독일 노동문학의 역사와 현재적 의미

조규희 한국독어독문학회 2003 獨逸文學 Vol.87 No.-

Wo bleibt die Arbeiterliteratur heute? Was versteht man eigentlich unter 'Abeiterliteratur'? Welche Kriterien sind bisher allgemein zur Bestimmung des Begriffs angewandt worden? Und welche davon sind heute immer noch als annehmbare anzusehen? Unter diesen grundlegenden Fragestellungen habe ich mich in der vorliegenden Arbeit zuna¨chst mit dem Stellenwert der Arbeiterliteratur in Deutschland befasst. Im Mittelpunkt meiner Arbeit steht die historische Entwicklung der deutschen Arbeiterliteratur und ihre gegenwa¨rtige Bedeutung. Dabei geht es darum, wenn auch in sehr verdichteter Darlegung, die Kontinuita¨t der Arbeiterliteratur in ihren verschiedenen historischen Realisationen sichtbar zu machen. Die konkreten Ausformungen der Arbeiterliteratur haben sich im Laufe der Geschichte differenziert, dennoch hat sie sich immer mit der 'schlechten' Realita¨t der Arbeitswelt auseinandergesetzt; man stellt fest, dass diese kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der kapitalistischen Wirklichkeit einen wesentlichen Bestandteil der Arbeiterliteratur ausmacht. Im gleichen Sinne war und ist die 'Literatur der Arbeitswelt' als ein Versuch zu verstehen, die neue Wirklichkeit der heutigen Technik- und Informationsgesellschaft sprachlich zu erfassen. Angesichts der Lage, dass die Arbeiterliteratur im allgemeinen an den Rand der literarischen O¨ffentlichkeit geru¨ckt ist und darmt ihren Charakter der o¨ffentlichen Angelgenheit verloren zu sein scheint, gilt es, mit der Betonung der ho¨chsten Differenziertheit der heutigen Arbeitswelt erneut ihren gefragten literarischen Gegenstand zu erschliessen bzw. nach den konkreten, in der Arbeitswelt auftretenden Vera¨nderungen zu fragen, um ein entscheidenes Kriterium zur Beurteilung der Mo¨glichkeit bzw. Unmo¨glichkeit der Arbeiterliteratur zu ergru¨nden.

심상정 정의당 후보가 밝힌 ‘정치 대전환’ 포부 : “이재명 · 윤석열은 기득권 공수 교대… 낡은 불판 교체할 사람은 심상정뿐”

