개연적 판단: 논증과 추론

이상하 범한철학회 2005 汎韓哲學 Vol.39 No.4

The Independence relation between theory and practice is apparent in Aristotle's distinction of moral virtues form intellectual virtues. The practical aspect of rationality bears a close relation to reasonable judgements and action appropriate for situation. The reasonableness of an argument in substantial judgement and action cannot be evaluated only by formal structure of inference and calculus. This is clear in Aristotle's conception of practice. His practical and rhetorical syllogism is a kind of probable judgement in which situational factors cannot be ignored. The several aspects of being probable are inherent in various types of judgement. Some of those aspects have been substituted for formal inference and probability calculus. Since the modern Zeitgeist represented by the 'Pursuit of Certainty', probabilism in judgement doesn't belong to the context of rationality. But probabilism in judgement cannot be excluded in human rationality in the real world. Good judgement is a probable judgement supportable by a reasonable argument in which situational factors are considered. 이론과 실천의 독립적 관계는 아리스토텔레스의 이론지와 실천지의 구분에서 명백히 나타나며, 합리성의 실천적 측면은 상황에 합당한 행위와 판단을 지향한다. 추론 형식과 형식 계산만으로는 실제 판단에서 논증의 합당함을 평가할 수 없다. 아리스토텔레스는 이 점을 분명히 했으며, 그가 말한 실천적 그리고 수사학적 삼단논법은 상황에 합당한 개연적 판단이다. 개연성은 판단 유형에 따라 다 측면으로 나타난다. 근대 확실성 추구의 시대정신 속에서 개연성의 몇 측면은 추론 및 계산 형식으로 대체되고, 상황에 합당함으로서 개연적 판단은 합리성의 맥락에서 배제된다. 하지만, 그러한 개연적 판단은 현실세계에서 실천 영역의 합리성에 속한다. 윤리학과 수사학에서 아리스토텔레스의 중요한 문제는 상황에 합당한 개연적 판단의 도덕적 차원을 논하는 것이다.상황 및 행위자 보편화를 추구하는 규범윤리의 이론은 하나가 아니다.攀규범윤리의 전통과 분류는 다음에서 다뤘다. 이상하(2005).攀攀 갈등하는 상황에 규범윤리의 이론들이 개입할 때 결과는 중재에 의한 실천적 해결이 아니라 윤리적 딜레마로 끝나는 경우가 많다. 윤리적 딜레마는 다양한 윤리 이론들의 모순을 보여주는 창이 된다. 이론 다양성에 의한 윤리적 딜레마의 인식은 ‘이론 의존 위험성’의 인식으로 이어졌고, 이 점은 현대 실천윤리의 부활에 결정적 동기가 된다. 이론 의존성의 위험을 인식할 때 이론과 실천의 두 관계가 주제로 떠오른다. 사후 정당화 혹은 평가에서 이론의 간접적 역할을 강조하거나 혹은 실천적 문제 해결에서 이론의 개선을 지향하는 이론과 실천의 상보적 관계와 이론과 실천의 독립적 관계가 그 두 가지다. 아리스토텔레스의 강한 실천 정신은 이론과 실천의 독립적 관계의 지향 속에서 나타난다. 규범윤리와의 대비 속에서 실천윤리 정신을 과거 전통에서 찾고, 다원화된 가치체계 속에서 실천윤리가 극복해야 할 한계를 지적하는 것이 이 글의 작은 목적이다.

