大衆社會에 있어서의「疎外」問題에 관한 政治學的 硏究

任東爀 東亞大學校 1976 東亞論叢 Vol.13 No.1

This study started with the purpose of finding a clue of solving the alienation problem in mass society through a theoretical inquiry into the situation of alienation in politics. For this purpose, in the first place, why the alienation problem in the mass-society situation comes into being was quested out. Secondly, the definition of alienation, its categories, and its problemic characteristics were dealt with under the head of "alienation phenomena and anomie". Thirdly, alienation theories were categorized by 3 patterns-the realistic, idealistic, and Marxist-and the questions involved in each pattern were discussed. Lastly, this study has attempted to design a way of overcoming alienation in mas-society politics, concerned with humanism. The main points of the above problems are summarized as follows:- Indications of mass society were not only in a descriptive category caught as mechanization, grouping, technicalization, and emotionalization, but also in a morphological category as atomization and organization. Such a mass society is to be prescribed as a specific historical situation coming into being, conditioned by concentration and monoplization of capitals and highly developed technology. The mass-society situation has been transfiguring the independent autonomous civil man into the lonely average man lost of individuality. These atomized, isolated masses tend necessarily to be normaless, irregular, irrelative, anonymous, blind, furious, and irrational. Thus mass-behaviours are liable to be manipulated through the highly developed mass-media by political elites. Yet masses tend by nature to be indifferent to politics, but their latent irrational massive energies are likely to be horrible. Paradoxically the mass culture and the complicated, bureaucratized governmental mechanism accelerate such an apathetic tendency of masses. Here we have to notice the fact that under this situation of mass society the traditional democratic aparatuses are going to be in danger of cavitizing or superficializing. That is the very crisis of democracy. Such a crisis of massdemocracy has made us cognize the challenge of anti-democratic totalitarianism. But however democracy may be challenged by antagonistic forces, are and should be its ideological significance and valuableness forever. In this point of view, to make the mass-democracy an object of criticism has been stemming from percepting that the mass-society situation might make assurance of democratic values difficult. As by E. Fromm, the fact that the masses escaping from freedom are of much account refers to the case. This issue is related to the alienation of human beings. If we regard the concept of alienation as a state in which the creating or enjoying subject of any value for himself is laid in the distance from the value by making it objective, we may consider that Fromm's image of mass, Marx's figure of the workers alienated from their own labor, existentialists' statue of the moderns lost of humanity, all of these shows the human aspect of alienation, which is conditioned the mass-society situation based upon the highly progressed, mechanized industrial civilization. The inner foundation of such a perception of alienation lies in the moral. If so, it is more important to search for a way to overcome alienation phenomenon than to find and explain it. Its clue should be found out of humanism. In this context the study has recognized that our humanistic moral practices confronting ourselves with every social evil or contradiction out of our internal existence toward outer world is the only way to overcoming of alienation.