조규희,전민규(사진) 중앙일보에스 2022 中央(月刊) Vol.2022 No.2

북동적도 태평양에 출현하는 Oncaeidae 과 (요각강, 검물벼룩목)의 분류학적 연구

조규희,김웅서,이원철 대한조선학회 2011 대한조선학회 학술대회자료집 Vol.2011 No.6

특수부 검사에서 대선후보까지, 윤석열을 만든 시간 : 단련된 ‘강골’… 어려운 사람 품는 인정도 깊어

조규희 중앙일보에스 2022 中央(月刊) Vol.2022 No.2

청소년의 흡연 경험과 관련요인 분석: 가족구조, 가정 내 간접흡연 경험, 친한 친구 흡연 중심으로

조규희,목형균 사단법인 대한보건협회 2019 대한보건연구 Vol.45 No.3

Background: Adolescence life-style affects adulthood health behaviors. Unhealthy behaviors such as smoking tend to be learned from surrounding people like family members or friends. Also, environmental risk factors for smoking such as secondhand smoke at home or peer smoking would have negative effects on healthy behaviors. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine association among family structure, environmental risk factors and adolescent smoking experiences. Method: This study used data from the 2018 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. We analyzed 60,040 participants. Study variables included family structure, secondhand smoke at home, peer smoking and life time smoking experience. For this study, descriptive analysis, Chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed. Results: Among boys, family structure (living with both parents reference groug vs. step parents: OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.04-2.50), secondhand smoke at home (No reference group vs. Yes: OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.19-1.38), and peer smoking (No reference group vs. Yes: OR: 3.60, 95% CI: 3.32-3.80) were associated with lifetime smoking experience. Among girls, family structure (living with both parents reference group vs living without both parents: OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.10-2.24), secondhand smoke at home (No reference group vs Yes: OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.15-1.42), and peer smoking (No reference group vs Yes: OR: 6.60, 95% CI: 5.87-7.43) were associated with lifetime smoking experience. Conclusion: Study variables would be a risk factor of adolescent smoking. Health promotion programs should be concerned about these findings. 연구배경: 청소년기의 건강행태는 성인기의 건강생활습관에 영향을 미친다. 흡연과 같은 불건강행태는 가족구성원, 친구, 선생님 등 주변관계에서 습득될 수 있다. 가정 내 간접흡연 경험, 친한 친구의 흡연과 같은 환경적 요인이 주된 흡연 건강위험요인 중 하나이다. 연구목적: 가족구조, 가정 내 간접흡연 경험, 친한 친구의 흡연, 청소년 흡연 경험 간의 관련성을 파악하고자한다. 연구방법: 연구자료는 제14차(2018년) 청소년 건강행태조사를 활용하였다. 연구대상자는 총 60,040명 이었으며, 연구변수로 가족구조, 가정 내 간접흡연 경험, 친한 친구 흡연 여부, 평생 흡연 경험을 사용하였다. 흡연경험과 관련요인을 분석하기 위해 빈도분석, 교차분석, 다중로지스틱회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과: 남학생의 경우, 계부모와 거주하는 경우가 양부모와 거주하는 경우에 비해 교차비가 높았으며(교차비: 1.61, 신뢰구간: 1.04, 2.47), 가정 내 간접흡연 경험이 있는 경우가 흡연 가능성이 높았고(교차비: 1.28, 신뢰구간: 1.19, 1.38), 친한 친구가 흡연하는 경우 교차비가 높았다(교차비: 3.59, 신뢰구간: 3.32, 3.89). 여학생의 경우, 부모와 함께 거주하지 않은 경우가 그렇지 않은 경우에 비해 교차비가 높았고(교차비: 1.57, 신뢰구간: 1.11, 2.24), 가정 내 간접흡연 경험이 있으면 흡연 가능성이 높았으며(교차비: 1.28, 신뢰구간: 1.15, 1.42), 친한 친구 중에 흡연하는 친구가 있으면 교차비가 높았다(교차비: 6.61, 신뢰구간: 5.87, 7.43). 결론: 양부모와 거주하지 않고, 가정 내 간접흡연자가 있고, 친한 친구가 흡연을 하면 그렇지 않은 경우에 비해 흡연을 할 가능성이 높았다. 건강증진프로그램과 금연프로그램을 개발할 때 환경적 요인들을 고려하여 기획해야한다.

17ㆍ18세기의 서울을 배경으로 한 文會圖

조규희 서울시립대학교 서울학연구소 2001 서울학연구 Vol.- No.16

Paintings of Literati Gatherings in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-century Seoul Literati gatherings were very popular in the Choson dynasty. These literati meetings may include various social gatherings such as literati kyeboe, kiyongboe, and kiroboe(meeting of the elders). However, unlike literati kye meetings that were mostly held by colleagues in the same government bureaus or having passed the civil service examination in the same year, literati gatherings, munboe, usually took place among close and private friends. In this sense, the term munboe can be different from literati kye gatherings. Thus, munboe in this article means a rather informal, occasional, small scale, and voluntary meeting. These gatherings were prevalent especially during the late Choson period. In most cases, literati groups not only wanted to commemorate their meetings but also usually were good at calligraphy and painting, therefore would record their meetings in those media. In this gathering, literati shared their common interest and enjoyed aesthetic pleasures such as reading books, writing some poetry, and drawing pictures as well as appreciating antiques, old books, and paintings. Seoul was a center of these literati gatherings. These private meetings were mainly held at literati's studios or gardens in Seoul. The literati groups also had their gatherings in the beautiful scenery; thus they enjoyed mountain or riverside scenary of Seoul together. Scholars in Seoul were open to the new cultural trend. They were receptive to the culture of the late Ming literati from around the mid-seventeenth century. During the late Ming period(1573-1644), literati enjoyed their elegant gatherings with close friends in their private gardens and studios. They took pleasure in burning incense, drinking tea, playing the lute, and playing the go game. Paintings of literati gatherings also seemed to be produced under this cross-cultural context. Thereafter illustrations of munboe became popular in the late Choson period. Munboedo has a different background as well as a distinct painting form and style from kyehoedo in this regard. Munboedo is broadly divided into those drawn against a backdrop of a garden and those with a backdrop of a beautiful scenery. In case of the elegant gatherings in literati's gardens, there were usually literati who were expert in paintings. Thus, the scene of the meeting used to be depicted casually by literati. Instead of representing the meeting carefully like professional painters, literati painters depicted the scene like a sketch. However, they effectively expressed their literati taste in their munboedo through the objects in their paintings such as books, antiques, the lute, and the inkstone. Moreover, painters who had a status of wibang munin also took participate in their gatherings and painted the scene of the meeting. In this case, these paintings seemed to be more idealized than actual scene. It seemed to reflect their desire to join the main stream of literati class. In case of literati gatherings held in a beautiful scenery, the meeting generally required preparation for their stay in a beautiful natural environment. In this kind of gatherings, professional painters frequently joined there. It seemed important that literati gatherings for the pleasure trip, boeyu, were accompanied by high-level painters, because painters with high reputation would contribute to the elegance of their meetings. We can see the name of the great artists like Yi Ching(b.1581), Chong Son(1676-1759), and Kim Hongdo(b.1745) from many records related to painting of literati gatherings in a natural setting(boeyodo). The research about records and paintings for gatherings of literati who lived in Seoul may contribute to the reconstruction of the lost scene of Seoul and literati's culture.