CA기반 교통시뮬레이션 모형을 이용한 교통운영 평가

이상하,김규옥(Kim, Gyu-Ok),양원모(Yang, Won-Mo),신치현(Sin, Chi-Hyeon) 대한교통학회 2005 대한교통학회 학술대회지 Vol.48 No.-

도로시스템의 설계, 교통운영 전략 수립, 신호제어 전략 및 알고리즘 개발, 새로운 첨단교통 시스템 도입 등에 따른 효과를 평가하기 교통류 시뮬레이션 모형이 다양하게 개발되어 사용되고 있다. 교통류 시뮬레이션은 막대한 비용과 시간이 소요되는 교통시스템 현장시험을 대신하고 있다. 교통류 분석모형에는 크게 미시적 모형(micro model), 거시적 모형(macro model), 두 모형의 중간단계 모형(meso model)으로 구분된다. 이 중 미시적 교통류 모형은 개별 차량, 개별 운전자의 행태를 모델링 할 수 있는 특성이 있어 세부적인 교통흐름의 변화를 현장조사에 앞서 살펴볼 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있다. 세계적으로 약60개 이상의 미시적 교통류모형이 소개되어 있으며, PARAMICS, VISSIM, TRANSIMS, MITSIM, INTEGRATION등의 모형이 대표적인 모형이다. 그리고 국내에서 개발된 모형중 하나가 SPACE ROAD이다.

소비자 자민족중심주의가 원산지효과에 미치는 영향과 제품 특성의 조절효과 - 중국 소비자를 중심으로 -

이상하,하충룡 한국무역통상학회 2017 무역통상학회지 Vol.17 No.3

Due to the global economic recession and protectionism, uncertainty in the global economy is increasing. China, the largest trading partner in Korea, is also reinforcing protectionism as economic growth slows. Also because of the political problems between Korea and China, many Korean companies have difficulties in the Chinese market. Above all, the important issue is that Chinese consumers are becoming more ethnocentric. Chinese consumers’ ethnocentrism have a negative impact on many Korean companies that have entered Chinese market. In this situation, This study conducted empirical analysis for Chinese consumers about the relationship between consumer ethnocentrism and country-of-origin effects and also moderating effects of product characteristics. The results of the empirical analysis which is conducted by structural equation modeling suggest that Chinese consumers have consumer ethnocentrism tendencies and consumer ethnocentrism tendencies in Chinese people may negatively affect the quality attitude and purchase intention to Korean products. As a result of analyzing moderating effects of product characteristics, Chinese consumers’ ethnocentrism is more sensitive in utilitarian goods than hedonic goods.

술후 통증 조절을 위한 늑간신경 차단시 Bupivacaine에 첨가된 Clonidine의 효과

이상하,유우종,장현수,유한목 대한마취과학회 2000 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.39 No.2

Baekground: The addition of clonidine to local anesthetics for regional block has been shown to increase the duration of anesthesia and analgesia. This study was designed to determine whether the addition of clonidine to bupivacaine would produce an extension of the analgesic effect after intercostal nerve block (ICNB). Methods: After informed consent, 30 ASA 1 or 2 patients undergoing appendectomy under general anesthesia were randomly divided into two groups, Before induction of anesthesia, ICNB using a posterior approach was performed with 15 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine plus epinephrine 1: 200,000 with (Group BEC n = 15) or without (Group BE n = 15) clonidine 75 pg. Analgesia was assessed by cold testing at 1/min intervals until cold sensation decreased. The duration of analgesia (time between injection and onset of pain was recorded. We also recorded the visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain, the number of supplemental analgesics, heart rate and blood pressure, and side effects over 24 hours postoperatively. Results: The onset time, duration of analgesia, number of analgesics, and heart rate and blood pressure were comparable in both groups. VAS scores were significantly lower in Group BEC than in Group BE at 12, 16, and 20 hours postoperatively. Conclusions: The addition of clonidine to bupivacaine with epinephrine may be a useful adjunct and can prolong the duration of analgesia after ICNB without significant side effects.

경막천자후두통과 합병된 다발성 전이성 뇌종양 - 증례 보고 -

이상하 대한마취통증의학회 2007 Anesthesia and pain medicine Vol.2 No.3

Epidural blood patch is an effective management for treatment of severe post-dural puncture headache. Here we describe a case of a patient with hip fracture, who was complained regarded as having suspicious post-dural puncture headache after epidural anesthesia, but it failed to be treated with 4 times of epidural blood patch, and later was diagnosed with multiple metastatic brain tumor.