大衆社會에 있어서의 政治倫理에 관한 硏究

任東爀 東亞大學校 1976 東亞論叢 Vol.13 No.2

This study started with the purpose of finding a clue of the continuous progress of democracy by laying its new moral foundations through a theoretical inquiry into the mass-society situation and the realities of democracy under the situation. For this purposed in the first place, how a mass society came into being, what its structural characteristics are, and what problems the mass-society theories have, were in turn quested closely out. Secondly. the situational problems of politics in mass society were dealt with, focusing on the individual freedom and ideological conflicts. And thirdly the moral foundations for resolving the regarded problems to present to democratic progress were discussed. This is associated with political moralization, which was focused on 'alienation', 'political change', and 'humanism'. The main points of the above problems are summarized as follows: Indications of mass society were not only in a descriptive category caught as mechanization, grouping, technicalization, and emotionalization, but also in a morphological category as atomization and organization. The motivation of mass society was searched out of the socialization of production accompanied by industrial development. Such a socio-economic development based upon the socialization of production brings about the sweeping augmentation of propertyless population and the rapid progress of technology, and at the same time it leads to atomization and organization in the aspect of social form. From these social transformations. it follows that the traditional status-system has almost entirely been broken down. A kind of social levelization continues and promotes political equalization. Thus great importance was attached to the foundational becoming elements of mass society. In short, a mass society is to be prescribed as a specific historical situations coming into beig, conditioned by concentration and monopolization of capitals and highly developed technology. Such a society cheats continuously number-less masses and consequently the mass-like spreads throughout all the areas of the society. The mass-society situation has been transfiguring the independent autonomous civil man into the lonely average man lost of individuality. These atomized, isolated masses tend necessarily to be normaless, irregular, irrelative. anonymous, blind, furious, and irrational. Thus mass-behaviours are liable to be manipulated through the highly developed mass-media by political elites. Yet masses tend by nature to be indifferent to politics, but their latent irrational massive energies are likely to be horrible. Paradoxically the mass culture and the complicated. bureaucratized governmental mechanisms accelerate such an apathetic tendency of masses. Here one point was. however, especially noted that all the masses are not always same. Most of them have a modern type of apathy. According to political scientists. it is characterized by ostensible apathy. On the occasion that any decisive problem may converge their divergent political objectives, their political interests which have criticisms must stem from percepting the problem that the class-society situation discussed above might make assurance of democratic values difficult. As by E.Fromm, a well-known theorist of mass society, the fact that the masses escaping from freedom are of much account refers to the case. This issue is related to the alienation of human being. If we regard the concept of alienation as a state in which the creating or enjoying subject of any value for himself is laid in the distance from the value by making it objective, we may consider that Fromm's image of mass. Marx's figure of the workers alienated from their own labor. existentialists' statue of the moderns lost of humanity, all of these shows the human aspect of alienation, which is conditioned the mass-so-ciety situation based upon the highly progressed, mechanized industrial civilization. The inner foundation of such a perception of alienation lies in the moral. If so, it is more important to search for a way to overcoming of alienation than to find and explain it. Its clue should be found out of humanism. In this context the sudy has recognized that our humanistic moral practices confronting ourselves with every social evil or contradiction out of our internal existence toward outer world is the only way to overcoming of alienation. At the same time it has been argued such a practical attitude leads, as a logical consequence, to orientation of socio-political change. Hut, however may the logic of change be valid on the ethical basis like this, there remains one important problem to be never neglected, that is, correspondence of means to ends. If any theory of socio-political change assets an immoral means of naked violence for the alledged good ends of change, we can and should never agree on it. This is the reason why the totalitarian theories of change should be rejected. In this context the study could make the three points clear with review of changing history of democracy: (1) that the highest valuableness of democracy itself can be never denied, (2) that it is for the reason why democratic ideas conform to the moral value of mankind, and (3) that the established institutional aparatuses of democracy have to be oriented to continuously innovational change and such orientation must be either available or profitable for democracy. Lastly, as to moralization of politics, the study has refered again to the social morality under the mass-society situation because it is the fundamental morality for politics. As generaly known, morality also alters together with historic change . The historic conversion of a civil society into a mass society tends to make the ground morality of civil men aiter into the corrupt morality of mass men. Civil men had unificative, homogeneous, productive, and rational moralities . On the contrary, masses have divergent, hererogenous, consuming, and irrational moralities. As the result this ethical anarchy is liable to produce a paisy of the mediatory function of ethic in the politics. Consequently, that just here is a moral crises of mass-democracy can we percept. As long as politics is grasped as power phenomenon, the problem of political morality is concerned with the moralization of power. This problem is of legitmacy. As generally known, democracy is by nature the principle of legitimacy. In this sense democracy must be revived by the humanistic awakenings and practice of mankind and it would be live forever.

