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柳禎植 연세대학교 대학원 1994 延世論叢 Vol.30 No.1
Abstract New welfare economics prescribes that if there exists a potential gain from a policy measure it should be recommended no matter whether the actual compensation is paid or not. In theory, it is a strong value judgment since it does not take care of the distributional bias. A necessity of actual compensation fits into the context from this point. If a policy change has a positive efficient gain but has a distributional bias which imposes an effective barrier against the change, then compensating the losers will be an efficient arrangement, given the condition that the compensation necessary to secure consent is smaller than the quantity by which the community's output will rise as a consequence of effecting a policy change. Arguments against actual compensation are, however, logically persuasive if we stand purely on ethical ground ; measurement problems, moral hazard costs, the possibility of overcompensations, philosophical issues, public choice problems and so on. In this paper, we argue that compensation should be treated as a strategic vehicle to nurturing an institutional arrangement for an implementation of a certain policy reform which is desirable. That is, compensation should not be treated as a means to improve welfare unanimously as new welfare economics would suggest, in which sense compensation is largely unwarranted. More importantly, arguments against compensation may be positively exploited for meaningful guidelines of actual compensation. Some implicit conclusions are derived from this survey. First, compensation payments (the collection of revenue for the compensation) should take the form of lump-sum payments (tax). Second, compensation payments should be designed and organized strategically rather than from the ethical considerations. In this sense, compensation payments should enlarge the flexibility and feasibility of a certain policy change and should not be a binding constraint. Third, Time dimension of compensation payments is very important ; dynamically, moral hazard problems should be minimized. Fourth, the method of extracting resources for compensation payments should be considered simultaneously ; transfer mechanism itself should become a strategy. In a positive direction, compensation policy would constitute another policy change. If we stand on pragmatic imperatives, a question whether we compensate or not is no more relevant since they become special cases when compensation equals zero and full. In this framework, arguments against compensation turn into guidelines by which actual compensation could be scrutinized and evaluated.
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鉛中毒에 關한 硏究 : 韓國 成人男子의 血液中鉛量에 對하여 A Study on Normal Lead Level in Blood of Korean Male Adults
兪正植 서울大學校 保健大學院 1968 公衆保健雜誌 Vol.5 No.2
A study was carried out during the period of 6 months from April 15 to October 15, 1968 for the purpose of finding out the normal lead level in blood of Korean male adults. The study was made towards 160 males who were convinced through interview that they had never been exposed to lead. As the results of this study, following conclusions were obtained. 1. The range of normal lead level in blood of Korean male adults was 0∼52μg/100gm of blood, mean 22.2μg/100 gm and standard deviation 10.8μg/100 gm. 2. Blood lead levels in each age group showed as follows: 22.1±11.2μg/100 gm in the second decade, 22.0±10.2μg/100 gm in the third decade, 21.0±9.4μg/100 gm in the forth decade and 30.8±7.4μg/100 gm in the fifth decade. There was no statistical difference in the blood lead levels as the age increases. 3. The lead levels in blood of workers of each group of occupation were as follows: 20.8±9.3μg/100 gm in clerical workers, 24.0±11.5μg/100 gm in electrical workers and 21.4±11.4μg/100 gm in miscellaneous workers. There was no difference in the blood level of lead among workers of each occupation. 4. It seemed to be no correlation between the normal lead level in blood and hemoglobin and blood specific gravity within normal limit of lead in blood.
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유정식,정재준,홍순원,정병하,김주희,김기황 연세대학교의과대학 2008 Yonsei medical journal Vol.49 No.5
Purpose: To determine the added value of dynamic subtraction magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for the localization of prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: We examined 21 consecutive patients who underwent MR imaging in 3T unit with a phased-array body coil and then had radical prostatectomy. After T2-weighted fast spin-echo imaging, we performed a contrast-enhanced dynamic 3D gradient-echo imaging consisting of pre-contrast, 2 successive early-phased (first imaging was started just after the appearance of contrast material in the aortic bifurcation followed by second imaging 35 seconds after the initiation of first imaging) and one 5-minute delayed post-contrast series. Subtraction of pre-contrast images from corresponding post-contrast images of each phase was performed on the console. Results: On ROC analysis, the overall accuracy (Az value) of dynamic imaging combined with subtraction imaging was higher than T2-weighted imaging (p=0.001) or conventional dynamic imaging alone (p =0.074) for localization of cancer foci regardless of their zonal locations. Among pathologically verified 81 lesions, the mean volume of detected lesions with the subtraction images (n=49, 0.69cm³) was smaller than with T2-weighted images (n=14, 1.05cm³) or conventional dynamic images (n=43, 0.71cm³). Conclusion: For localization of small prostate cancer, additional subtraction for the dynamic imaging could be superior to both T2-weighted imaging and un-subtracted dynamic imaging.
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