한주(寒洲) 리진상(李震相)이 수용(受用)한 퇴계의 성리설

이상하 퇴계학부산연구원 2006 退溪學論叢 Vol.12 No.-

東岡 김우옹의 出處와 학문

李相夏 慶尙大學校 南冥學硏究所 2001 남명학연구 Vol.11 No.-

Dong-gang Kim, U-ong (1540-1603) who was born in Sung-ju, Kyungsang-bukdo, studied under the guidance of Namm-yung Jo, sik as well as Toe-gye Yi, whang. However, as he himself professed, his main influence was from Mam-myung, for he often attended his seminars for Chinese Classics from the age of 24 to 33, before he went into politics. He complied and wrote Nam-myung's Lessons and Anecdotes(言行錄), and Biography(行狀), which attested to his status as the foremost disciple of the Nam-myung school. Before attending Nam-myung's lectures, Kim, U-ong was well acquainted through his father with the study of Kyung(敬), the cultivation of self as the center of the universe, and also had the Confucianist principle of employing himself in politics(出處). He advanced these studies under Nam-myung's instruction. He received a bell called Sungsung-za(惺惺子), which Nam-myung had always carried with himself as a reminder of constant awakening, and established the discipline and the practice of the study of his own mind. All of these experiences became an important qualification in the field of politics, and he clearly showed this discipline in deciding when he should go into or out of a political world, accept or decline government services. His study of Kyong, which was consistent in his achievements, characteristically put an emphasis on the study that preserves the clarity of mind, and it was a succession to Nam-myung's study of mind. It also was a little different from the study of Kyung conducted by Toe-gye school, in that Toe-gye focused on the maintenance of reverent and cautious state of mind. Kim, U-ong read books in neo-Confucianism, such as The Reflections on Things at Hands(近思綠), as well as Ju-hi's Epistle Anthology(朱書節要) edited by Yi, whang. On the basis of his interpretation of neo-Confucianism, he developed his own unique perspective in seminars of Chinese classics at the royal palace, and won a reputation as one of the best scholars of the time. Especially, his theory on the right and the wrong(辨異端) differed from that of Nam-myung, and it showed that he was influenced rather by Toe-gye. In conclusion, U-ong Kim established his own philosophical perspective through harmoniously integrating both Nam-myung's view and Toe-gye's.

호산 박문호의 물여일성설

이상하 충북대학교 우암연구소 2010 우암논총 Vol.3 No.

