중국에서의 한국어 교육의 현황과 전망

王丹 ( Wang¸ Dan ) 한국어문학국제학술포럼 2009 Journal of Korean Culture Vol.12 No.-

본 연구는 중국에서의 한국어 교육의 발전 과정을 살펴보고 교육 현황을 점검하며 앞으로의 발전 방향을 가늠하는 데에 목적을 두고 있다. 논문의 1장에서는 중국에서의 한국어 교육의 발전 과정을 초창기(1945년~1972년), 침체기(1972년~1992년), 도약기(1992년~2002년), 성장기(2002년~현재)로 나누어 중국에서의 한국어 교육이60년 동안 어떻게 발전되어 왔는지에 대하여 간단하게 살펴보았다. 이런 고찰을 통하여 그동안 중국에서의 한국어 교육은 양적인 면에서나 질적인 면에서 모두 비약적인 발전을 해 왔고 괄목할 만한 성과를 거두었다는 사실을 알 수 있다. 논문의 2장에서는 한국어 교육의 외적 측면과 한국어 교육의 내적 측면으로 나누어 중국에서의 한국어 교육의 현황과 문제점에 대하여 논의하였다. 교육의 외적 측면에서 볼 때 현 단계의 한국어 교육은 정규 교육과 비정규 교육이 병행되는 것이 분명하다는 점, 내부적으로 지역별 편차가 크고 지역별 상황도 다르다는 점, 중국내 한국어 교육 학계와의 협력, 한국과의 협력이 아직까지 체계적이지 못하다는 점 등 세 가지 특징을 띠고 있다는 결론을 추려낼 수 있다. 그리고 한국어 교육의 현황과 문제점을 교육의 내적 측면, 즉 교육과정론, 교사론, 교재론, 교수학습론, 평가론 등의 관점에서도 살펴보았다. 논문의 4장에서는 앞서 서술한 내용을 바탕으로 향후 중국에서의 바람직한 한국어 교육 발전을 위하여 한국어 교육학의 학문적 토대 구축, 한국어 교육의 다양화 지향, 한국어 고급 인재의 양성, 한국어 교사 자질의 향상, 한국어 교육ㆍ연구 역량의 결집 등 다섯 가지 제안을 하였다. 本研究的主要目的是追溯中国韩国语教育的发展过程, 考察韩国语教育现状, 并指出今后的发展方向。 在论文的第二章中, 将中国韩国语教育的发展历程分为初创期 (1945年~1972年), 停滞期(1972年~1992年), 飞跃期(1992年~2002年)、成长期(2002年~现在)四个阶段, 通过考察得知在过去的六十年间中国的韩国语教育在质与量上都得到了长足发展, 取得了许多令人瞩目的成果。在论文的第三章中, 从教育的外部因素及内部因素两个方面对中国韩国语教育的现状与问题做了具体阐述。从教育外部因素来看, 现阶段的韩国语教育有正规教育与非正规教育并行、各地区存在着明显的不平衡、国内的协作及与韩国的协作尚不活跃等特点。本文还从教育的内部因素, 即课程设置与课程标准论、教师论、教材论、教授学习论、评价论等方面对现今韩国语教育的现状与问题做了简要剖析。论文的第四章主要在上述内容的基础上, 提出了加强韩国语教育学学术基础的建设、谋求韩国语教育多元化发展、培养高级韩国语人才、提高韩国语教师素质、促进韩国语教育、研究力量协作等促进今后中国韩国语教学发展的五种方案。

Rare ginsenoside Ia synthesized from F1 by cloning and overexpression of the UDP-glycosyltransferase gene from Bacillus subtilis: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro melanogenesis inhibition activity in BL6B16 cells

Wang, Dan-Dan,Jin, Yan,Wang, Chao,Kim, Yeon-Ju,Perez, Zuly Elizabeth Jimenez,Baek, Nam In,Mathiyalagan, Ramya,Markus, Josua,Yang, Deok-Chun The Korean Society of Ginseng 2018 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.42 No.1

