Expression of Nitric Oxide Synthase and Aquaporin-3 in Cyclophosphamide Treated rat Bladder

조군현,현재호,장영섭,나용길,신주현,송기학 대한배뇨장애요실금학회 2010 International Neurourology Journal Vol.14 No.3

Purpose: The expression of Nitric oxide Synthase (NOS) and aquaporin (AQP) water channels in rat bladder is recently reported. The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of inducible NOS (iNOS), aquaporin-3 (AQP-3) in cyclophosphamide (CYP) induced rat bladder. Materials and Methods: The 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into cystitis group (n=20) and control group (n=12). In cystitis group, 100mg/kg CYP was injected every second day for 1 week whereas in control group, normal saline was injected. After extracting of the bladder and dividing dome, body and trigone of the bladder, independently H&E staining and immunohistochemical staining for iNOS and AQP-3 were performed. Expressions of iNOS and AQP-3 were analyzed with a confocal laser scanning microscope and an image analyzer. Results: The expression of iNOS significantly increased in the mucosa, submucosa layer of dome in cystitis group (p<0.05).The expression of AQP-3 significantly increased in the mucosa, submucosa, vessel layer of dome in cystitis group (p<0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that inflammatory change activates NOS and AQP-3 expression in the bladder tissue of rats. These may imply that NOS and AQP-3 have a pathophyiological role in the cyclophophamide induced interstitial cystitis. Further study on the NOS and AQP-3 in bladder is needed for clinical application.

한국의 외환보유액 관리정책과 통화정책 간의 관계 분석

조군현,장홍범 한국국제금융학회 2020 국제금융연구 Vol.10 No.1

Most countries except major industrialized countries have secured sufficient foreign exchange reserves to cope with high external dependence, limited access to international financial markets, and foreign exchange crisis. As a result, domestic research on foreign exchange reserves has also been discussed, focusing on the appropriate level of foreign exchange reserves. This study analyzed the relationship between Korea’s foreign exchange reserve management policy and monetary policy, focusing on analyzing the impact of foreign exchange reserve policy on other macroeconomic policies. As a result of the empirical analysis, the expansion of foreign exchange reserves acted as inflationary pressure and domestic interest rate downward pressure, as the expansion of foreign exchange reserves could not be fully neutralized in the process of accumulating foreign exchange reserves due to the inflow of foreign currency liquidity. It is very difficult to achieve policy goals simultaneously between the foreign exchange reserve management policy for stabilizing exchange rates and the monetary policy pursuing stabilization of prices and interest rates, and the simultaneous achievement of the foreign exchange reserve management policy and monetary policy objectives. This suggests that harmonious policy management is necessary. 주요 선진국을 제외한 대부분의 국가들은 높은 대외의존도, 국제금융시장 접근성 제한, 외환위기 등에 대응하기 위해 충분한 외환보유액 확보를 주요한 정책과제로 운용하고 있다. 이에 따라 외환보유액에 관한 국내연구도 적정 외환보유액 수준에 초점을 두고 논의가 진행되어왔다. 본 연구는 외환보유액 관리정책이 여타 거시정책에 미친 영향 분석에 초점을 두고 한국의 외환보유액 관리정책과 통화정책 간의 관계를 분석하였다. 실증분석 결과, 외화유동성 유입에 따른 외환보유액의 축적과정에서 확대된 유동성이 완전중화되지 못함에 따라 외환보유액의 확대는 통화정책의 주요 지표인 물가 상승압력, 국내금리 하락압력으로 작용한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 금융시장 개방이 진행되는 상황에서 환율안정을 위한 외환보유액 관리정책과 물가와 금리의 안정을 추구하는 통화정책 간에는 정책목표의 동시달성이 매우 어려우며, 외환보유액 관리정책과 통화정책 목표의 동시달성을 위해서는 조화로운 정책 운용이 필요함을 시사한다.