서울대학교 치과병원 교정과에 내원한 부정교합 환자의 최근 경향

임동혁,김태우,남동석,장영일 대한치과교정학회 2003 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.33 No.1

최근 치의학이 눈부시게 발전하고, 소득이 증가하면서 이에 따라 일반인의 의식이 점차 변하면서 외모에 대한 관심도도 점차 높아지고 있다. 본 연구는 내원환자의 부정교합의 유형, 치료방법의 변화를 파악하여 내원환자와 보다 적절한 의사소통을 위한 정보를 제공하고, 교정치료 요구의 특성을 파악하여 부정교합의 역학적 자료를 제공하고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 이를 위해 2002년 상반기와 1992년 상반기에 서울대학교 치과병원 교정과에 내원한 환자중 진료기록부가 잘 보존된 676명을 대상으로 하여 부정교합의 유형과 내원 환자의 지역분포 및 주소의 변화, 치료방법의 변화를 조사 연구한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 내원 환자의 남녀 비율은 1992년 1:2.1에서 2002년 1:1.5로 남자환자가 많이 증가했음을 알 수 있다. 2. 연령별 내원 환자의 분포에서 2002년에는 7세에서 12세군이 32.0%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 그 다음으로는 19세에서 24세군이 24.0%, 13세에서 18세군이 21.6%, 25세 이상군이 14.2%, 4세에서 6세군이 5.8%, 0세에서 3세군이 2.4%로 가장 낮았다. 1992년도 내원 환자의 연령 분포와 비교시 성인 환자의 비중이 증가하였다. 3. Angle 분류법에 의한 내원환자의 분포에서 2002년에는 Ⅲ급 부정교합이 48.1%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, Ⅰ급 부정교합이 25.0%, Ⅱ급 1류 부정교합이 20.9%, Ⅱ급 2류 부정교합이 3.4%로 나타났다. 4. 내원환자의 지역별 분포에서 서울 북동지역의 환자가 37.0%, 서울 남동지역이 13.2%, 서울 남서지역이 12.3%, 서울북서지역의 환자가 6.5%로 나타났다. 1992년도와 비교시 서울 북동지역환자의 내원 비율이 증가하고 그 외 지역내원 환자의 비율은 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 5. 주소(chief complaint)별 내원 환자의 분포는 2002년에 하악 전돌이 17.5%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 크라우딩이 14.2%, 안면 비대칭이 11.8%로 나타났다. 1992년의 주소별 내원 비율과 비교시 안면 비대칭을 주소로 내원한 환자의 비율이 유의하게 증가하였고, 내원 동기가 매우 다양해졌다. 6. 2002년도 내원 환자의 치료방법은 고정식 장치가 38.0%, 악교정 수술이 25.0%, 성장 관찰이 13.0%로 나타났다. 1992년도와 비교시 chin cap의 사용이 줄었으며, 상대적으로 악교정 수술과 성장관찰을 요하는 환자의 비중이 유의할 만하게 증가하였다. Over the past decades, the number of patients seeking orthodontic treatment has increased markedly with socioeconomic development and change of recognition on appearance. The purpose of this study was to provide an epidemiologic data base related to the orthodontic treatment need. We could take an adequate information regarding the characteristics of orthodontic patients, and the changing trends about treatment mordality. Distrubution and treands were investigated in 676 patients who had been examined and diagnosed at Departnent of orthodontics, Dental Hospital, Seoul National University from January to June in 1992 and 2002. 1. Sex distribution of patients changed from 1:2.1 to 1:1.5(male:female). 2. In 2002, age distribution had shown 7∼12 vear-old group being the largest (32.0%) and percentage of 19∼24, 13∼18, over 25, 4∼6, 0∼3 year-old group were 24.0%, 21.6%, 14.2%, 5.8%, 2.4% respctively. Compared with data in 1992, the number of adult patients highly increased. 3. With regard to angle classification, each percentage of ClassⅠ, Class Ⅱ div 1, Class Ⅱdiv 2, and Class Ⅲ malocclusion were 25.0%, 20.9%, 3.4%, and 48.1% respectively in 2002. 4. Geographic distribution showed that most of the patients visited (37.0%) lived in northeast of Seoul in 2002. 5. Mandibular prognathism showed the highest percentage in chief complaints. The percentages of crowding and facial asymmetry were 14.2% and 11.8% in 2002. Patients with facial asymmetry increased significantly. 6. Percentages of patients treated with fixed appliance and orthognathic surgery were 38.0% and 25.0% in 2002. Patients needed to observe the growth pattern comprised 13.0% with increasing trends. The use of chin cap reduced and the percentage of orthognathic surgery and growth observation increased significantly.