Background: Ginsenoside F1 has been described to possess skin-whitening effects on humans. We aimed to synthesize a new ginsenoside derivative from F1 and investigate its cytotoxicity and melanogenesis inhibitory activity in B16BL6 cells using recombinant glycosyltransferase enzyme. Glycosylation has the advantage of synthesizing rare chemical compounds from common compounds with great ease. Methods: UDP-glycosyltransferase (BSGT1) gene from Bacillus subtilis was selected for cloning. The recombinant glycosyltransferase enzyme was purified, characterized, and utilized to enzymatically transform F1 into its derivative. The new product was characterized by NMR techniques and evaluated by MTT, melanin count, and tyrosinase inhibition assay. Results: The new derivative was identified as (20S)-$3{\beta},6{\alpha},12{\beta}$,20-tetrahydroxydammar-24-ene-20-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside(ginsenoside Ia), which possesses an additional glucose linked into the C-3 position of substrate F1. Ia had been previously reported; however, no in vitro biological activity was further examined. This study focused on the mass production of arduous ginsenoside Ia from accessible F1 and its inhibitory effect of melanogenesis in B16BL6 cells. Ia showed greater inhibition of melanin and tyrosinase at $100{\mu}mol/L$ than F1 and arbutin. These results suggested that Ia decreased cellular melanin synthesis in B16BL6 cells through downregulation of tyrosinase activity. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to report on the mass production of rare ginsenoside Ia from F1 using recombinant UDP-glycosyltransferase isolated from B. subtillis and its superior melanogenesis inhibitory activity in B16BL6 cells as compared to its precursor. In brief, ginsenoside Ia can be applied for further study in cosmetics.

Assessment of Esophageal Motor Disorders Using High-resolution Manometry in Esophageal Dysphagia With Normal Endoscopy

Dan Wang,Xiu Wang,Yao Yu,Xiaowen Xu,Jing Wang,Yuting Jia,Hong Xu 대한소화기 기능성질환∙운동학회 2019 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.25 No.1

Background/Aims The distribution and esophageal motor characteristics of Chinese patients with esophageal dysphagia who exhibit no structural abnormalities on esophagogastroduodenoscopy remain unclear. Our aim is to assess the esophageal motor patterns using high-resolution manometry (HRM) and classify them according to the Chicago classification version 3.0 (CC v3.0). Furthermore, we compared the CC v3.0 and the previous version 2.0 (CC v2.0) for diagnosis of motor disorders. Methods Two hundred thirty-six (mean age 48.4 ± 12.2 years, 61.9% female) patients with esophageal dysphagia were included for analysis of motor function using HRM. All participants were administered a questionnaire to determine Eckardt scores before HRM. Results According to the CC v3.0, 57 (24.2%) patients showed evidence of esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction and were classified as Group 1. Eighteen (7.6%) patients with major disorders of peristalsis were classified as Group 2. Minor disorders of peristalsis (Group 3) were much more frequent (129 [54.7%] patients). Thirty-two (13.6%) patients had normal esophageal manometry were classified as Group 4. All patients with abnormal pH or pH impedance monitoring (n = 44) had minor motor disorders (ineffective esophageal motility [IEM] = 34, fragmented peristalsis = 10). Based on motor category, the Eckardt score was 4.7 ± 0.1 in Group 1, 4.5 ± 0.3 in Group 2, 3.5 ± 0.1 in Group 3, and 3.9 ± 0.1 in Group 4. Conclusions IEM was the most common esophageal motor disorder in patients with esophageal dysphagia who showed no structural abnormality on endoscopy. While a high Eckardt score suggests outflow obstruction or a major motor disorder, a low score suggests IEM.

Impact of Cu2O doping on high dielectric properties of CuO ceramics

Dan-Dan Wang,Feng-Zi Zhou,Jing-Xiao Cao,Li-Ben Li,Guo-Ling Li 한국물리학회 2017 Current Applied Physics Vol.17 No.5

Single-phase CuO ceramic samples were prepared with the starting nano powders of CuO þ xCu2O (x ¼ 0, 1, 3, 7% in mole ratio) via solid state reaction method, and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering and scanning electron microscopy. For all the samples, the temperature dependences of dielectric constants and losses were measured at the frequencies of 102, 103, 104, 105 and 106 Hz, respectively. With increasing doping content of Cu2O, a strong correlation is demonstrated at given temperature and frequency between the measured dielectric constants and the unit-cell volumes of CuO. The strong correlation is argued in terms of the change in densities of Cu]O defects (e.g. Cu/O vacancies and/or interstitial Cu impurities) due to Cu2O doping, which is supported by the formation energies of Cu]O defects and the corresponding unit-cell volume from first-principles calculations. The high dielectric constant (~103e105) of CuO ceramic is therefore attributed to the reduction in resistance due to Cu/O defects in the grain by Maxwell-Wagner mechanism.

