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박용현,이상운 대한화학회 2017 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.38 No.9
Influences of temperature on graphene surface treatment using trimethylaluminium (TMA) and H2O were investigated for a growth of Al2O3 film by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on graphene. It has been reported that a nucleation of Al2O3 film on the graphene surface was enhanced significantly by a surface treatment using TMA and H2O at 100 °C prior to the deposition of Al2O3 film by ALD at the same temperature. Here, we investigate influences of the surface treatment temperature on the nucleation of Al2O3 film grown by ALD on graphene surface. It is revealed that the nucleation of Al2O3 film is degraded as the surface treatment temperature increases from 150 to 200°C. The origin of the deteriorated nucleation of Al2O3 film is attributed to a decreased density of C–O and OC–O defects on the graphene surface at the high temperature (200 °C).
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박용현 한국동북아학회 2008 한국동북아논총 Vol.13 No.4
Dokdo is clearly part of the territory of the Republic of Korea in view of both the history and the international law. Therefore, it is evident that Japan may not use Dokdo as a base point or base line in drawing up its boundary negotiations, and it is unnecessary to discuss the matter using either the majority opinion under the law of the sea or the minority opinion. There remains only the question that whether the Korean government may or may not use Dokdo as a base point in designing its EEZ boundaries between Korea and Japan. The reason is that UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) Article 121 classifies rocks from islands and further defines that rocks are ones that 'cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own,' making them not be able to have exclusive economic zone or continental shelf. On the other hand, the Korean government, since the Korea Japan EEZ Demarcation Talks in August 1996, having treated Dokdo as a rock as defined under the UNCLOS as 'ones which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own,' has suggested the middle line between Ulleungdo of Korea and Oki island of Japan to be EEZ boundary, but the Japanese government groundlessly came up with the middle line between Dokdo(Takeshima) and Ullengdo, bringing the EEZ Demarcation Talks to a dead end to this day since the 4th Talk in May 2000. However, Korea and Japan agreed to resume the demarcation talks after the acute conflict between Korea and Japan caused by Japan's attempt to implement its plan to conduct a maritime survey near the islets of Dokdo in April 2006 was resolved diplomatically on April 22nd of the same year, and the 5th Demarcation Talk was held in Tokyo, Japan in June 2006. During the 5th Talk, the Korean government changed its position from having the middle line between Ulleungdo and Oki island as its boundary to having the Dokdo-Oki middle line, and in response, Japan steadfastly maintained the Ulleungdo-Dokdo middle line. Since then, the demarcation talks remain unresolved to the 9th meeting in Tokyo, Japan in May 2008, the latest. Therefore, this study aims at strengthening Korea's sovereignty over Dokdo through establishing a legal theory that will support the Dokdo-Oki middle line that was brought up by the Korean government since the 5th EEZ Demarcation Talks. To achieve the above goal, this study, as a preliminary research, firstly examines the issues of legal status of both islands and rocks, and goes on to investigate the legal status of Dokdo through analyzing the UNCLOS Article 121. 독도(Dokdo)는 역사적으로나 국제법적으로 이론의 여지가 없는 명백한 우리의 고유한 영토이다. 다만 우리 정부가 한·일간 동해 EEZ 경계획정시 독도를 기점으로 사용할 수 있는지의 여부만이 문제로 남아 있는 것이다. 그 이유는 UN해양법협약 제121조가 도서를 ‘섬(islands)과 암석(rocks)’으로 구분하여 “인간이 거주할 수 없거나 또는 독자적인 경제생활을 유지할 수 없는 암석”은 EEZ와 대륙붕을 가질 수 없다고 규정하고 있기 때문이다. 한편 한·일 EEZ 경계획정 회담이 1996년 8월 개시된 이후 우리 정부의 일관된 입장은 동해 EEZ의 경계를 '울릉도와 일본 오끼섬의 중간선'으로 하여야 한다는 것이었다. 그러다가 우리 정부는 2006년 6월 일본 도쿄에서 개최된 제5차 회담에서부터 지금까지의 입장을 바꾸어 동해 EEZ 경계선으로 ‘독도와 일본 오끼섬 중간선’으로 하여야 한다고 주장하였다. 이에 일본 정부는 지금까지의 그들의 입장인 ‘독도-울릉도 중간선안’을 고수함으로써 한·일 EEZ 경계획정 회담은 접점 없이 평행선을 내달리고 있다. 생각건대 독도는 인간이 거주할 수 있는 필요불가결한 생활조건이 이미 구비되어 있다. 그리고 독도는 상주하는 경비대원과 주소지를 두고 경제생활을 영위하는 주민이 살고 있는 섬이다. 그 뿐만이 아니라 독도는 주변수역의 수산자원과 관광자원 등이 풍부한 섬이다. 따라서 독도는 인간이 거주할 수 있고, 독자적 경제생활이 가능한 섬으로서 영해는 물론이지만 배타적경제수역과 대륙붕을 가질 수 있는 섬인 것이다. 결론적으로 독도를 우리 EEZ의 기점으로 삼는 것은 물론이지만, 독도의 영유권을 더욱 공고히 하기 위하여 ‘인간거주’ 및 ‘독자적인 경제생활’ 이라는 요건을 더욱 잘 충족하는 방향으로 독도를 개발할 필요가 있다고 할 것이다. 그와 같은 실효적 지배의 누적적 효과가 국제관계에서는 법리적 권원을 강화시켜 줄 것이기 때문이다. 다만, 동해 EEZ 경계획정시 독도의 처리는 섬의 크기, 거주 인구의 수 등에 비추어 일본의 오끼섬과 대등한 효과를 부여하는 것은 형평원리에 반한다고 보아 50%의 효과를 부여하는 것이 타당하다고 본다.
