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The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,Lee, Y.B.,Lee, J.,Tak, S.,Lee, K.,Na, D.L.,Seo, S.W.,Jeong, Y.,Ye, J.C. Academic Press 2016 NeuroImage Vol.125 No.-
Recent studies of functional connectivity MR imaging have revealed that the default-mode network activity is disrupted in diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, there is not yet a consensus on the preferred method for resting-state analysis. Because the brain is reported to have complex interconnected networks according to graph theoretical analysis, the independency assumption, as in the popular independent component analysis (ICA) approach, often does not hold. Here, rather than using the independency assumption, we present a new statistical parameter mapping (SPM)-type analysis method based on a sparse graph model where temporal dynamics at each voxel position are described as a sparse combination of global brain dynamics. In particular, a new concept of a spatially adaptive design matrix has been proposed to represent local connectivity that shares the same temporal dynamics. If we further assume that local network structures within a group are similar, the estimation problem of global and local dynamics can be solved using sparse dictionary learning for the concatenated temporal data across subjects. Moreover, under the homoscedasticity variance assumption across subjects and groups that is often used in SPM analysis, the aforementioned individual and group analyses using sparse dictionary learning can be accurately modeled by a mixed-effect model, which also facilitates a standard SPM-type group-level inference using summary statistics. Using an extensive resting fMRI data set obtained from normal, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and Alzheimer's disease patient groups, we demonstrated that the changes in the default mode network extracted by the proposed method are more closely correlated with the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
박지은,박범우,김상준,김호성,최충곤,정승채,오주영,이재홍,노지훈,심우현,Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) 대한영상의학회 2017 Korean Journal of Radiology Vol.18 No.6
Objective: To identify potential imaging biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease by combining brain cortical thickness (CThk) and functional connectivity and to validate this model’s diagnostic accuracy in a validation set. Materials and Methods: Data from 98 subjects was retrospectively reviewed, including a study set (n = 63) and a validation set from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (n = 35). From each subject, data for CThk and functional connectivity of the default mode network was extracted from structural T1-weighted and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Cortical regions with significant differences between patients and healthy controls in the correlation of CThk and functional connectivity were identified in the study set. The diagnostic accuracy of functional connectivity measures combined with CThk in the identified regions was evaluated against that in the medial temporal lobes using the validation set and application of a support vector machine. Results: Group-wise differences in the correlation of CThk and default mode network functional connectivity were identified in the superior temporal (p < 0.001) and supramarginal gyrus (p = 0.007) of the left cerebral hemisphere. Default mode network functional connectivity combined with the CThk of those two regions were more accurate than that combined with the CThk of both medial temporal lobes (91.7% vs. 75%). Conclusion: Combining functional information with CThk of the superior temporal and supramarginal gyri in the left cerebral hemisphere improves diagnostic accuracy, making it a potential imaging biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease.
Early Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of 28 Cases of Coronavirus Disease in South Korea
COVID-19 National Emergency Response Center,Epidemiology and Case Management Team,Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 질병관리본부 2020 Osong Public Health and Research Persptectives Vol.11 No.1
Objectives The first confirmed case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in South Korea was reported in January 2020, with 28 confirmed cases reported as of February 14th, 2020. The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of all 28 cases were analyzed in response to this disease. Methods The epidemiological characteristics and early clinical features of the 28 patients from Korea with confirmed COVID-19 were analyzed using COVID-19 reporting and surveillance data and the epidemiological investigation reports prepared by the rapid response team. Results There were 16 patients that entered Korea from foreign countries: Wuhan, China (11 patients), Zhuhai, China, (1 patient), Singapore (2 patients), Japan (1 patient), and Thailand (1 patient). The early symptoms were fever, sore throat, cough or sputum production, chills, and muscle ache. Three patients were asymptomatic, however, 18 developed pneumonia. Of the 28 cases, 16 were index cases imported from abroad, with 10 cases of secondary infection originating in Korea, and the route of transmission still under investigation for 2 patients. The 10 patients with secondary infection were infected from contact with family members or acquaintances of primary patients, and the suspected sites of transmission were mostly at home. Conclusion COVID-19 in Korea was spread by 16 infected individuals traveling from other countries, leading to second-generation cases. The initial symptoms were mostly minor, but the disease was infectious at this stage, resulting from close contact, particularly at home. Establishing an early detection strategy for COVID-19 is crucial for managing the transmission of the disease.
Contact Transmission of COVID-19 in South Korea: Novel Investigation Techniques for Tracing Contacts
COVID-19 National Emergency Response Center,Epidemiology and Case Management Team,Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 질병관리본부 2020 Osong Public Health and Research Persptectives Vol.11 No.1
In the epidemiological investigation of an infectious disease, investigating, classifying, tracking, and managing contacts by identifying the patient’s route are important for preventing further transmission of the disease. However, omissions and errors in previous activities can occur when the investigation is performed through only a proxy interview with the patient. To overcome these limitations, methods that can objectively verify the patient’s claims (medical facility records, Global Positioning System, card transactions, and closed-circuit television) were used for the recent ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 contact investigations in South Korea.