An Autonomous Driving Approach Based on Trajectory Learning Using Deep Neural Networks

Wang Dan,Wang Canye,Wang Yulong,Wang Hang,Pei Feng 한국자동차공학회 2021 International journal of automotive technology Vol.22 No.6

Autonomous driving approaches today are mainly based on perception-planning-action modular pipelines and the End2End paradigm respectively. The End2End paradigm is a strategy that directly maps raw sensor data to vehicle control actions. This strategy is very promising and appealing because complex module design and cumbersome data labeling are avoided. Since this approach lacks a degree of interpretability, safety and practicability. we propose an autonomous driving approach based on trajectory learning using deep neural networks in this paper. In comparison to End2End algorithm, it is found that the trajectory learning algorithm performs better in autonomous driving. As for trajectory learning algorithm, the CNN_Raw-RNN network structure is established, which is verified to be more effective than the original CNN_LSTM network structure. Besides, we propose an autonomous driving architecture of a pilot and copilot combination. The pilot is responsible for trajectory prediction via imitation learning with labeled driving trajectories, while the copilot is a safety module that is employed to verify the effectiveness of the vehicle trajectory by the results of the semantic segmentation auxiliary task. The proposed autonomous driving architecture is verified with a real car on urban roads without manual intervention within 40 km.

Glycosyltransformation of ginsenoside Rh2 into two novel ginsenosides using recombinant glycosyltransferase from Lactobacillus rhamnosus and its in vitro applications

Dan-Dan Wang,Yeon-Ju Kim,Nam In Baek,Ramya Mathiyalagan,Chao Wang,Yan Jin,Xing Yue Xu,Deok-Chun Yang 고려인삼학회 2021 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.45 No.1

Background: Ginsenoside Rh2 is well known for many pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, antidiabetes, antiinflammatory, and antiobesity properties. Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are ubiquitous enzymes present in nature and are widely used for the synthesis of oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycoconjugates, and novel derivatives. We aimed to synthesize new ginsenosides from Rh2 using the recombinant GT enzyme and investigate its cytotoxicity with diverse cell lines. Methods: We have used a GT gene with 1,224-bp gene sequence cloned from Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LRGT) and then expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant GT protein was purified and demonstrated to transform Rh2 into two novel ginsenosides, and they were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and evaluated by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Results: Two novel ginsenosides with an additional glucopyranosyl (6/1) and two additional glucopyranosyl (6/1) linked with the C-3 position of the substrate Rh2 were synthesized, respectively. Cell viability assay in the lung cancer (A549) cell line showed that glucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 inhibited cell viability more potently than ginsenoside Rg3 and Rh2 at a concentration of 10 μM. Furthermore, glucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect in murine macrophage cells (RAW264.7), mouse embryo fibroblasts cells (3T3-L1), and skin cells (B16BL6) at a concentration of 10 μM compared with ginsenoside Rh2 and Rg3. Conclusion: This is the first report on the synthesis of two novel ginsenosides, namely, glucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 and diglucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 from Rh2 by using recombinant GT isolated from L. rhamnosus. Moreover, diglucosyl ginsenoside Rh2 might be a new candidate for treatment of inflammation, obesity, and skin whiting, and especially for anticancer.

Enantioselective Esterification of Ibuprofen by a Novel Thermophilic Biocatalyst: APE1547

Zhao Dan-tong,Xun Er-na,Wang Jia-xin,Wang Ren,Wei Xiao-fei,Wang Lei,Wang Zhi 한국생물공학회 2011 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.16 No.4

The enantioselective esterification of ibuprofen catalyzed by a novel thermophilic esterase (APE1547)from the archaeon Aeropyrum pernix K1 was successfully conducted in organic solvents. The effects of acyl acceptor,substrate ratio, organic solvent, temperature, and water activity were investigated. Under optimum conditions, the highest enantioselectivity (E = 38.1) was obtained with a higher enzyme activity (216.5 μmol/g/h). Celites were added into the reaction mixture to remove the water produced in the esterification. The reaction achieved its equilibrium in approximately 96 h with a conversion of 57 and 99%(ee) of the un-reacted (S)-ibuprofen obtained.

Preparation and Characterization of A Semi-interpenetrating Network Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane

Yifu Wang,Heting Wan,Dan Wang,Jilin Wang,Lulu Wang,Ruijiang Feng 한국섬유공학회 2018 Fibers and polymers Vol.19 No.1

A series of semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) anion exchange membranes (QCS/St-G8-2-8, Quaternized chitosan/styrene-[maleic alkylene group diethyl bis (octyl dimethyl chloro/bromide), abbreviated as G8-2-8] were prepared via in-situ polymerization by Styrene (St) and G8-2-8 in QCS casting solution. During the process of in-situ polymerization, linearblock polymers (St-G8-2-8) of Styrene and G8-2-8 was constructed, then was mixed with QCS casting solution, followed crosslinking the QCS by glutaraldehyde (GA). With the increasing content of linear block polymer, water uptake and swelling ratio of the composite membrane decreased; This kind of linear structure makes an order arrangement of quaternaryammonium groups which improves the OH− migration efficiency. At 70 oC, the M-30 composite membrane performs a high OH− conductivity of 8.20×10-2 S·cm-1, the methanol permeability is 3.23×10-6 cm-2·s-1 which is still lower than Nafion 115 of 2.42×10-6 cm-2·s-1, but M-30 shows a higher selectivity of 25.3 than Nafion 115 of 11.6. Furthermore, the membranes exhibited excellent thermal stability (≥150 oC), the tensile strength of the composite membrane is in the range of 14-25 MPa and elongation at break is in the range of 16-37 % at room temperature, as well as superior chemical stability in 1.0 M KOH solution for 250 h.

