On the Mechanism of Generating Contrastive Implicature of CT in Korean

Kim Ilkyu(김일규) 한국어학회 2019 한국어학 Vol.85 No.-

한국어 보조사 ‘-은/는’은 화제와 대조(화제) 표지로 널리 알려져 있다. 이 글은 대조화제 표지로 쓰이는 ‘-은/는’의 용법에 집중하여, 대조화제 표지 ‘-은/는’이 일으키는 대조함축의 생성기제를 밝히는 것을 목적으로 한다. 대조화제 표지로서의 ‘-은/는’이 일으키는 불확실성(uncertainty) 함축, 척도(scalarity) 함축, 양보(concessivity) 함축은 고정함축(conventional implicature)이라는 입장이 지배적이다. 하지만 이 글에서는 위의 세 함축이 고정함축이 아닌 대화함축(conversational implicature)이라는 Kim(2018)의 주장을 받아들이고, 각각의 함축이 Horn(1984)에서 제시한 화용적 추론 원리로 충분히 생성될 수 있음을 보임으로써 ‘-은/는’이 일으키는 대조함축은 대화함축이라는 입장을 지지하고자 한다. 더 나아가, 위의 세 가지 함축뿐만 아니라 ‘-은/는’이 일으키는 다른 종류의 (대조)함축도 대화함축의 원리로 충분히 설명할 수 있음을 보일 것이다. 마지막으로, 이 글에서는 Kim(2015)의 분석을 바탕으로 ‘-은/는’의 사용으로 유발되는 대조함축 뿐만 아니라 그것의 기반이 되는 대조화제 자체의 의미 역시 대조화제 표지 ‘-은/는’의 내재적인(inherent)/고정적인(conventional) 의미가 아니라 두드러짐성 부과(imposing salience)라는 ‘-은/는’의 기본적인 기능과 다양한 통사/의미/화용적 요인의 상호작용으로 유발되는 해석적 효과(interpretive effect)임을 주장할 것이다. Korean -(n)un has been widely known to mark topic and contrastive topic (CT). Focusing on its function of expressing CT meaning, this paper aims to shed light on the exact mechanism of generating contrastive implicature induced by CT in Korean. Building on Kim’s (2018) claim that uncertainty, scalarity, and concessivity, which are induced by the use of contrastive -(n)un, are not conventional but conversational in nature, this paper tries to propose explicit processes of deriving various types of contrastive implicature, including uncertainty, scalarity, and concessivity. In addition, the meaning of CT itself, which is the source of the contrastive implicature, is claimed to be not conventionally or inherently conveyed by contrastive -(n)un, but an interpretive effect of the interaction of the meaning of -(n)un, which covers both its contrastive and non-contrastive usages, and various syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic factors.

Coronal approach 시행 후 발생한 측두부 함몰의 재건

김일규,류승현,김재우,김동수,최진호,Kim, Il-Kyu,Ryu, Seong-Hyun,Kim, Jae-Woo,Kim, Dong-Soo,Choi, Jin-Ho 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2005 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.27 No.2

관상접근법 후 발생한 측두부 함몰의 기전은 아직 명확하지는 않으나 중측두동맥의 손상에 의한 측두지방대의 소실과 변위, 측두근의 부피감소, 봉합시의 잘못된 위치에 의해 발생된다. 이에 저자등은 관상접근법 후 발생한 측두부 함몰을 빠른 혈관화와 골조직의 성장, 낮은 합병증을 보이는 $Medpor^{(R)}$를 이용하여 심미적인 개선을 얻을 수 있었고 이후 현재까지 양호한 경과를 보이기에 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하는 바 이다. The coronal approach has been used for over a century by neurosurgeons to access to the anterior cranium. Indications for the coronal approach expanded from use in the correction of congenital skeletal anomalies to applications in acute maxillofacial trauma and secondary deformity correction, oncologic surgery and reconstruction, and esthetic surgery. Complications were such as injury to frontal branch of the facial nerve, motor nerve paralysis, hematoma under flap, trismus, ptosis, epiphora, infection and anterior temporal depression. $Medpor^{(R)}$ is made up of dense polyethylene connected in porous structures. It is easily shapable without collapsing the pores due to it's hardness and tissue growth takes place at the porosities. Based on these advantages, $Medpor^{(R)}$ has been used in augmentation and restoration in craniofacial defect. A temporal depression after the coronal approach for treatment of Le Fort III fracture was successfully reconstruction with $Medpor^{(R)}$ and we report this case with review of literature.

