국산 $^{18}F$-FDG Auto Sysnthesizer의 수율 향상과 성능 개선

박준형,임기섭,이홍진,정경일,이병철,이인원,Park, Jun-Hyung,Im, Ki-Seop,Lee, Hong-Jin,Jeong, Kyung-Il,Lee, Byung-Chul,Lee, In-Won 대한핵의학기술학회 2009 핵의학 기술 Vol.13 No.3

Purpose: 2-[$^{18}F$]Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ([$^{18}F$]FDG) particularly plays as a important role in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging in nuclear medicine. Domestic [$^{18}F$]FDG auto synthesizers are installed in Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (SNUBH) at June 2008, these modules were known that it's synthetic yields were guaranteed in average $45{\pm}5%$ so far. To improve yields and convenience of domestic [$^{18}F$]FDG auto synthesizer, numerous trials in reaction time, base concentration, pressure and temperature were performed to increase [$^{18}F$]FDG yields. Materials and Methods: Several synthetic factors (temperature, time and pressure) and shortcoming were corrected based on many evaporation test. Syringe dispensing of tetra-butylammonium bicarbonate (TBAB) was replaced with micro pipette to prepare tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride salt ([$^{18}F$]TBAF). Troublesome refill of liquid nitrogen every 2 hours which was used to protect vacuum system was changed to charcoal cartridge, base guard filter. To monitor the volume of delivered $[^{18}O]OH_2$ from cyclotron by surveillance camera, we set up the volumetric vial on the cover of the module. In addition to, the recovery vial was added in [$^{18}F$]FDG production system to recover [$^{18}F$]FDG loss due to the leak of valve ($V_{13,14}$) in [$^{18}F$]FDG purification process. Results: When we used micro pipette for adding TBAB ($30\;{\mu}L$ in 12% $H_2O$ in acetonitrile), this quantitative dispensation has enabled to improve $5.5{\pm}1.7%$ residual fluorine-18 activity in fluorine separation cartridge compared to syringe adding. Besides, the synthetic yields of [$^{18}F$]FDG has increased $58{\pm}2.6%$ (n=19), $58{\pm}2.9%$ (n=14), $60%{\pm}2.5%$ (n=17) for 3 months. The life cycle of charcoal cartridge and base vacuum was 3 months prior to filling liquid nitrogen every 2 hours and additional side separator can prevent pump corrosion by organic solvent. After setting of volumetric indicator vial, the operator can easily monitor the total volume of irradiated $[^{18}O]OH_2$ from cyclotron. The recovery vial can be used for the stabilizer when an irregular [$^{18}F$]FDG loss was generated by the leak of valves ($V_{13,14}$). Conclusions: We has optimized appropriate synthetic conditions (temperature, time, pressure) in domestic [$^{18}F$]FDG auto synthesizer. In addition to, the remodeling with several accessories improve yields of domestic [$^{18}F$]FDG auto synthesizer with reliable reproducibility.

폐쇄성 수면 무호흡 환자에서 임시 하악 전방 이동 장치를 이용한 치료결과 분석

박준형,오수석,홍종락,김창수,팽준영,Park, Joon-Hyung,Oh, Suseok,Hong, Jongrak,Kim, Chang-Soo,Paeng, Jun-Young 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2012 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.34 No.6

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of temporary mandibular advancement devices (MAD) in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients Methods: 28 patients (male 21, female 7) undergoing temporary mandibular advancement device treatment for OSA were selected from 2011.01. to 2012.02. in the department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery at SamsungMedicalCenter. Treatment efficacy was determined by polysomnography (PSG) at baseline & after MAD delivery. The response group was defined as >50% Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) reduction plus post-MAD AHI <10, and the non-response group was defined as <50% AHI reduction. The lateral cephalogram was analysed including SNA, SNB, UL, MPH, PAS, PASU, and PAST using V-ceph$^{TM}$ (Cybermed, USA). Results: The responsers were 23 patients, and non-responsers were 5 patients. The AHI was significantly reduced with temporary MAD ($8.08{\pm}7.93$) compared with baseline ($28.51{\pm}20.56$) in the response group (n=23). No significant difference was observed between pre MAD and post MAD except SNB on cephalometric analysis. Among 11 patients successfully treated with the temporary device, 9 patients said that using permanent device brings better effect too. Conclusion: These results indicate that the Temporary MAD could not be the only effective tools on OSA but also be used to predict patient's reactivity about permanent appliance treatment. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the relations between temporary MAD and permanent MAD.