클로르헥시딘 바니쉬의 적용이 교정용 브라켓의 전단접착강도에 미치는 영향

임동혁,김태우,장영일,남동석,양원식,백승학 대한치과교정학회 2000 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.30 No.2

본 연구의 목적은 클로르헥시딘 처리가 교정용 브라켓의 전단접착강도와 탈락 양상에 미치는 영향을 비교하는 것이다. 실험군으로 4주간 4회의 클로르헥시딘 바니쉬를 도포한 22개의 사람 소구치를 선택하였고, 대조군으로 아무 처리도 하지 않은 22개의 사람 소구치를 선택하였다. 모든 치아는 37%의 phosphoric acid gel로 부식시키고 교정용 브라켓을 같은 조건으로 부착시켰다. 전단접착강도의 측정을 위해 Instron universal testing machine(model 4466)을 이용하였고, 법랑질과 브라켓 표면은 SEM으로 관찰하였다. 결과의 분석은 t-test를 이용하였으며 결과는 다음과 같다. 1.클로르헥시딘의 법랑질 처리는 전단접착강도에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 2.클로르헥시딘으로 법랑질을 처리한 경우와 그렇지 않는 경우에 브라켓 탈락 양상에 차이가 없었다. 따라서, 클로르헥시딘으로 법랑질을 처리하여도 브라켓 접착에 유해한 작용이 없었고, 따라서 임상사용에 적합하다고 생각된다. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the application of chlorhexidine varnish affects the shear bond strength and failure pattern of orthodontic brackets or not. The experimental group consisted of 22 human premolars which extracted after chlorhexidine vanish application(4 times for 1 week interval) in vivo, and the control group consisted of 22 human premolars which extracted without any pre-treatment. After all teeth were etched with 37% phosphoric acid gel, metal orthodontic brackets (Q-3002, RMO, USA) were bonded to each tooth using auto-polymerizing orthodontic resin (Ortho-One, Bisco, USA) with the same bonding procedure. The shear bond strength was measured with Instron universal testing machine (model 4466, Instron Ltd., England), and the failure pattern of each bracket was examined with Scanning Electron Microscope (SM 840A, JEOL, Japan). The data were analysed statistically with t-test. The results were as follows : 1.Application of chlorhexidine varnish had no significant effect on the shear bond strength of the orthodontic bracket. 2.There was no significant difference in the failure pattern of orthodontic bracket between the experimental group and the control group.

Mini-implant를 이용한 III급 부정교합 환자의 협진 치료 : 문제중심의 교정치료

임동혁,김영신,조민아,김기성,양성은 대한치과교정학회 2007 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.37 No.4

Spacing and crowding of the primary dentition in Korean children : relationship to tooth sizes and dental arch dimension 치아 치열궁의 관계

장영일,임동혁,김태우,남동석 대한치과교정학회 2006 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.36 No.1

The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of spaced, closed, and crowded primary dentitions by sex and arch in Korean children from Kanghwa, and to determine the frequency of the primate and developmental spaces. The differences in the mesiodistal crown diameters and the arch dimensions between the spaced, closed, and crowded primary dentitions were also evaluated. Dental casts of 102 preschool children (57 males and 45 females, aged 4~5 years) were studied. The prevalence of spacing in the primary dentition was 63.2% in males and 57.8% in females. The frequency of spacing was greater in males than in females, and greater in the maxillary arch than in the mandibular arch. The crowns were significantly larger and the arches significantly narrower in closed and crowded dentitions than in those with spacing (p<0.05). The results showed that the prevalence of spacing was lower than that found in previous studies and the presence of spacing in the anterior region was related to the mesiodistal crown diameter and the intercanine width. 이 연구의 목적은 강화지역의 한국인 아동의 유치열기에서의 공극과 총생의 빈도를 조사하고, 치아 크기와 치열궁간의 관계를 조사하는 것이다. 102개의 취학전 아동(남자 57명, 여자 45명, 4~5세)의 석고모형을 조사하여 치아의 크기,견치간 폭경, 구치부 폭영, 치열궁 장경을 측정하였다. 유치열기의 공극 빈도는 남자에서 63.2%, 여자에서 57.8%로 나타났다. 공극의 빈도는 남자에서, 하악보다는 상악에서 더 높게 나타났다. 공극이 있는 경우보다 총생을 보이는 치열에서 치아 크기는 크고 치열궁 폭경은 더 작게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 전치부 공극의 존재 여부는 치아의 크기, 견치간 폭경과 관련이 있었다.