3G LTE 물리계층/MAC 계층 기술 동향

김일규,김재흥,김영훈,유병한,박형준,방승찬,Kim, I.G.,Kim, J.H.,Kim, Y.H.,Ryu, B.H.,Park, H.J.,Bang, S.C. 한국전자통신연구원 2006 전자통신동향분석 Vol.21 No.3

이동통신 시스템은 점차 고품질 및 고속의 멀티미디어 서비스를 제공하는 방향으로 가고 있다. 3GPP에서는 기존의 WCDMA 기반의 3세대 이동통신 시스템의 기술적 한계를 극복하기 위해 2004년 말에 3rd Generation Long Term Evolution(3G LTE) Plan을 발표하고, 2006년 6월까지 Technical Report 규격을 작성완료하고 2007년 6월까지 Technical Standard 작성완료를 목표로 2005년 초부터 규격 작업을 수행하고 있다. 본 고에서는 3G LTE 물리계층 및 MAC 계층의 기술 표준화 동향을 살펴본다.

2차 고조파 신호를 이용한 극 함수 발생기를 갖는 셀룰라 밴드용 전치 왜곡 선형화기 설계

김일규,전기경,김영,권상근,윤영철,Kim, Ell-Kou,Jeon, Ki-Kyoung,Kim, Young,Kwon, Sang-Keun,Yoon, Young-Chul 한국전자파학회 2006 한국전자파학회논문지 Vol.17 No.11

본 논문은 주 신호에서 추출한 2차 고조파 신호를 극 함수 형태로 만들어 주 신호와 진폭 변조를 시키는 새로운 방식의 전치 왜곡 선형화기를 제안하였다. 이 선형화기는 2차 고조파 신호의 동 위상과 직각 위상 신호 결합으로 만들어진 극 함수 발생기와 주 경로의 진폭 변조기로 구성되어 있다. 극 함수 발생기 신호와 주 신호가 진폭 변조되어 .만들어진 전치 왜곡 3차 혼변조 신호는 전력 증폭기의 비선형 특성을 개선시킬 수 있으며, 셀룰라 기지국 송신 대역$(869{\sim}894MHz)$의 증폭기를 제작하여 증폭기 비선형 특성을 확인하였다. 반송파 2톤 신호를 인가하였을 때, 주파수 간격이 1 MHz에서 전력 증폭기의 3차 혼변조는 22.5 dB 이상 개선되었고, CDMA-IS95 1FA의 경우에는 이격 지점 885 kHz에서의 인접 채널 전력비(ACPR)는 8.4 dB 이상 개선됨을 확인하였다. This paper proposes a new predistortion linearizer with amplitude modulator and PFG(Polar Function Generator) using second order harmonic signals. This linearizer consists of PFG that combine with in-phase and quadrature-phase of second harmonic signals and amplitude modulator in main path. The predistorted third order intermodulation distortion(IMD3) signals that are generated by amplitude modulator with fundamental and PFG signals, improve a amplifier nonlinear characteristics. The proposed linearizer and amplifier have been manufactured and tested to operate in cellular base-station transmitting band$(869\sim894MHz)$. The test results show that IMD3 can be removed by more than 22.5 dB in case of CW 2-tone signals ${\Delta}f=1$ MHz, and the adjacent channel power ratio(ACPR) also can be improved by more than 8.4 dB for CDMA IS-95 1FA signals.

두개저까지 확장된 악하선 점액류

김일규,양정은,장재원,주상현,편영훈,김루시아,Kim, Il-Kyu,Yang, Jung-Eun,Chang, Jae-Won,Ju, Sang-Hyun,Pyun, Young-Hun,Kim, Lucia 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2011 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.33 No.2

The mucocele is a mucus extravasation cyst arising from the salivary gland. Although it is a common?lesion of the minor salivary gland, it is uncommon when it originated from the submandibular gland. The ranula is a form of mucocele which specifically occurs in the floor of the mouth and the sublingual gland is generally accepted as the origin of ranula. They can be classified into two types based on extent: simple ranula are confined to the sublingual space and plunging ranula extend into the adjacent space. It is difficult to differentiate the submandibular gland mucocele from the plunging ranula because both of them can occupy the submandibular space. A 37-year old male visited our clinic with the chief complaint of left facial swelling. The patient's history revealed that he had suffered from a cystic lesion on the left side of the floor of the mouth 10 months previously. He supposed the cystic lesion had come from trauma at other dental clinics. Using CT and MRI, we diagnosed a simple ranula on the sublingual space and a submandibular gland mucocele. We then excised the mucocele with the submandibular gland by an extraoral approach and the sublingual gland by an intraoral approach under general anesthesia. We report a rare case of an enormous submandibular gland mucocele which extended into the pterygoid plate and parapharyngeal space with good surgical results.