-본문참고-

鏡虛 禪의 특징과 게송 ・ 한시 해석의 諸問題

이상하 한국선학회 2013 한국선학 Vol.34 No.-

한국 불교에서 鏡虛 惺牛(1846-1912)의 위상은 재론의 여지가 없다고 할 만큼 확고하다. 경허가 없었 으면 근세에 禪이 중흥하지 못했다는 데 이의를 제기할 사람은 아무도 없을 것이다. 경허의 문집인『경허집 은 지금까지 모두 네 차례에 걸쳐 편집, 간행, 增補, 번역되었다. 그러나 漢巖의 필사본 외에는 모두 변변히 교감조차 이루어지지 못하여 경허의 작품이라 믿을 수 없는 시들도 상당수 실려 있는 것으로 판단된다. 고인의 公案과 게송을 인용하여 禪理를 제창하기보다 자신이 체험하고 있는 性空의 경계를 곧바로 제 시한다는 점이 경허 禪의 특징이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 경허 禪의 특징은 「悟道頌」를 비롯한 그의 詩文 에도 그대로 나타난다. 그의 偈頌과 漢詩는 대부분 性空의 경계를 분명히 드러내거나 성공을 了達한 無事人의 경계를 표현하고 있다. 경허가 그의 제자인 滿空과 慧月에 준 傳法偈는 지금까지 번역본에서 잘못 해석되었다. 특히 혜월에게 준 전법게는 의미가 전혀 통하지 않을 정도로 잘못 번역되어 있다. 이 밖에도 번역본『경허집』에는 심각한 오역이 많다. 뿐만 아니라 『경허집』에는 만년에 북방으로 가서 江界, 甲山 등지에 은둔할 때 지었다고 하는 한시 들이 실려 있는데, 이 중에는 경허의 작품이 아닌 것이 많은 것으로 판단된다. 경허를 연구하기 위해서 는 『경허집』을 꼼꼼히 교감하여 경허의 작품이 아닌 것들을 교감 변별하여 신뢰할 수 있는 정본『경허집』을 다시 간행하는 것이 무엇보다 시급하다. Gyeonheo(鏡虛) Seongwoo(惺牛)'s status in Korean Buddhism is unquestionable. No one would raise an objection to the fact that Zen couldn't have revived in modern times without Gyeonheo. Gyeongheojip, a collection of Gyeongheo's work, has been edited, published, supplemented, and translated for a total of 4 times so far. But none of them underwent proper collation except for Hanam(漢巖)'s manuscript, so that they seem to contain some poems which are hard to believe to be Gyeongheo's work. It is Gyeongheo Zen's characteristic to directly show the realm of Empty-mindedness(性空) he experiences, rather than to preach Zen by quoting the awakening questions and gathas of old masters. This feature of Gyeongheo Zen appears in his poems and proses as well, including 'the Song of Realizing the Truth'(悟道歌). Most of his gathas and poems clearly depict the realm of Empty-mindedness or represent the realm of an enlightened one who thoroughly understands Empty-mindedness. The gathas of Dharma transmission(傳法偈) which Gyeongheo wrote for his disciple Mangong(滿空) and Hyewol(慧月) have been mistranslated till now. Especially, the gatha of Dharma transmission given to Hyewol has been so poorly translated that it does not convey its meaning at all. Aside from these, there are still a number of serious mistranslations in Gyeongheojip. Moreover, Gyeongheojip contains some Chinese poems which they say Gyeongheo wrote in his later years when he went to the northern region and secluded himself in Ganggye(江界) and Gapsan(甲山), but it seems many of them are not Gyeongheo's own work. To study on Gyeongheo, the most urgent thing is to meticulously collate Gyeongheojip, pick out the works which were not written by him, and publish a reliable version of Gyeongheojip.

도암호의 수질과 어류군집 특성 연구

이상하,최재석,이광열,장영수,임인수,허우명,김재구,김범철 강원대학교 부속 환경연구소 2005 Journal of the Environment Vol.2 No.-

To investigate nutrient dynamics of the lake and fish community, both water and fish samples were collected at three different areas (dam site, upper inflowing and downstream of lake outfow) for one year from Sep.2004 to Aug.2005 During the experimental periods, mean concentration of chl, a in epilimnetic layer (0-5m) was 18.5mg^(-3) and transparency ranged from 0.3m to 2.4m, respectively. In nutrient, mean concentrations of TP and TN were 111 mgP m^(-3) and 4.4 mgN L^(-1), respectively. Based on the water quality standard suggested by U.S.EPA(*1976), the trophic state of Lake Doam was classified as eutrophic state. Total number of fish collected in Lake Doam was 9,600 indiveduals in 26 species of 6 family. Sixteen of Korean endemic soecies including H. mylodon, A. signifer, P. tenuicorpa occurred. O. mykiss as introduced fish was also found in Lake Doam. Dominant and subdominant species were P. herzi and Z. platypus that took about 34.6% and 22.5% of total fish composition, respectively. Six species including A. signifer. P. tenuicorpa. and R. kumgangensis were rare in Lake Doam. Pelagic typw of figh commonly occurred at upper regions, whereas benthic type was mainly domenated at downstream area. Therefore, pollution source inflowed from the upper regions did not seriously affect downstream area (Songcheon water system) due to the role of dam as pollutant barrier. In addition high appearance of Comat type of fish that si hybrid between gold fish (C.auratus) and C. auratus was found in the lake, It was unclear the reasons that high prorortion of mutant species apperared in the lake. Further more researches are required in this area.