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한방병원 외래 환자에서 시행된 전신체열촬영의 유용도에 관한 연구
박용현,이종덕,권영달 ( Kwon Young-Dal ) 대한한의학회 한방재활의학과학회 1998 한방재활의학과학회지 Vol.8 No.2
한방병원 외래에 내원한 환자에서 컴퓨터 적외선 전신체열촬영이 어떻게 이용되고 있는지 비교분석하였고, 특히 경추 부위 전신체열촬열을 시 행한 환자중 경추 추간판 탈출증 환자 7명과 경추 단순 척추증 환자 17 례를 대상으로 부위별 평균 체표면 온도 및 환측과 건측의 체표차이를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 한 달간 내원한 총 8432명의 외래 환자 가운데 198명(2.35%)이 전신 체열촬영을 받았고, 198례를 부위별로 분류해보면 요추 부위가 91례(43 %)로 가장 많았고, 경추 부위 46례(22%), 안면부위 21례(10%), 전신 부 위 15례(7%), 발 부위 14례(6%), 무릎 부위 11례(5%), 손 부위 7례(3%), 흉추 및 발목 부위가 각 1례의 분포를 보였다. 2. 경추 추간판 탈출증 환자와 경추 단순 척추증 환자의 건측 및 환측의 평균 체표면 온도간에 비모수 통계검증중 Mann-Whitney test를 이용 하여 분석하였으나 각각의 군간에는 특이한 유의성이 없었다. 또한 경추 추간판 탈출증 환자의 환측과 건측의 체표면 온도차 간에도 특이한 유의성은 없었다.
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췌장원위부선암에서 변형적 Appleby씨 수술법 시행 1 예 보고
박용현 한국간담췌외과학회 2000 한국간담췌외과학회지 Vol.4 No.1
The prognosis of distal pancreatic cancer is even poorer than that of pancreatic head cancer because of its late symptom onset and tendency of aggressive retroperitoneal invasion at diagnosis. Since the first Appleby’s operation in 1952, it has been performed in stomach cancer by several surgeons. But the survival benefit is still controversial. Appleby’s operation includes total gastrectomy, splenectomy, distal pancreatectomy, celiac trunk division with ligation of common hepatic artery(CHA) and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. In 1976, Nimura first adopted this method for distal pancreatic cancer. We report a case of modified Appleby’s operation for distal pancreatic cancer. The patient was 44- year old female. Her chief complaint was epigastric pain for 2 weeks. Preoperative liver function test was within normal range and CA19-9 was elevated to 200 U/ml. Preoperative CT angiography showed 4.5×3cm sized, pancreatic mass in body and tail area invading splenic artery and celiac trunk from its left side. In operation, splenectomy and distal pancreatectomy was initially performed. After ligation of CHA, we confirmed intact proper hepatic artery(PHA) flow by doppler and then divided CHA. After confirmation of intact gastric blood flow, left gastric artery(LGA) was divided. Celiac axis(CA) was divided near its origin. Then we dissected retroperitoneal lymph nodes. There was minor pancreatic leakage controlled by conservative management. CA19-9 was normalized to 33 U/ml on the 16th postoperative day. She was discharged on the 28th postoperative day and underwent adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. There is no evidence of recurrence for 15 months of follow-up. We suggest that modified Appleby’s operation should be considered for radical resection of distal pancreatic cancer which is invading CA or major CA branch but not involving PHA and superior mesenteric artery(SMA), if the CA root is resectable and PHA flow is intact from SMA after ligation of CHA. The prognosis of distal pancreatic cancer is even poorer than that of pancreatic head cancer because of its late symptom onset and tendency of aggressive retroperitoneal invasion at diagnosis. Since the first Appleby’s operation in 1952, it has been performed in stomach cancer by several surgeons. But the survival benefit is still controversial. Appleby’s operation includes total gastrectomy, splenectomy, distal pancreatectomy, celiac trunk division with ligation of common hepatic artery(CHA) and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. In 1976, Nimura first adopted this method for distal pancreatic cancer. We report a case of modified Appleby’s operation for distal pancreatic cancer. The patient was 44- year old female. Her chief complaint was epigastric pain for 2 weeks. Preoperative liver function test was within normal range and CA19-9 was elevated to 200 U/ml. Preoperative CT angiography showed 4.5×3cm sized, pancreatic mass in body and tail area invading splenic artery and celiac trunk from its left side. In operation, splenectomy and distal pancreatectomy was initially performed. After ligation of CHA, we confirmed intact proper hepatic artery(PHA) flow by doppler and then divided CHA. After confirmation of intact gastric blood flow, left gastric artery(LGA) was divided. Celiac axis(CA) was divided near its origin. Then we dissected retroperitoneal lymph nodes. There was minor pancreatic leakage controlled by conservative management. CA19-9 was normalized to 33 U/ml on the 16th postoperative day. She was discharged on the 28th postoperative day and underwent adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. There is no evidence of recurrence for 15 months of follow-up. We suggest that modified Appleby’s operation should be considered for radical resection of distal pancreatic cancer which is invading CA or major CA branch but not involving PHA and superior mesenteric artery(SMA), if the CA root is resectable and PHA flow is intact from SMA after ligation of CHA.