비순낭종의 치험례

김일규,조현영,백민규,장금수,박승훈,박종원,Kim, Il-Kyu,Cho, Hyun-Young,Baek, Min-Kyu,Chang, Keum-Soo,Park, Seung-Hoon,Park, Jon-Won 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2008 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.30 No.2

Nasolabial cyst is a rare non-odonotogenic, soft-tissue, developmental cyst arising inferior to the nasoalar region of the face. The most common clinical finding of the nasolabial cyst is that of a slowly enlarging asymptomatic swelling typically without radiographic abnormalities. This case report describes a 25-year-old man in which the clinicopathologic findings and an erosive finding on the computed tomographic scan on maxilla were consistent with nasolabial cyst. The histopathologic features, differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis are discussed. 비순낭은 비루관의 상피 잔사에 의해 발생하는 드문 발육성 낭종으로 상순의 종창과 비익부의 음기를 야기시킨다. 치료 방법으로는 구내접근법에 의한 낭종의 완전 절제술로 재발율은 거의 없다. 25세 남환으로 상악골의 흡수를 야기시킨 좌측부 비순낭종을 외과적 완전 절제술로 치료하고 양호한 결과를 얻어 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고하는 바이다.

상하악에 동시 다발성 골신장술을 이용한 반안면왜소증의 치험례

김일규,박종원,이언화,양정은,장재원,편영훈,주상현,왕 붕,Kim, Il-Kyu,Park, Jong-Won,Lee, Eon-Hwa,Yang, Jung-Eun,Chang, Jae-Won,Pyun, Yeong-Hun,Ju, Sang-Hyun,Wang, Boon 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2010 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.32 No.5

The hemifacial microsomia is characterized by variable underdevelopment of the craniofacial skeleton, external ear, and facial soft tissues. So, patients with hemifacial microsomia have an occlusal plane canting and malocclusion with facial asymmetry. Distraction osteogenesis (DO) with an intraoral or extraoral device is a technique using tension to generate new bone with gradual bone movement and remodeling. DO has especially been used to correct craniofacial deformities such as a hemifacial microsomia, facial asymmetry, and mandible defect that could not adequately be treated by conventional reconstruction with osteotomies. It has a significant advantage to lengthen soft and hard tissue of underdeveloped site without bone graft and a few complication such as nerve injury or muscle contracture. A 13-years old girl visited our clinic for the chief complaint of facial asymmetry. She had a left hypoplastic maxilla and mandible, occlusal plane canting and malocclusion. We diagnosed hemifacial microsomia and lanned DO to lengthen the affected side. Le Fort I osteotomy, left mandibular ramus and symphysis osteotomy were performed. The internal distraction devices fixed with screw on maxillary and mandibular ramus osteotomy sites. External devices were adapted to lower jaw for DO on symphysis osteotomy site and to upper jaw for rapid maxillary expansion (RME). At 7days after surgery, distraction was started at the rate of 1mm per day for 13days, and after 4months consolidation periods, distraction devices were removed. Simultaneous multiple maxillo-mandibular distraction osteogenesis with RME resulted in a satisfactory success in correcting facial asymmetry as well as occlusal plane canting for our hemifacial microsomia.

구강내 발생한 심상성 천포창 환자의 치험례

김일규,최진풍,양정은,장재원,사시카라바라라만,김루시아,Kim, Il-Kyu,Choi, Jin-Ung,Yang, Jung-Eun,Jang, Jae-Won,Sasikala, Balaraman,Kim, Lucia 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2009 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.31 No.5

Pemphigus vulgaris is a chronic autoimmune intraepithelial blistering disease with oral mucosal manifestations that very often precede the skin lesions. The vesicles or bullae are produced by an acantholytic process, detachment of differentiating keratinocytes from one another in the epithelial stratum spino sum or spinous cell layer. The pathogenesis of this disease is initially manifested by IgG(mainly) binding to desmosome(desmoglein 3 or 1) in the intercellular spaces of epithelium. This autoantibody binding caused the release of a plasminogen activator(a proteolytic enzyme) from keratinocytes. This ultimately results in cell to cell separation. The mainstay therapy of pemphigus vulgaris is systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents to eliminate the pathogenic autoantibodies from circulation. A 41-year old woman presented with a 1.5 year history of oral ulceration. There were no lesions on the skin or other mucosal sites. Histology and immunostaining were consistent with pemphigus vulgaris. Control of oral ulceration and normal oral function were achieved after systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents were instituted.

