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남춘호 전북대학교 사회과학연구소 1997 지역과 세계 Vol.23 No.-
Sampling has long been central in discussions of sociological research methods. Yet, with few exceptions, recent developments on the nature of sampling bias have not filtered into sociological practice. When observations in social research are selected so that they are not independent of the outcome variables in a study, sample selection leads to biased inferences about social processes. Nonrandom selection is both a source of bias in empirical research and a fundamental aspect of many social processes. This paper undertakes a brief review of recent advances in the diagnosis of and corrections for "sample selection bias." Especially I'd like to introduce Heckman's two-stage estimation method. However, the results of Heckman's estimation may be sensitive to violations of its assumptions about the way that selection occurs. I recommend that researchers should be explicit about the assumptions behind the method. My goal is to direct the attention of the sociological community to a significant methodological problem while stressing major themes and intuitive reasoning on sampling selection bias.
南春浩 全北大學校 1997 論文集 Vol.43 No.-
This study reviews the current changes in the labor market in the United States and finds out the factors that affect those changes. One of the "big stories" in the labor market in the United States is the large increase in income inequality. In 1980s overall wage dispersion increased to the level greater than at any time since 1940. Pay differentials by education and age increased. The real earnings of less educated and lower paid workers fell compared with the real earnings of analogous individuals a decade earlier. The data show that the fraction of workers in the middle of the income distribution declined substantially. Why did wage inequality and educational wage differentials rise more in the United States than in other advanced countries? Sizable and accelerated shifts in demand favoring more educated workers, and reduced growth in their relative supply combined to increase wage inequality in the 1980s. But even in the United States, where market forces have great leeway to determine wages, institutional factors also played an important role in increasing inequality. The major institutional factor that affected the U.S. wage structure was the decline of unionism. The AFL-CIO had continuously developed under the New Deal Labor Relations System that was established as the product of class compromise in the Great Depression. It was the Fordist mass production system which underlies the New Deal Labor Relations. Since the crisis of Fordism in the 1970s. the capitalists did not obey the rule of game(labor accord) any more. They adopted the new management techniques such as Reengineering, Restructuring, and Downsizing which include the mass layoff of the workers. The AFL-CIO failed to cope with the attack by the capitalists due to its business unionism. It could not properly protect workers' interest in the labor market. In spite of the effort of John Sweeney, newly elected chairman, it does not seem so easy to revitalize the American labor movement.