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한국(韓國)의 급격(急激)한 이촌향도형(離村向都型) 인구이동(人口移動)과 농촌경제(農村經濟)
이번송,Lee, Bun-song 한국개발연구원 1990 韓國 開發 硏究 Vol.12 No.3
이촌향도형(離村向都型) 인구이동(人口移動) 농촌지역경제(農村地域經濟)에 미치는 영향(影響)에 관해 두가지 상반(相反)된 견해(見解)가 있다. 신고전학파적(新古典學派的) 낙관론(樂觀論) 따르면 이농현상(離農現象)은 농촌지역(農村地域)의 소득(所得)이나 후생수준(厚生水準)을 저해(沮害)하지 않는다고 보는 반면 Lipton (1980)은 그 반대의 견해(見解)를 취하고 있다. 본고(本稿)에서는 비교역재(非交易財)(nontraded goods)에 대한 국제무역이론(國濟貿易理論)과 화란병(和蘭病)(Dutch Disease)의 이론(理論)을 원용하여 농촌(農村)에서 도시(都市)로의 인구이동모형을 개발했다. 이 모형은 이농인구이동(離農人口移動)이 농촌지역(農村地域)의 소득(所得)과 후생수준(厚生水準)을 저해(沮害)한다는 점에서는 Lipton의 견해(見解)와 일치하나 소득(所得)을 감소(減少)시키는 요인들은 Lipton의 모형(模型)에서 지적(指摘)된 것들과는 다르다. 본고(本稿)는 이농현상(離農現象)이 농촌소득(農村所得)을 감소(減少)시키는 이유가 농업생산성(農業生産性)의 하락(下落) 때문이 아니라 농촌노동 및 소비인구의 격감으로 인한 농업부문(農業部門)의 이윤감소(利潤減少)와 농촌(農村) 서비스부문(部門)와 쇠퇴(衰退)때문이라고 주장한다. 1966, 1970, 1975, 1980 및 1985년의 한국인구(韓國人口)센서스 통계자료(統計資料)를 이용하여 주요가설(主要假說)들에 대해 실증분석(實證分析)을 한 결과 신고전학파(新古典學派)의 주장(主張)이나 Lipton의 견해(見解)보다 본(本) 연구모형(硏究模型)의 설명력(說明力)이 더 높은 것으로 밝혀졌다. Two opposing views prevail regarding the economic impact of rural out-migration on the rural areas of origin. The optimistic neoclassical view argues that rapid rural out-migration is not detrimental to the income and welfare of the rural areas of origin, whereas Lipton (1980) argues the opposite. We developed our own alternative model for rural to urban migration, appropriate for rapidly developing economies such as Korea's. This model, which adopts international trade theories of nontraded goods and Dutch Disease to rural to urban migration issues, argues that rural to urban migration is caused mainly by two factors: first, the unprofitability of farming, and second, the decrease in demand for rural nontraded goods and the increase in demand for urban nontraded goods. The unprofitability of farming is caused by the increase in rural wages, which is induced by increasing urban wages in booming urban manufacturing sectors, and by the fact that the cost increases in farming cannot be shifted to consumers, because farm prices are fixed worldwide and because the income demand elasticity for farm products is very low. The demand for nontraded goods decreases in rural and increases in urban areas because population density and income in urban areas increase sharply, while those in rural areas decrease sharply, due to rapid rural to urban migration. Given that the market structure for nontraded goods-namely, service sectors including educational and health facilities-is mostly in monopolistically competitive, and that the demand for nontraded goods comes only from local sources, the urban service sector enjoys economies of scale, and can thus offer services at cheaper prices and in greater variety, whereas the rural service sector cannot enjoy the advantages offered by scale economies. Our view concerning the economic impact of rural to urban migration on rural areas of origin agrees with Lipton's pessimistic view that rural out-migration is detrimental to the income and welfare of rural areas. However, our reasons for the reduction of rural income are different from those in Lipton's model. Lipton argued that rural income and welfare deteriorate mainly because of a shortage of human capital, younger workers and talent resulting from selective rural out-migration. Instead, we believe that rural income declines, first, because a rapid rural-urban migration creates a further shortage of farm labor supplies and increases rural wages, and thus reduces further the profitability of farming and, second, because a rapid rural-urban migration causes a further decline of the rural service sectors. Empirical tests of our major hypotheses using Korean census data from 1966, 1970, 1975, 1980 and 1985 support our own model much more than the neoclassical or Lipton's models. A kun (county) with a large out-migration had a smaller proportion of younger working aged people in the population, and a smaller proportion of highly educated workers. But the productivity of farm workers, measured in terms of