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박용현 한국간담췌외과학회 2000 한국간담췌외과학회지 Vol.4 No.1
Background/Aims : In spite of improved diagnostic and therapeutic methods, the prognosis of hepatocarcinoma( HCC) is still poor because of the high recurrence rate. Early detection and active treatment of recurrent HCC are important to improve the survival. The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of diagnostic tools for early detection of the recurrence of HCC. Methods : We retrospectively studied 236 patients who underwent curative hepatic resection for HCC at SNUH between 1993 and 1995. Postoperatively, we checked radiologic studies every three months and serum α- fetoprotein level monthly first, then every three months to detect recurrence. The patients were divided into four group (Low-Low;L-L, Low-High;L-H, High-Low;H-L, High-High;H-H) according to the serum levels of pre- and post-operative(3 months) α-fetoprotein levels (Low ; <20ng/ml, High >20ng/ml). Results : Overall recurrence rate was 55.1%. The recurrence rates in L-L gr., L-H gr, H-L gr., and H-H gr were 40.7%, 75.0%, 42.9% and 91.8% respectively. Increasing levels of α-fetoprotein at the time of dectection of recurrence were found in 13.6%, 66.7%, 25.9% and 92.9%, respectively(p<0.05). The 3- year disease-free survival rates are 62.1%, 25.0%, 57.8% and 6.3%, respectively(p<0.05). The 3-year overall survival rates are 79.2%, 50.0%, 83.6% and 51.1%, respectively(p<0.05). The detection rates of ultrasonography(US) and computed tomograpy(CT) were 82.4% and 97.2% respectively. Seven patients had lung metastasis on chest X-ray and two bone metastasis on bone scan, two spinal metastasis on spine X-ray and MRI and 2 adrenal metastasis by US and CT were detected. Conclusion : The patients who have high serum levels of α-fetoprotein postoperatively have a tendency to recur early. On the other hand, patients who have low serum levels of α-fetoprotein postoperatively recur late, usually without its elevation. Therefore, in former cases, early recurrence or remnant tumor should be suspected and in latter cases, regular US and/or CT is a more useful method for early detection of recurrent HCC than frequent checking of serum α-fetoprotein. Background/Aims : In spite of improved diagnostic and therapeutic methods, the prognosis of hepatocarcinoma( HCC) is still poor because of the high recurrence rate. Early detection and active treatment of recurrent HCC are important to improve the survival. The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of diagnostic tools for early detection of the recurrence of HCC. Methods : We retrospectively studied 236 patients who underwent curative hepatic resection for HCC at SNUH between 1993 and 1995. Postoperatively, we checked radiologic studies every three months and serum α- fetoprotein level monthly first, then every three months to detect recurrence. The patients were divided into four group (Low-Low;L-L, Low-High;L-H, High-Low;H-L, High-High;H-H) according to the serum levels of pre- and post-operative(3 months) α-fetoprotein levels (Low ; <20ng/ml, High >20ng/ml). Results : Overall recurrence rate was 55.1%. The recurrence rates in L-L gr., L-H gr, H-L gr., and H-H gr were 40.7%, 75.0%, 42.9% and 91.8% respectively. Increasing levels of α-fetoprotein at the time of dectection of recurrence were found in 13.6%, 66.7%, 25.9% and 92.9%, respectively(p<0.05). The 3- year disease-free survival rates are 62.1%, 25.0%, 57.8% and 6.3%, respectively(p<0.05). The 3-year overall survival rates are 79.2%, 50.0%, 83.6% and 51.1%, respectively(p<0.05). The detection rates of ultrasonography(US) and computed tomograpy(CT) were 82.4% and 97.2% respectively. Seven patients had lung metastasis on chest X-ray and two bone metastasis on bone scan, two spinal metastasis on spine X-ray and MRI and 2 adrenal metastasis by US and CT were detected. Conclusion : The patients who have high serum levels of α-fetoprotein postoperatively have a tendency to recur early. On the other hand, patients who have low serum levels of α-fetoprotein postoperatively recur late, usually without its elevation. Therefore, in former cases, early recurrence or remnant tumor should be suspected and in latter cases, regular US and/or CT is a more useful method for early detection of recurrent HCC than frequent checking of serum α-fetoprotein.
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