자동합성장치를 이용한 [$^{18}F$]Fallypride의 합성

박준형,문병석,이홍진,이효준,이인원,이병철,김상은,Park, Jun-Hyung,Moon, Byung-Seok,Lee, Hong-Jin,Lee, Hyo-Jun,Lee, In-Won,Lee, Byung-Chul,Kim, Sang-Eun 대한핵의학기술학회 2010 핵의학 기술 Vol.14 No.2

$[^{18}F]$Fallypride는 뇌의 도파민(dopamine) $D_2/D_3$ 수용체 (receptor)에 특이적으로 결합하는 길항제(antagonist)로 대뇌피질의 도파민 기능을 규명하기 위하여 많이 사용되어지는 방사성의약품이다. 그동안 발표되어진 자동 합성화 장치를 이용한 [$^{18}F$]Fallypride 합성은 20~30%의 낮은 합성 수율과 33~63 GBq/mmol의 낮은 비방사능이 보고되어졌고, 또, 상대적으로 긴 표지시간과 높은 농도의 base를 사용하기 때문에 다양한 부산물이 생성되어 정제의 어려움이 있어 임상에 사용되기에 한계가 많았었다. 본 연구에서는 다목적 F-18 합성장치인 GE TracerLab $FX_{FN}$ 모듈을 사용하여 base 농도를 최소화할 수 있는 연구를 수행하였고, [$^{18}F$]fallypride 합성에 적용하여 높은 합성수율과 비방사능(specific activity) 및 방사화학적 순도(radiochemical purity)를 합성하는 최적의 조건을 찾을 수 있었다. 이를 바탕으로 $66{\pm}1.4%$ (decay-corrected, n=28)의 높은 합성수율과 HPLC 분리, SPE 정제시간을 포함하여 총 $51{\pm}1.2$분에 빠르게 합성할 수 있었다. 합성 후, 품질관리 테스를 해 본 결과, 방사 화학적 순도는 95%이상, 비방사능은 166~470 $GBq/{\mu}mol$이었다. 본 연구에서 사용된 합성법은 [$^{18}F$]Fallypride를 이용한 dopamine $D_2/D_3$ 연구의 임상적 사용에 도움이 될 것이며, 낮은 농도의 base를 사용한 이 F-18 추출방법은 base에 민감한 전구체의 자동합성 생산에 유용할 것으로 사료된다. Purpose: $[^{18}F]$Fallypride plays an effective radiotracer for the study of dopamine $D_2/D_3$ receptor occupancy, neuropsychiatric disorders and aging in humans. This tracer has the potential for clinical use, but automated labeling efficiency showed low radiochemical yields about 5~20% with relatively long labelling time of fluorine-18. In present study, we describe an improved automatic synthesis of [$^{18}F$]Fallypride using different base concentration for routine clinical use. Materials and Methods: Fully automated synthetic process of [$^{18}F$]Fallypride was perform using the TracerLab $FX_{FN}$ synthesizer under various labeling conditions and tosyl-fallypride was used as a precursor. [$^{18}F$]Fluoride was extracted with various concentration of $K_{2.2.2.}/K_2CO_3$ from $^{18}O$-enriched water trapped on the ion exchange cartridge. After azeotropic drying, the labeling reaction proceeded in $CH_3CN$ at $100^{\circ}C$ for 10 or 30 min. The reaction mixture was purified by reverse phase HPLC and collected organic solution was exchanged by tc-18 Sep-Pak for the clinically available solution. Results: The optimal labeling condition of [$^{18}F$]Fallypride in the automatic production was that 2 mg of tosyl-fallypride in acetonitrile (1 mL) was incubated at $100^{\circ}C$ for 10 min with $K_{2.2.2.}/K_2CO_3$ (11/0.8 mg). [$^{18}F$]Fallypride was obtained with high radiochemical yield about $66{\pm}1.4%$ (decay-corrected, n=28) within $51{\pm}1.2$ min including HPLC purification and solid-phase purification for the final formulation. Conclusion: [$^{18}F$]Fallypride was prepared with a significantly improved radiochemical yield with high specific activity and shorten synthetic time. In addition, this automated procedure provides the high reproducibility with no synthesis failures (n=28).