현준영,김효명,이도,정의상,송종석,최철영,이정복,the Korean Corneal Disease Study Group 대한안과학회 2014 Korean Journal of Ophthalmology Vol.28 No.3
Purpose: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of newly developed guidelines for the diagnosis and management ofdry eye. Methods: This retrospective, multi-center, non-randomized, observational study included a total of 1,612 patientswith dry eye disease who initially visited the clinics from March 2010 to August 2010. Korean guidelinesfor the diagnosis and management of dry eye were newly developed from concise, expert-consensus recommendations. Severity levels at initial and final visits were determined using the guidelines in patients with 90± 7 days of follow-up visits (n = 526). Groups with different clinical outcomes were compared with respect toclinical parameters, treatment modalities, and guideline compliance. Main outcome measures were ocular andvisual symptoms, ocular surface disease index, global assessment by patient and physician, tear film break-uptime, Schirmer-1 test score, ocular surface staining score at initial and final visits, clinical outcome after threemonths of treatment, and guideline compliance. Results: Severity level was reduced in 47.37% of patients treated as recommended by the guidelines. Youngerage (odd ratio [OR], 0.984; p = 0.044), higher severity level at initial visit, compliance to treatment recommendation(OR, 1.832; p = 0.047), and use of topical cyclosporine (OR, 1.838; p = 0.011) were significantly associatedwith improved clinical outcomes. Conclusions: Korean guidelines for the diagnosis and management of dry eye can be used as a valid and effectivetool for the treatment of dry eye disease.
Coronavirus Disease-19: The First 7,755 Cases in the Republic of Korea
COVID-19 National Emergency Response Center,Epidemiology and Case Management Team,Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 질병관리본부 2020 Osong Public Health and Research Persptectives Vol.11 No.2
We report the first 7,755 patients with confirmed COVID-19 in Korea as of March 12th, 2020. A total of 66 deaths have been recorded, giving a case fatality proportion of 0.9%. Older people, and those with comorbidities were at a higher risk of a fatal outcome. The highest number of cases of COVID-19 were in Daegu, followed by Gyeongbuk. This summary may help to understand the disease dynamics in the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreaks, and may therefore, guide future public health measures.
Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 질병관리본부 2020 Osong Public Health and Research Persptectives Vol.11 No.2
Between January 24th and March 10th, a total of 2,370 individuals had contact with the first 30 cases of COVID-19. There were 13 individuals who contracted COVID-19 resulting in a secondary attack rate of 0.55% (95% CI 0.31–0.96). There were 119 household contacts, of which 9 individuals developed COVID-19 resulting in a secondary attack rate of 7.56% (95% CI 3.7–14.26).
COVID-19 National Emergency Response Center,Epidemiology and Case Management Team,Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 질병관리본부 2020 Osong Public Health and Research Persptectives Vol.11 No.3
In the above-mentioned article, the authors want to update the errors in Results and Table 3, specifically the errors in the percentages and the subheadings with clearer meaning. The authors regret this error and would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused.
이경석,염혜영,신윤호,박용민,이용주,최봉석,지혜미,최선희,김현희,박양,김효빈,나영호,Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease 대한천식알레르기학회 2017 Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research Vol.9 No.1
Purpose: Rhinitis is a nasal inflammatory disease in children and adolescents. However, little is known about the phenotypes and characteristics of allergic rhinitis (AR) in Korean children and adolescents. The objective of this study was to analyze the symptoms and comorbidities of rhinitis, to compare AR to non-allergic rhinitis (NAR), and to reveal the phenotypes and features of AR in a Korean pediatric population. Methods: Patients under 18 years of age with rhinitis symptoms were recruited from January 2013 to January 2015 by pediatric allergists. We analyzed symptoms, phenotypes, comorbidities, and allergen sensitization in this cross-sectional, multicenter study. Results: Medical records were collected from 11 hospitals. The AR group has 641 (68.3%) patients, with 63.2% of boys and 7.5 (±3.4) years of mean age. The NAR group has 136 (14.5%) patients, with 55.1% of boys and 5.5 (±2.9) years of mean age. Moderate-severe persistent AR affected 41.2% of AR patients. Nasal obstruction was more common in NAR patients (P<0.050), whereas AR patients sneezed more (P<0.050) and more commonly had conjunctivitis, asthma, and otitis media (P<0.050). Sinusitis was the most common comorbidity in both groups. Allergen sensitization was caused by house dust mites (HDMs) (90.2%), pollen (38.7%), and animal dander (24.8%) in AR patients. Pollen and animal dander sensitization significantly increased age-dependently (P<0.050), but 91.9% of AR patients were already sensitized to HDMs before 5 years old. Conclusions: Our study revealed that AR was more prevalent than NAR and that 41.2% of AR presented with moderate-severe disease in Korean pediatric populations. Sinusitis was the most common comorbidity, and sleep disturbance was associated with the severity of rhinitis. The majority of AR patients were sensitized to HDMs in preschool ages. Further studies, including nationwide and longitudinal data, will help understand the relationship between these diseases.
3D-ResUnet을 이용한 PET 영상의 Partial volume Effect correction
이창석(Changseok Lee),정병창(ByeongChang Jeong),The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroi,한철(Cheol E. Han) 대한전자공학회 2021 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.6
Neuro-toxic substances such as amyloid beta protein or tau protein are considered as crucial factors of neuro-degeneration in the Alzheimer’s disease. They can be measured through Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging. PET is an imaging technique that uses radioactive substances to measure metabolic and/or functional process in the body. However, its accuracy is often degraded by the partial volume effect (PVE), that is, a blurring effect due to PET"s relatively low image resolution and radioactive characteristics of PET tracers. While its correction may improve image quality and its efficacy, it is a time-consuming procedure. In this study, we reduce its processing time by replacing the procedure with a deep learning algorithm called 3D-ResUnet. Unet is popular in various medical image processing, since it is easily applicable to various problems. 3D-ResUnet extends U-net with 3-dimensional convolution for volumetric data, and with residual blocks for better convergence and performance. We trained it to map between non-adjusted PET images and adjusted PET images. We achieved average SSIM of 0.9948, which implies striking similarity to the adjusted PET images, with 1100 times of processing time gain to the traditional PVE correction procedure.