[특별 인터뷰] ‘북한통’ 김영수 교수가 말하는 ‘김정은 체제’ 10년 : “개인주의 확산 · 新경제세력 등장…상류층은〈사랑의 불시착〉즐겨”

조규희,김경빈(사진) 중앙일보에스 2022 中央(月刊) Vol.2022 No.2

별서도(別墅圖)에서 명승명소도(名勝名所圖)로 : 정선(鄭敾)의 작품을 중심으로

조규희 미술사와 시각문화학회 2006 미술사와 시각문화 Vol.5 No.-

18세기 전반을 대표하는 화가인 정선(鄭敾)과 그를 추종한 몇몇 화가들은 한양과 한강 주변의 개인 별서를 일련의 명승명소도 작품들의 대상으로 포함하기 시작하였다. 특정인의 소유지를 그린 별서도가 18세기에 들어와 불특정 다수에게 유통될 수 있는 한 폭의 감상화가 된 것이었다. 본고는 사적인 영역의 그림이었던 별서도가 18세기에 들어 와 명승명소도의 형식으로 전형화 되고 대량 제작되어 유통되던 현상에 주목한다. 이와 관련하여 이러한 실경산수화의 기능적인 변화가 정선이 활동한 시기에 어떻게 이루어졌으며 별서도에서 명승명소도로 이행한 사회경제적, 문화적 배경과 그 의미는 무엇인지를 살펴볼 것이다. 이 점에 있어 본고는 상품화폐 경제가 발달하던 조선 후기 한양의 상업적 도시문화에 주목한다. This essay deals with the ways in which two competing modes of landscape painting took shape in eighteenth-century Korea, exploring the work of Jeong Seon [Chong Son 1676-1759] and his followers. In the early eighteenth century, paintings depicting the land holdings and country estates of the landlord class gained enormous popularity. Jeong Seon was the most eminent master of this landscape genre. He created a large number of landscapes representing the patron's pavilions, villas, and estates, landscapes that were not only designed to celebrate the wealth and power of the land owner but also used as a means of enhancing his social prestige. Along with this mode of landscape painting, topographical landscapes of scenic sites also gained wide currency. The rapid urbanization and commercialization of late Joseon [Choson] society played a significant role in the production and consumption of such landscape paintings at a time when many members of the ruling class and nouveaux riches pursued leisure activities including pleasure trips to famous mountains and rivers. Jeong Seon was the most distinguished painter laying the foundation for this mode of landscape painting. While the landscape of property was created exclusively for the owner, the topographical painting of a notable site was produced for mass consumption. Early eighteenth-century paintings embodied this significant change from pictures of land property to topographical landscapes of famous scenic sites.