Solid Dispersion as a Strategy to Improve Drug Bioavailability

박준형,전명관,조훈,최후균,Park, Jun-Hyung,Chun, Myung-Kwan,Cho, Hoon,Choi, Hoo-Kyun The Korean Society for Biotechnology and Bioengine 2011 KSBB Journal Vol.15 No.6

Solid dispersion is one of well-established pharmaceutical techniques to improve the dissolution and consequent bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs. It is defined as a dispersion of drug in an inert carrier matrix. Solid dispersions can be classified into three generations according to the carrier used in the system. First and second generations consist of crystalline and amorphous substances, respectively. Third generation carriers are surfactant, mixture of polymer and surfactants, and mixture of polymers. Solid dispersions can be generallyprepared by melting method and solvent method. While melting method requires high temperature to melt carrier and dissolve drug, solvent method utilizes solvent to dissolve the components. The improvement in dissolution through solid dispersions is attributed to reduction in drug particle size, improvement in wettability, and/or formation of amorphous state. The primary characteristics of solid dispersions, the presenceof drug in amorphous state, could be determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In spite of the significant improvement in dissolution by solid dispersion technique, some drawbacks have limited the commercial application of solid dispersions. Thus, further studies should be conducted in a direction to improve the congeniality to commercialization.

포도 ‘거봉’에서 발수제를 이용한 칼슘코팅봉지가 열과경감에 미치는 영향

박준형(Jun-Hyung Park),오영재(Young-Jae Oh),김대일(Daeil Kim) 한국원예학회 2011 한국원예학회 학술발표요지 Vol.2011 No.10

재한일본 `거류지`·`거류민`규칙의 계보와「居留民團法」의 제정

박준형(Park Jun Hyung) 한국법사학회 2014 法史學硏究 Vol.50 No.-

본고는 1905년 3월 8일 일본의 법률 제41호로 공포된「居留民團法」을 조약체제를 그 저변에서부터 해체하는 공간 분할의 식민주의적 기획으로 자리매김하여, 한국의 식민지화라는 정치적 맥락 속에서 그 제정에 이르는 계보를 밝히고자 한 것이다. 1876년의 개항 이래 부산, 원산, 인천, 한성 등 각 지역의 일본전관조계 및 일본인거류 구역에서는 자치제도의 실현을 위한 거류지규칙들이 만들어졌다. 초기 거류지규칙들은 조계 내로 시행 구역을 한정하고 있다는 점에서 ‘거류지’ 중심의 규칙이라고 할 수 있으나, 이후의 개정 과정은 조계 안팎을 불문하는 일본인 중심의 ‘거류민’규칙으로 이행하는 경향을 보여준다. 그런데 각 지역은 개항의 사정을 달리 하고 해당 지역의 상황에 맞춰 규칙을 제정했기 때문에, 그 내용도 일률적인 형태를 취하지는 못하였다. 따라서 외무성은 관리의 수월함을 위해 통일적인 거류지규칙의 제정을 시도했는데, 각국과의 조약관계를 고려할 수밖에 없는 외무성은 ‘거류민’규칙으로의 이행에 소극적인 태도를 보였다. 조계의 발달은 거류민단체의 법인화를 요구하였고, 법인화는 법률이라는 형식적 요건을 필요로 했다. 외무성은 그에 응하여 ‘거류지’·‘거류민’규칙이 병립하는 새로운 법률안을 제시했으나, 법률이라는 형식적 요건과 조계 밖으로의 진출 구상은 ‘거류지’규칙을 배제하고 ‘거류민’규칙으로서의 거류민단법을 성립시켰다. 이러한 ‘거류민’ 중심의 거류민단법은 오직 일본인의 거주 규모와 장래의 발전가능성을 근거로 시행 지구를 자의적으로 획정할 수 있게 하였다. 거류지규칙의 개정은 조계 밖에서의 불법적인 잡거 행태가 관례가 되고, 또 그러한 관례가 하나의 법제로 자리 잡아 가는 과정에 다름 아니었으며, 그 계보의 마지막에 위치한 것이 바로 거류민단법이었다. This study examines the colonial plan of spatial division of the Settlement Corporation Act, which was proclaimed as Japan’s Act No.41 on March 8, 1905; it clarifies the chronology of the legislation until the point its enactment within the political context of Korean colonization. From the opening of it ports in 1876, Korea created settlement rules in the districts of Japanese concessions and settlements, such as Busan, Wonsan, Incheon, and Hansung, in order to implement a system of self-government. The early settlement rules focused on “settlement” itself in that they limited enforcement to settlement areas, but the later revision process showed tended to shift to “resident” rules for Japanese citizens, both in and outside of settlements. However, since each area enacted rules according to its circumstances and offered varied reasons for opening a port, the content of the rules was not consistent. Therefore, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs attempted to enact unified settlement rules to facilitate management, but since the Ministry had no choice but to consider the treaty relationship with each country, it showed a passive attitude in switching to “resident” rules. The development of settlements required the incorporation of resident organizations, and incorporation required formal legal requirements. Accepting such requirements, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs presented a new legislative bill in which “settlement” and “resident” rules coexisted; however, formal legal requirements eliminated the “settlement” rules and established the Settlement Corporation Act for the “resident” rules. The Settlement Corporation Act guaranteed that if Japanese citizens lived somewhere in Korea, that place would be equivalent to a district in Japan. The revision of the settlement rules did not differ from the process, secured as legislation, in which illegal mixed residence outside the settlements become a custom. The Settlement Corporation Act lay at the end of the chronology.