Parkinson’s Disease with Fatigue: Clinical Characteristics and Potential Mechanisms Relevant to α-Synuclein Oligomer

Li-Jun Zuo,Shu-Yang Yu,Fang Wang,Yanghui Xia,Ying-Shan Piao,Yang Du,Teng-Hong Lian,Rui-Dan Wang,Qiu-Jin Yu,Ya-Jie Wang,Xiao-Min Wang,Piu Chan,Sheng-Di Chen,Yongjun Wang,Wei Zhang 대한신경과학회 2016 Journal of Clinical Neurology Vol.12 No.2

Background and Purpose The aim of this study was to identify the clinical characteristics and potential mechanisms relevant to pathological proteins in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients who experience fatigue. Methods PD patients (n=102) were evaluated using a fatigue severity scale and scales for motor and nonmotor symptoms. The levels of three pathological proteins—α-synuclein oligomer, β-amyloid (Aβ)1-42, and tau—were measured in 102 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from these PD patients. Linear regression analyses were performed between fatigue score and the CSF levels of the above-listed pathological proteins in PD patients. Results The frequency of fatigue in the PD patients was 62.75%. The fatigue group had worse motor symptoms and anxiety, depression, and autonomic dysfunction. The CSF level of α-synuclein oligomer was higher and that of Aβ1-42 was lower in the fatigue group than in the non-fatigue group. In multiple linear regression analyses, fatigue severity was significantly and positively correlated with the α-synuclein oligomer level in the CSF of PD patients, after adjusting for confounders. Conclusions PD patients experience a high frequency of fatigue. PD patients with fatigue have worse motor and part nonmotor symptoms. Fatigue in PD patients is associated with an increased α-synuclein oligomer level in the CSF

중국의 한국어 교재 발음 기술의 문제점과 개선 방안 연구

Wang Dan(王丹) 순천향대학교 인문학연구소 2011 순천향 인문과학논총 Vol.30 No.-

지금까지 중국에서 나온 한국어 기초 교재는 거의 예외 없이 발음에 관한 내용을 상세하게 다루고 있다. 하지만 기존 교재의 발음 부분을 자세히 살펴보면 역시 여러 가지 문제가 드러난다. 중국의 한국어 교육 현실에 비추어 볼 때 이 문제의 해결은 효과적이고 수준 있는 한국어 발음을 꾀하기 위한 중요한 작업이라 하겠다. 이런 의미에서 볼 때 기존 대학교용 한국어 교재의 발음 부분을 철저하게 분석하고 그 문제점을 짚어보며, 나아가 학생들의 학습 목적과 학생들의 지적 수준에 알맞은 발음 기술에 대한 연구는 한국어 발음 교육의 수준을 높이는 데 중요한 의의를 갖는다. 본 연구는 바로 이러한 취지에서 행해졌다. 본 연구의 구성을 보면 Ⅱ에서는 우선 중국에서 현재 보편적으로 사용되고 있는 다섯 가지 교재의 발음 기술 방법에 대하여 비교, 분석하고 이러한 분석을 통하여 발음 기술의 현황을 제시하고 그 문제점을 짚어보고자 한다. 논문의 Ⅲ에서는 이러한 연구를 기초로 하여 한국어 교재 내 발음 부분 기술의 기본 원칙을 세울 것이며, 논문의 Ⅳ에서는 구체적인 예를 들어 발음 부분의 기술 방안을 제안해 보고자 한다. Korean language basic level textbooks published in China have mostly dealt with pronunciation in detail. However, when we take a close look at these pronunciation parts, it is obvious that they have many problems. It is necessary to solve this problem to educate pronunciation efficiently a decent level as a matter of Korean language education and its reality in China. In this respect, finding problems by analyzing pronunciation in textbooks and considering a proper pronunciation presentation as a way to a student's purpose and their intelligence are necessary in order to raise a standard for Korean education. In Chapter II of this study, it compares and analyzes the presentation way of pronunciation in five main textbooks which are commonly used in China and through this analysis it shows a reality of pronunciation presentation and examines its problems. In Chapter III, based on this study, it designs the basic principle of pronunciation presentation in Korean textbooks, and in Chapter Ⅳ, it suggests specific ways of presentation of pronunciation with concrete examples.