fall crops (rice) purchased by the government per farmer or per hectare of irrigated land, did not decline despite the loss of these youths and of human capital. The kun having had a large out-migration had a larger proportion of the population in the farm sector and a smaller proportion in the service sector. The kun having had a large out-migration also had a lower income measured in terms of the proportion of households receiving welfare payments or the amount of provincial taxes paid per household. The lower incomes of these kuns might explain why the kuns that experienced a large out-migration had difficulty in mechanizing farming. Our policy suggestions based on the tests of the currently prevailing hypotheses are as follows: 1) The main cause of farming difficulties is not a lack of human capital, but the increase in production costs due to rural wage increases combined with depressed farm output prices. Therefore, a more effective way of
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한의과대학의 능동적 임상실습을 위한 성찰일지 도입 및 만족도 평가 -한방 안이비인후피부과학 사례를 중심으로-
김철윤,서형식,이마음,권강 대한한방안이비인후피부과학회 2019 한방안이비인후피부과학회지 Vol.32 No.3
Objectives : The aim of this study is to develop clinical practice program using reflective journals in the department of Korean medicine ophthalomology & otolaryngology & dermatology. Methods : It was applied to clinical practice and considered the adequacy of the clinical practice program using reflective journal for students who complete the clinical practice. Result : Students are given high marks for self-directed learning and Korean medicine ophththalomology & otolaryngology & dermatology professional learning.
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여성취업률 지역별 차이에 관한 연구 - 결혼의 효과를 중심으로 -
이번송 ( Bun Song Lee ),장수명 ( Soo Myung Jang ),김재경 ( Jae Kwang Kim ) 한국경제학회 2003 經濟學硏究 Vol.51 No.1
In this paper, we examine the relationship between marital status and women`s labor force participation in Korea, and argue that marriage remains as a dominant obstacle to Korean women`s labor force participation and employment by causing women to break off the labor market. The average participation rate of married women aged between 21-30 is around 40 to 70 percent lower than that of single women of the same age group with high school graduates acoss six largest Korea cities. We argue that culture lags or slower changes in social norms toward married women in Korea with comparison to its rapid economic development can explain such low labor force participation among young married women. To test our hypothesis, two strategies are emplyed. First, we test whether individual demographic characteristics and local labor maket conditions are differently related to young women`s participation according to their martial status for those women aged between 21 and 30. Second, we examine whether income and substitution effects in married women`s labor force participation decisions are different across three different age groups: ages25-34, ages 35-44, and ages 45-60. By utilizing these strategies, we find that demand (firm`s demand for women`s labor) is more responsible for the low participation by young married women and supply (labor supply by women) is more responsible for the high participation by middle-aged married women.
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이번송(Bun Song Lee) 한국경제학회 2001 經濟學硏究 Vol.49 No.3
이 연구는 MAR(Marsha Arrow-Romer)과 Jacobs의 외부효과이론에 따라 도시산업 또는 도시의 특화, 다양성, 경쟁구조가 제조업체의 생산성에 미친 영향을 분석했다. 높은 수준의 집합된 자료를 사용한 기존의 연군들과 달리 개별 기업체의 자료를 이용하여 외부효과와 지식 파급효과의 구조를 파악하였다. 도시 - 산업의 특화, 다양성과 경쟁은 개별기업의 생산성에 긍정적 효과를 미치나 기업규모, 나이, 또는 산업에 따라 그 효과가 다르다. 일반적으로 기업규모가 크고 오래된 기업들, 또는 전통적 산업 (특히 중공업)의 기업들이 특화로 인한 외부효과 혜택을 누린다. 한편 규모가 적온 기업이나 전통적 경공업 또는 첨단산업에 속하는 기업들은 도시 -산업의 다양성이나 큰 도시의 인구규모로부터 더 큰 혜택을 누리는 것으로 나타났다. 규모가 작은 기업이나 신생 기업들 또는 전통적 경공업에 속하는 기업들은 경쟁으로부터 높은 생산성 혜택을 누리고, 따라서 독점의 부정적 효과가 큰 반면 기업규모가 크고 오래된 기업들이나 또는 중공업에 속하는 기업들은 경쟁의 긍정적 효과나 독점의 부정적 효과가 상대적으로 적은 것으로 나타났다.
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