`조계(租界)`에서 `부(府)`로 - 1914년, 한반도 공간의 식민지적 재편

박준형 ( Park Jun-hyung ) 한국사회사학회 2016 사회와 역사 Vol.0 No.110

본 논문은 한반도의 식민지화 과정을 한반도 공간의 재편성이라는 관점에서 재검토한 것이다. 한반도는 1883년 조영수호통상조약 체결 이래 `조계`, `조계 밖 10리 이내`, `내지`로 분할되어 각각이 경계를 맞대고 있는 하나의 공간구조를 형성하였다. 이러한 조약체제하 공간구조는 조약상 외국인의 거주가 금지된 `내지`에서의 불법적인 잡거행태를 식민권력이 법제적으로 뒷받침해 줌에 따라, 내외국인 사이의 잡거가 허용된 `조계 밖 10리 이내`와 `내지` 사이의 경계가 소거되어 점차 붕괴의 길을 걷게 되었다. 이후 한국의 식민지화를 꾀하던 일본에게 마지막 과제로 남은 것은 외국인들만의 거주공간이던 `조계`의 철폐였다. 1910년의 `한국병합` 이후 조선총독부는 조계 내 영대차지권을 토지소유권으로 변경하는 방법을 통해 `조계`의 `내지`화를 기도했으나, 각국은 영대차지권에 대한 소유권 보장을 조계 밖까지 적용함으로써 `내지`의 `조계`화를 시도하였다. 결과적으로 총독부는 `내지`에서의 외국인토지소유권을 인정하되 국내법상의 권리로 취급함으로써 `내지`의 `조계`화를 방지하고 통치의 일원화를 이룰 수 있었다. 1914년 4월 1일 조계의 철폐와 함께 시행된 부제는 조약체제하 공간구조를 대체하는 식민지 공간구조의 성립을 의미하였다. 식민권력의 다양한 공간 분할 시도들 중 부의 경계를 결정한 것은 `시가지`를 대상으로 한 세제의 시행구역이었다. 이처럼 새로운 경계는 내외국인의 구분 대신 도시와 시골의 구분에 따르게 되었으나, 민족 간 차별은 사라지지 않고 오히려 부의 경계를 새로운 발현의 장소로 삼았다. This article reviews the process of Japan`s colonization of Korean from the perspective of spatial reorganization. The spatial structure in the Korean peninsula was established by treaties that Korea had signed with foreign countries since the Korea-Britain Treaty in 1883. These treaties divided the Korean peninsula into a “foreign settlement,” “mixed residence zone within 10 Korean li (里) outside the foreign settlement,” and an “interior land.” This spatial structure under the treaty system began to collapse with the disappearance of the boundary between the mixed residence zone and the interior land, following Japan`s colonial power`s promulgation of laws allowing foreigners to reside in the interior. Japan finally tried to eliminate the foreign settlement in order to complete its annexation of Korea. After the Korean annexation in 1910, the Governor- General of Korea approved foreigners` land ownership, not only in the foreign settlement but also in the interior on the basis of domestic rather than treaty law and centralized the spatial domination as a result. The enforcement of the Pu System in 1914 led to the establishment of the spatial structure under the colonial system. The enforcement area of the tax system for the “urban area” determined the boundary of pu among the various attempts at spatial division. The spatial structure under the colonial system was based on the division of the city and country instead of that of foreigners and natives. However, the discrimination between Korean and the Japanese continued, and its boundary overlapped that of city and the country.