중소 제조기업의 디지털 전환과 주요 요인에 관한 연구: 경기지역을 중심으로

조군현,안정인,윤환희 중소벤처기업연구원 2023 중소기업정책연구 Vol.8 No.2

본 연구는 경기지역 중소 제조기업을 대상으로 디지털 전환 관련 인식을 객관적으로 파악하여, 디지털 전환 분야 관련 사업 및 정책 수립에 필요한 기초가 되는 자료를 제공하고자 한다. 4차 산업혁명 시대에 접어듦에 따라 주요 선진국들은 제조업의 경쟁우위 확보를 위해 일찍이 디지털 전환을 통한 스마트제조 혁신을 중점과제로 추진하고 있다. 이에 우리나라 정부도 4차 산업혁명 시대 글로벌 흐름에 부합하기 위해 기업 부문의 디지털 전환을 촉진하여 중소 제조기업의 경쟁력 제고를 위한 정책을 추진하고 있다. 이러한 정책 추진 성과와 중소 제조기업의 디지털 전환 추진 현황을 파악하기 위해 경기지역 중소 제조기업의 디지털 전환 실태조사를 실시한 결과, 대부분의 중소 기업은 디지털 전환, 스마트공장 도입 등 디지털 제조혁신에 관심은 있지만, 정부 정책에 대한 정보가 부족하여 디지털 전환에 인식이 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 스마트공장 수요자인 중소기업 입장에서는 자금, 기술, 인력 등 경영자원이 부족한 상황에서 스마트공장 도입에 대한 적절한 유인이 제공되어야만 디지털 전환 정책이 소기의 성과를 걷을 수 있음을 의미한다고 할 수 있다. 또한 이러한 결과는 디지털 투자에 대한 성과의 불확실성이 상존하고 있고, 대·중소기업이 납품과 하청의 생태계로 유지되는 한 중소 제조기업이 자발적으로 디지털 전환에 투자하거나 고도화할 유인은 매우 적기 때문이고 판단된다. 따라서 향후 중소 제조기업의 디지털 전환 정책은 중소기업의 디지털 관련 자발적 투자를 유인할 수 있는 방안을 모색할 필요가 있다. This study aims to identify perceptions related to digital transformation targeting small and medium-sized manufacturing companies in Gyeonggi-do, and to provide basic data necessary for establishing businesses and policies related to digital transformation. As we enter the era of the 4th industrial revolution, major developed countries are promoting smart manufacturing innovation through digital transformation as a priority task early on to secure a competitive edge in the manufacturing industry. In response, the Korean government is also promoting a policy to enhance the competitiveness of small and medium-sized manufacturing companies by promoting digital transformation in the corporate sector to meet the global trend of the 4th industrial revolution era. As a result of conducting a survey on the status of digital transformation of small and medium-sized manufacturing companies in the Gyeonggi region to understand the performance of these policies and the status of digital transformation of small and medium-sized manufacturers, most small and medium-sized companies are interested in digital manufacturing innovation, such as digital transformation and smart factory On the other hand, lack of information on government policies has led to a lack of awareness in the digital transformation. Therefore, it can be said that from the standpoint of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), who are consumers of smart factories, it can be said that the digital transformation policy can achieve the expected results only when appropriate incentives are provided for the introduction of smart factories in a situation where management resources such as funds, technology, and human resources are lacking. In addition, these results are judged to be due to the uncertainty of the performance of digital investment, and the incentive for small and medium-sized manufacturing companies to voluntarily invest in or advance digital transformation is very small as long as large and small businesses are maintained as an ecosystem of supply and subcontracting. Therefore, future digital transformation policies of small and medium-sized manufacturers need to find ways to attract SMEs' digital-related voluntary investment.

Immunoresuscitation Effect on Hemorrhagic Shock-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats

박상현,이미진,조군현,김영균 대한응급의학회 2012 大韓應急醫學會誌 Vol.23 No.2

Purpose: Recent studies have indicated that cytokines and inflammatory responses are related to hemorrhagic shock-(HS) induced acute lung injury. Novel, synthetic, broad-acting serine protease inhibitors that protect a wide range of animals from lethal shock have been evaluated as potential immunoresuscitation modulators. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that a test modulator could decrease serum and tissue pro-inflammatory mediator levels, prevent HS-induced acute lung injury, and suppress activation of the inflammatory cascade. Methods: This HS model consisted of four phases: Phase I, initiation of HS (from 15~30 min) with a volume-controlled hemorrhage of 2.7 mL/100 g over 15 min; Phase II, maintenance of HS (HS Phase, from 30~90 min), with maintenance of shock without resuscitation; Phase III, resuscitation (RT phase, from 90~150 min), with reinfusion of 1.5mL/100 g of blood and Ringer’s lactate fluid; and Phase IV,observation and post-resuscitation (OB phase, from 150~270 min). The test rats were randomized into two groups of 15: group 1 with fluid resuscitation (control group)and group 2 with fluid and 0.5mg/kg nafamostat mesilateinfusion (treated group). Results: The mean arterial pressure (MAP) of the treated group increased significantly during the observation and post-resuscitation period (Phase IV, OB 90 min). The heart rate of the control group increased significantly during the maintenance of shock (Phase II, HS 60 min), resuscitation (Phase III, RT 30 and 60 min), and observation periods (Phase IV, OB 120 min). The serum concentrations for IL-6and IL-10 did not differ significantly between the treated and control groups. The TNF-αlevels for the treated group were significantly lower than those of the control group (p<0.05). At the end of the observation period (OB 120 min), the treated group had significantly lower concentrations of IL-8in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) than the control group (676.7±791.9 vs. 1062.5±609.9, p=0.013). Conclusion: We conclude that the tested serine protease inhibitor improves hemodynamic parameters, prevents acute lung injury after HS, and attenuates a robust proinflammatory cytokine response in rats.