장애인 엘리트체육의 실태 분석

최승권,이인경,문준혁,임찬규,한동기,김권일 한국특수체육학회 2005 한국특수체육학회지 Vol.13 No.1

The purposes of this study are to analyze actual status of elite sports for athletes with disabilities through investigating factors such as athletes constitutions, levels of game performance, and administrative and supporting organizations, which are critical bases for establishing the policy of elite sports for athletes with disabilities. The contents and scopes are as followings. First, analyzing composition of elite athletes with disabilities and current status of sports associations/federations. Second, analyzing the levels of game performance of elite sports for athletes with disabilities(Far East and South Pacific Games for the disabled, and Paralympics). Third, analyzing the support system such as administrative organization and support for athletes, leadership training, and financial support. Forth, analyzing survey on attitude and needs for elite sports of athletes with disabilities. Literature reviews, site visits, and survey were used to analyze the current status of elite sports for athletes with disabilities in Korea. The following outcomes were driven. First, this study revealed fewer numbers of sports federations, unbalanced composition of athletes in events, sex, and ages, and aging compared to international events and games. Second, this study revealed low performance level in team sports overall, and international competitive abilities but shooting, weight lifting, and archery were shown to be low. Third, this study revealed the weak establishment of administrative and financial supporting system.

The Treatment of an Ankylosed Canine

Dong-Hyuk Im(임동혁),Dong-Seok Nahm(남동석),Young一II Chang(장영일) 대한치과교정학회 2002 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.32 No.6

Long-Term Incidence and Predicting Factors of Cranioplasty Infection after Decompressive Craniectomy

Im, Sang-Hyuk,Jang, Dong-Kyu,Han, Young-Min,Kim, Jong-Tae,Chung, Dong Sup,Park, Young Sup The Korean Neurosurgical Society 2012 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.52 No.4

Objective : The predictors of cranioplasty infection after decompressive craniectomy have not yet been fully characterized. The objective of the current study was to compare the long-term incidences of surgical site infection according to the graft material and cranioplasty timing after craniectomy, and to determine the associated factors of cranioplasty infection. Methods : A retrospective cohort study was conducted to assess graft infection in patients who underwent cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy between 2001 and 2011 at a single-center. From a total of 197 eligible patients, 131 patients undergoing 134 cranioplasties were assessed for event-free survival according to graft material and cranioplasty timing after craniectomy. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression methods were employed, with cranioplasty infection identified as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were also evaluated, including autogenous bone resorption, epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma and brain contusion. Results : The median follow-up duration was 454 days (range 10 to 3900 days), during which 14 (10.7%) patients suffered cranioplasty infection. There was no significant difference between the two groups for event-free survival rate for cranioplasty infection with either a cryopreserved or artificial bone graft (p=0.074). Intergroup differences according to cranioplasty time after craniectomy were also not observed (p=0.083). Poor neurologic outcome at cranioplasty significantly affected the development of cranioplasty infection (hazard ratio 5.203, 95% CI 1.075 to 25.193, p=0.04). Conclusion : Neurologic status may influence cranioplasty infection after decompressive craniectomy. A further prospective study about predictors of cranioplasty infection including graft material and cranioplasty timing is necessary.

Linked tag: image annotation using semantic relationships between image tags

Im, Dong-Hyuk,Park, Geun-Duk Springer-Verlag 2015 MULTIMEDIA TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS Vol.74 No.7