VR 뉴스에 관한 연구

박준형(Jun Hyung Park),양종훈(Jong Hoon Yang) 한국콘텐츠학회 2016 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.16 No.12

VR은 가상의 콘텐츠를 시각, 청각 등 감각을 통하여 현실인 것처럼 체험하는 가상현실 기술을 말한다. VR은 발전을 거듭하여, 뉴스에까지 영향을 미치고 있다. 이는 뉴스의 틀을 크게 흔드는 것으로, 기존의 방식이 사진이나 기사, 영상을 보는 수동적 행위로 뉴스를 보는 것이었다면 VR 뉴스는 체험과 참여라는 능동적 패러다임을 제시하고 있다. 본 연구는 각 언론사들의 VR 뉴스를 분석하여 보고, VR 뉴스가 어떠한 방법으로 발전하고 있는지 살펴보았다. 나아가, 실제로 VR 뉴스에 대해 사용자들이 어떻게 인식하고 있는지 알아보기 위해 실험연구를 실시하였다. 뉴스를 이용하는 사용자들에게 기존의 방식과 VR 뉴스 방식으로 작성된 뉴스를 비교하여 보여주고, 질문지를 통해 인터뷰하였다. 통계 및 분석 작업을 통하여 도출한 결과는 다음과 같다. 사용자들은, VR 뉴스에 대한 인식에서 사실적인 현장감이 느껴지지만, 뉴스가 가지고 있는 고유한 정보 전달의 측면에서는 아직 부족하다고 평가하였다. 하지만, VR 뉴스에 대한 재이용 의사는 높게 나타났는데, 이는 VR 뉴스를 접해 본 사용자들이 갖는 기대감이 나타난 부분이다. VR refers to Virtual Reality technology that allows experiences of virtual contents as if they are real through visual, auditory and other senses. VR is even affecting the news. This greatly shakes the frame of the news. In other words, the conventional way of the new was to watch it with the passive action of seeing pictures, articles and images while VR News offers an active paradigm of experience and participation. This study analyzed the VR news of each press and investigated how VR news is developing. Furthermore, an experimental study was conducted to examine how users actually perceived the VR news. News made using both the existing method and the VR news method were comparatively shown to users who were following the news, and the interview was carried out through questionnaires. The results obtained through the statistics and analysis are as follows. Users made an assessment that they felt the sense of realism in recognition of the VR news while it was still lacking in terms of the unique information delivery that the news performs. However, the intention of using the VR news again was shown to be high, which demonstrated the expectation of users who have experienced the VR news.