19세기 독일 산업노동자와 기계노동공간의 출현과 문학적 대응 - 게오르크 베르트(G. Weerth) 『미완의 소설(Fragment eines Romans)』의 예

조규희 세계문학비교학회 2017 世界文學比較硏究 Vol.61 No.-

This study is an attempt to analyze Georg Weerth's Fragment eines Romans in the context of the formation of industrial proletariat as a new social class and the mechanized labor (space) in the process of the Industrial Revolution. As a result of rapid industrialization of Germany in the 1840s, the machine emerged as a magical technology that brought material abundance to human life, but it transformed into a monster that threatened humans physically and ethically. Weerth did not overlook the confrontation between workers and machinesin the mid-19th century, and he portrays realistically the workers in the textile factory with new machinery in Fragment eines Romans. The machines, which are located in the centre of capitalist economic management, play a key role in determining the character of labor and the functional difference of workers. The literary elaboration of the new machine labor space, which was created by humans, but now turned into an object of fear and anxiety to them, is of significance in the sense that it is a literary confrontation with the reality of man-made space which is ultimately different from the natural one. Despite the change of today's labor conditions, this novel offers a useful model to explore the response of literature to reality. 본 연구는 독일의 초기 노동문학 텍스트인 게오르크 베르트의 『미완의 소설』을 중심으로 독일 산업혁명 과정에서 새로운 사회계층으로 등장한 산업 프롤레타리아와 그들의 기계화된 자본주의 노동(공간)을 살펴보았다. 1840년대 이후 독일의 비약적인 산업화에 의해 사회의 전면에 등장한 기계는 인간의 삶에 물질적 풍요를 가져다준 마법의 수단이기도 했지만, 인간이 기계에 예속되면서 인간을 위협하는 괴물로 변모한다. 노동자와 기계의 이러한 적대적 상황에 주목한 작가 베르트는『미완의 소설』에서 기계화된 직물공장에서 일하는 독일의 산업노동자들과 그들의 열악한 노동환경을 사실적으로 묘사하였다. 주지하듯, 자본주의 이윤경제 시스템의 동력으로 기능하는 기계는 산업노동의 성격과 노동자의 기능적 분화를 주도하는 결정적 역할을 하였다. 19세기 중반 독일 노동자계층은 ‘프롤레타리아’라는, ‘타율적 노동과 실존’이라는 공통적 속성을 띠지만 이들은 하나의 동질적 집단이라기보다는 공장 내에서 출신별로 그리고 기능적으로 세분화 및 서열화되어 있었다. 이러한 사실에 근거하여 본 연구는 소설의 중심을 이루는 독일의 공장노동자들을 유형별로 나누어 그들의 노동현실을 근접적으로 포착, 분석하였다. 기계는 인간에 의해 창조되었지만, 이제 거꾸로 인간에게 불안과 공포의 대상이 되어버렸다. 그리고 기계적 노동공간의 문학적 형상화는 그것이 궁극적으로 자연공간에서 벗어난 인위적 공간의 현실과의 문학적 대결이라는 점에서 중요한 의미를 띤다. 이는 오늘의 노동현실의 변화에도 불구하고 문학의 현실에 대한 대응을 탐색하는데 있어서 여전히 유효하다고 할 수 있다.

Cross-Linguistic Influence in the Use of Be in L3 English by L1-Chinese and L1-Russian Children in Korea

조규희,홍승진,김기택 한국영어교육학회 2020 ENGLISH TEACHING(영어교육) Vol.75 No.-

Errors with be, whether omission (e.g., John happy) or overuse (i.e., be-insertion; e.g., John is love Mary), have received particular attention in L2 acquisition studies exploring L1 transfer. This study investigates such errors in the context of L3 acquisition, focusing on L1 transfer. L1-Chinese (n = 34) and L1-Russian (n = 34) children with L2 Korean completed an elicitation production task designed to explore their use of English be. The study resulted in two main findings. First, L1-Russian children showed more omission errors than proficiency-matching L1-Chinese children, possibly due to an L1 transfer given that copula in Russian are dropped in the present tense. Second, L1-Chinese learners used be-insertion more frequently than proficiency-matching L1-Russian children, possibly due to using be for more functions (as a topic marker and an inflectional morpheme), as other research has shown for L2-English learners with topic-prominent L1s. Based on the findings, the study discusses some pedagogical implications.