전신성 홍반성 낭창 환자에서 상악 치은에 발생한 Kaposi's Sarcoma

김일규,조현영,박승훈,박종원,사시카라바라라만,김준미,Kim, Il-Kyu,Cho, Hyun-Young,Chang, Keum-Soo,Park, Seung-Hoon,Park, Jong-Won,Sasikala, Balaraman,Kim, Joon-Mee 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2009 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.31 No.4

Kaposi's sarcoma was first descrided by Kaposi in 1872 as an idiopathic multiple hemorrhagic sarcoma. Its clinical features revealed to be erythematous red or purple macule started out, and developing into palpable dome-shaped nodules. Etiology is not defined to detail at present. Kaposi's sarcoma is classified to 4 categories; Classical, African, Epidemic and Immunosuppressive type. Epidemic categories is found approximately 20% of all AIDS patients and has strong predilection for head and neck region. The first case of immunosuppresive type Kaposi's sarcoma in patients with kidney transplants was reported in 1969. Kaposi's sarcoma accounts for 5% of all tumors associated with transplanted patients. The most common site of Kaposi's sarcoma in immunosuppressed patients are extremities, but rare in head and neck area. A 42 years old woman who had systemic lupus erythematosus visited to our clinic because of gingival hyperplasia, and excisional biopsy revealed Kaposi's sarcoma. We experienced a case of favorable results using excision and chemotherapy, so we report with review of literatures. 본 증례는 전신성 홍반성 낭창으로 인해 2000년 4월부터 면역 억제제인 azathioprine 75mg과 prednisolne 35mg을 복용 중인 42세 여성 환자가 2004년 12월 상악 협측 치은의 종창, 증식, 동통 및 출혈을 주소로 내원하여 조직 생검 결과 모세 혈관종으로 진단되었으나, 2005년 1월 치은의 재발 병소의 절제 및 조직 생검으로 카포시 육종으로 진단되었고, 흉부의 피부 병변의 조직 생검과 흉부 전산화 단층 촬영 검사에서도 양측 폐에 다수의 결절을 보이는 카포시 육종으로 진단되었다. 의인성 면역억제제에 의한 카포시 육종으로 최종 진단되어, 면역 억제제와 부신피질호르몬제의 중단과, paclitaxel을 이용한 전신적인 항암화학 요법으로, 2008년11월 현재까지 재발의 징후 없이 구강, 피부, 폐의 병소에 대해 양호한 치료 결과를 얻었으나, 향후 전신성 홍반성 낭창의 악화 또는 카포시 육종의 재발 가능성이 있으므로 지속적인 추적 관찰이 요할 것으로 사료된다.

임프란트 나사형태와 치조골 흡수에 따른 응력분산의 3차원 유한요소법적 분석

김일규,손충렬,장금수,조현영,백민규,박승훈,Kim, Il-Kyu,Son, Choong-Yul,Jang, Keum-Soo,Cho, Hyun-Young,Baek, Min-Kyu,Park, Sheung-Hoon 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2008 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.30 No.1

The objective of this study is to evaluate the stress distribution according to the thread design and the marginal bone loss of a single unit dental implant under the axial and offset-axial loading by three dimensional finite element analysis. The implants used had the diameter of 5mm and 4mm with 13mm in length and prosthesis with a conical type which is 6mm in height and 12mm in diameter. The thread designs were triangular, square and buttress. In the three dimensional finite element model with $15\times15\times20mm$ hexahedron and 2mm cortical thickness, implants were placed with crown to root ratio 7:12, 10:9, 13:6 and 16:3. And additionally the axial force of 100N were applied into 0mm, 2mm and 4mm away from the center of the implants. The results were as follows 1. The maximum von-Mises stress in cortical bone was concentrated to cervical area of implant, and in cancellous bone, apical portion. 2. Comparing the von-Mises stresses in cortical bone of 2mm and 4mm offset loading with central axial loading, it were increased to 3 and 5 times in diameter 4mm implant, and 2 and 4 times, in diameter 5mm implant. 3. The square threads were more effective than the triangular and butress as the longer diameter, the offset loading, and the worse crown to root ratio. 4. The von-Mises stresses were relatively stable until crown to root ratio 13:6, but it was suddenly increased at 16:3. From the results of this study, minimum requirement of crown to root ratio of implant is 2:1, and in the respect of crown to root ratio, diameter and offset loading, square threads are more effective than triangular and buttress threads.