Study on Procedure for Escrow Account to Resolve Controversy of Intellectual Property Right of Software for Rolling Stock

박준형(Park Jun-Hyung),조치환(Cho Chi-Hwan),강찬용(Kang Chan-Yong) 한국철도학회 2008 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.- No.-

This paper shows the result of study on the detailed applicable procedure of software Escrow account applied for rolling stock. The customer as end-user requires software source code, related critical technical documents etc. about software based system of train for maintenance purpose through software modification and enhancement after completion of warranty period. Otherwise, it is not easy to keep up with the customer"s requirement of demanding supplier"s exclusive information because it is considered as intellectual property rights of supplier as software developer. Therefore, the main contractor(normally called as Car-builder) need to introduce software Escrow service in order to coordinate the different a standpoint between software developer and end-user. Software Escrow is a legal arrangement in which an software Escrow packages (software source code, software development tool, build process, proprietary information, copyright and etc.) is deposited into and Escrow account under the trust of a reliable third party (Escrow agent) depending on mutual agreement on Escrow contract condition as signing off Escrow agreement document. This paper deals with the study on the detailed procedure about the following general category of Escrow procedure and purpose to apply this specific procedure of Escrow into the future project onward.

1899년 평양개시 이후 평양성 외성 공간의 재편 과정

박준형 ( Park Jun-hyung ) 인하대학교 한국학연구소 2015 한국학연구 Vol.0 No.39

본 논문은 1899년 평양개시 이후 평양성 일대, 특히 평양성 내 외성 공간의 재편 과정을 추적한 것이다. 평양개시는 외국인의 거주 자체가 금지되었던 ‘내지’를 외국인의 거주 및 무역이 가능한 ‘개시장’으로 개방하는 것을 의미했기 때문에, 개시와 함께 개시구역을 어디에 어느 범위로 설정할 것인가라는 공간 분할의 과제를 남겼다. 한국정부는 평양성 주변 5리까지를 모두 궁내부 기지로 설정함으로써 그 경계 밖에 개시구역이 설정되도록 유도했으나, 일본을 비롯한 각국대표는 평양성 내 개시구역 설정안을 가지고 그에 맞섰다. 결국 양측이 오래도록 합의를 보지 못하고 있는 상황 속에서 각국대표는 일방적으로 평양성 전체를 개시장으로 간주한다는 선언을 하기에 이른다. 그러나 이후에도 평양성의 내성이나 중성에 비해 상대적으로 전토의 비율이 높고 광대한 폭원을 자랑하던 외성 공간을 둘러싸고, 상이한 공간 재편의 기획들이 시도되고 또 서로 충돌하였다. 대한제국은 “箕聖 천년의 고도”인 평양에 西京을 설치하고 외성 내에 대한제국 황실의 행궁인 풍경궁을 건설하였다. 다른 한편 일본은 외성 한 가운데를 가로지르는 경의철도를 부설하고 나아가 외성 일대 전체를 군용지로 수용하여 영구병영을 건설하였다. 양자는 각기 대한제국의 ‘중흥’과 일본의 ‘대륙 진출’이라는 서로 다른 목표에 기반하고 있었는데, 후자가 내세운 ‘군용’의 논리는 전자의 공간 기획을 무력화하면서 외성 공간 전체를 식민지적 공간으로 재편해 갔다. This article examines the process of spatial organization within the outer-walls of P’yǒngyang City. The opening of the city was intended to open up the ‘interior’ where foreigners were not allowed to reside as an ‘open city,’ which introduced the problem of space division as to what extent foreigners should be allowed to reside. The Korean Government was induced to establish an area of ‘open city’ outside the boundary of the Imperial Household Ministry’s lands, which was drawn at a distance of two kilometers around P’yǒngyang, but the foreign diplomatic representatives in Korea countered with a plan to set up the area within P’yǒngyang. After a stalemate between the two sides and their respective plans, the foreign diplomatic representatives unilaterally declared that the whole city of P’yǒngyang would be regarded as an ‘open city.’ However, two different plans of spatial organization for the outer-walls of P’yǒngyang were respectively made by Korean and subsequently by Japan. The Korean Government designated P’yǒngyang as the western capital and built an Imperial Palace named ‘P’unggyǒnggung’ within the outer-walls, whereas the Japanese Army laid the Seoul-Ǔiju Railway across the middle of the outer-walls, and promoted the construction of permanent barracks by requisitioning the whole lands of the outer-walls for the military. The former’s goal was the restoration of the Korean Empire, whereas the latter’s was the expansion of the Japanese Empire. Eventually, the space of the outer-walls was destructively reorganized for the Japanese military, which emasculated the plan for the Korean Empire.