호주의 정신건강서비스 및 사회복지사의 역할과 자격제도

리넷 쥬베르트(Lynette Joubert) 한국정신건강사회복지학회 2023 한국정신건강사회복지학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2023 No.5

바쟁 무브

에르베 주베르- 로랑생(Hervé Joubert-Laurencin ) 동의대학교 영화·트랜스미디어연구소 2019 디스포지티프 Vol.6 No.-

Prevalence of Peripheral Vestibular Impairment in Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Millar Alison,Joubert Karin,Naude Alida 대한청각학회 2021 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.25 No.1

Background and Objectives: Globally, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is responsible for one of the most serious pandemics to date. The vulnerability of the vestibular system in individuals with HIV has been confirmed, and central vestibular impairments have been frequently reported. However, there are disagreements on the impact of HIV on peripheral vestibular function. Thus, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence of peripheral vestibular impairment, specifically related to the semi-circular canals (SCCs), in HIV-positive individuals receiving antiretroviral (ARV) treatment.Subjects and Methods: A total of 92 adults between the ages of 18 and 50 years (divided into two groups) participated in the study. The first group comprised HIV-positive individuals receiving ARV treatment (n1=60), and the second group comprised HIV-negative participants (n2=32). The video head impulse test was used to conduct the head impulse paradigm (HIMP).Results: Bilateral normal HIMP results were obtained in 95% of the HIV-positive participants and all HIV-negative participants. The gain of the left posterior SCCs was significantly lower in the HIV-positive group, while the gains of all other canals between the two groups were comparable.Conclusions: The prevalence of peripheral vestibular impairment in the HIV-positive group was not significantly different from that of the HIV-negative group. The reduced prevalence in the current study may be attributed to participant characteristics, the test battery employed, and the central compensation of the vestibular dysfunctions at the later stages of infection.

THE INFLUENCE OF INTERNAL PRESTRESS AND DAMPING INHOMOGENEITY ON THE EVOLUTION OF STANDING WAVES IN ROTATING SPHERICAL SHELLS

M Shatalov,S V Joubert,C E Coetzee,W E Pretorius 한국소음진동공학회 2008 한국소음진동공학회 국제학술대회논문집 Vol.2008 No.7

Insulinotropic Effect of S-Allyl Cysteine in Rat Pups

Busisani W. Lembede,Jeanette Joubert,Pilani Nkomozepi,Kennedy H. Erlwanger,Eliton Chivandi 한국식품영양과학회 2018 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.23 No.1

S-Allyl cysteine (SAC) is found in garlic and has been reported to exert antidiabetic and antiobesity properties in drug-induced adult experimental models of metabolic dysfunction, but its potential beneficial effects in high-fructose diet neonatal rat models have not been determined. This study investigated the potential prophylactic effects of SAC in high-fructose diet fed suckling rat pups modelling human neonates fed a high-fructose diet. Four-day-old male (n=32) and female (n=32) Wistar rat pups, were randomly assigned to and administered the following treatment regimens daily for 15 days: group I, distilled water; group II, 20% fructose solution (FS); group III, SAC; group IV, SAC+FS. The pups’ blood glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, plasma leptin and insulin concentration, liver lipid content, and liver histology were determined at termination. In female rat pups, orally administered SAC prevented FS-induced hypoinsulinemia but significantly increased (P≤0.05) liver lipid content. Oral administration of SAC significantly increased (P≤0.05) plasma insulin concentration and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance in the male pups. The potential sexually dimorphic effects of SAC (insulinotropic effects in male pups and protection of female pups against fructose-induced hypoinsulinemia) suggest that SAC could be potentially exploited as an antidiabetic and insulinotropic agent. Caution should, however, be exercised in the use of SAC during suckling as it could result in excessive liver lipid accumulation and insulin resistance.

Recent trends and patterns in breast cancer incidence among Eastern and Southeastern Asian women

Shin, Hai-Rim,Joubert, Clementine,Boniol, Mathieu,Hery, Clarisse,Ahn, Sei Hyun,Won, Young-Joo,Nishino, Yoshikazu,Sobue, Tomotaka,Chen, Chien-Jen,You, San-Lin,Mirasol-Lumague, Maria Rica,Law, Stephen C Springer-Verlag 2010 Cancer causes & control Vol.21 No.11

High temperature superconductor films and devices for the microwave communication industry

N. J. Long,J. Joubert,T. Kemmitt,L. J. Campbell,A. J. Bubendorfer 한국물리학회 2004 Current Applied Physics Vol.4 No.2-4

High temperature superconductor (HTS) thin lms can be used to construct microwave devices such as lters and antennas withsuperior performance. We show how the lms can be manufactured using a solgel method which has the advantage of being able toproduce large area lms quickly, at low cost on simple equipment. We have developed a solgel precursor which has the additionalbenets of using commonly available non-toxic reagents, and which can be prepared quickly. HighTc and high Jc lms have beenmade with this precursor. These lms can be patterned to make microwave lters with better sensitivity and selectivity than con-ventional lters. Adesignfora microstriplayout ofaquasi-elliptic bandpass filter which can be implemented ona10 m×10mm film is described. Simulated results comparing lter implementations with metal and superconductor films operating at 77 K are given.