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유럽연합입법지침 2019/1152 상 온라인 플랫폼노무제공자 보호
김도환 노동법이론실무학회 2021 노동법포럼 Vol.- No.34
Die Richtlinie 2019/1152 über transparente und vorhersehbare Arbeitsbedingungen in der Europäischen Union regelt Informationspflichten, die an die Nachweisrichtlinie 91/533/EWG anknüpfen. Im Bezug auf den Geltungsbereich findet sich Artikel 1 Abs. 2 der Richtlinie für jeden Arbeitnehmer, der in einem Arbeitsverhältnis steht, wobei die Rechtsprechung des Gerichtshofs zu berücksichtigen ist.“ Darüber hinaus wird die Arbeit auf Plattformen speziell in den Erwägungsgründen zu (8) hervorgehoben: ”wenn die Kriterien erfüllt würden, könnten.... Arbeitnehmer, die auf Abruf, intermittierend, auf der Grundlage von Gutscheinen und auf Online-Plattformen beschäftigt sind,..... in den Anwendungsbereich dieser Richtlinie fallen.“ Durch die Rechtsprechungen des EuGH geht es beim premären Gesellschaftrecht, besonderes AEUVS, um nicht nur Weisungsbindung und Eingliederung, als auch eigene unternehmerische Chance und Risk. Des weiteren stellt der EuGH mit seiner eigenen Auslegung auf Kriterien des Arbeitnehmerbegriffs je nach einer Richtlinie, weil ein persönlicher und sachlicher Anwendungsbereich aus dem Schutzzweck jeder Richtlinie bestehen. D.h. die Begriffbildung in der Richtlinie hängt vom Schutzzweck jeder Richtlinie ab. Online-Plattform Beschäftigte bringt seine Tätigkeit aufgrund flexibilisierter und digitalisierter Arbeitsstrukturen außerhalb des Arbeitsrechts. Dennoch handelt es sich beim Anwendungsbereich in 2019/1152 der Richtlinie um Online-Plattform Beschäftigte, denn dabei genügt eine arbeitsgleiche Tätigkeit. Dieser Ansatzpunkt leitet sich aus der Auffassung vom EuGH, besonders Danosa-Entscheidung,: Arbeitnehmer ist, wer unter den personellen Schutz der jeweiligen Regelung fallen sollte. D.h. der Schutz für Online-Plattform Beschäftigte wäre nicht im Arbeitnehmerbegriff zu suchen, sondern die jeweilige Schutzzone, unabhängig von der Vertragsart. 유럽법원이 주장하는 지시관련성 이론을 통해서는 오로지 자영업자와 근로자로만 노무제공자를 구별하기 때문에 온라인 플랫폼노무제공자와 같이 근로자성이 불분명한 사람은 노동법의 보호 범위 밖에 머물게 된다. 입법지침으로 플랫폼노무제공자들을 보호영역으로 포섭하여 이들에게 근로자와 동등한 권리를 인정하는 것은 이들의 노무제공이 일반 근로자들의 노무제공과 상응하기 때문이다. 온라인 플랫폼노무제공자를 유럽노동법상의 근로자와 구별하되 입법지침 2019/1152와 같이 인적 적용 범위를 정해 이들을 보호 영역으로 포섭하는 것은 충분히 검토할 만한 사안이다. 유럽연합 회원국은 입법지침을 국내법으로 전환해야 할 의무가 있고, 이 과정에서 그 형식에 구애받지 않고, 즉 꼭 입법의 형식이 아니라 하더라도 회원국의 사정에 맞게 이를 도입하는 것은 궁극적으로 회원국들이 경제적 공동체를 넘어 정치적 혹은 사회적 공동체로 나아가기 위한 시도로 이해된다. 그런 의미에서 이 입법지침을 통해 온라인 플랫폼노무제공자를 보호범위로 포섭하려는 시도는 정치 · 사회적 공동체로 나아가기 위한 정책적 노력의 하나로 이해하여야 한다.
金道煥 부산대학교 학생생활연구소 1965 硏究報 Vol.1 No.1
In this report are revealed the desirable personality characteristics inquired into according to the questionaire method. The objects on inquiry are 182 college boys and 186 college girls, and an attempt has been made to display the results in order according to the frequency. The characteristics and frequency may be shown as follows, the least frequency omitted. Kindliness(120), Good teaching skill(118), Scholarship(110), Intimate interaction with students(60), General culture(57), Achademic efforts(56), Sincerity(55), cheerfulness(50), Consideration(44), Dignity(44), Affection(40), Humour(36), Readiness for teaching(30), General leadership(30) Attractive appearance(26), Interest in students(24), Self-possession(21), Tolerance(20), Health(20), Mildness(17), Patience(17), Modesty(16), fluency of speech(16), Advice and helpfulness(14), Decisiveness and judgement(14), Impartiality(12), Frankness(12), Self-relianc(12), Punctuality(12), Good taste(10), Good voice(10), Using the standard langage(8), Flexibility(8), Wide knowledge(8)
東醫寶鑑 風門의 中風에 쓰는 處方의 劑型 및 服藥 方法에 대한 考察
金都煥,李寅 한국전통의학연구소 2001 한국전통의학지 Vol.11 No.1
The use of herbs for medical benefit has played an important role in nearly every culture on earth. Herbal medicine was practiced by ancient cultures in Asia. Herbal drugs should be processed before using or making into various forms. We study on the formulae and administration of herbal drugs used for stroke in the Poong(風) section of DongYiBoGam(東醫實鑑) and the conclusion is said that;. Besides decoction of herbal drug, there are pill, powder, soft extract, powder to be taken after infused in warm boiled-water or liquor. The most commom way to take a medicine is a decoction boiled with the water(pills comes next, powder follows it), and bamboo juice or ginger juice was usually added when it needs. Pills are mostly taken with honey and being done with flour comes as the 2nd common way. In 11 cases, pills are wrapped by cinnabar or gold foil(sometimes both come together). Pills and powder are commonly taken with the warm water or herb(most of them are ginger juice or warm liquor). Warm liqour is the most common material taken with the powder but warm water or ginger juice is used, too. In chui-che(取체) method, powder is simply used. Their characteristics and administrations are shown in detail in Pharmacology of Traditional Korean Medical Formulae. It is neccessary to research and develope various administrations of drug in order to take the best effects on oriental(Koran traditional) medicine.