Diagnosis of Sjogren’s Syndrome with Acute Polyarthritis after Covid-19 Vaccination: A Case Report

고상혁,고도연,송준영,김인영 대한내과학회 2021 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2021 No.1

Synthesis of biomass-derived polyalphaolefin-grade lubricant through aldol condensation and hydrodeoxygenation reactions

고상혁,( Dinesh Kumar Mishra ),서영웅 한국공업화학회 2023 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2023 No.0

경주양식 고배의 출현과 정형화 과정

고상혁 한국고고학회 2016 한국고고학보 Vol.98 No.-

Pottery unearthed in the Yeongnam area is divided into Silla-style pottery and Gaya-style pottery. The criteria for classification into Silla-style and Gayastyle is based on the appearance of the mounted dish with vertical perforations. However, the initial mounted dish with vertical perforations includes a cup with curved legs similar to the ancient style pottery of the 4th century. The cup with curved legs is differentiated from the cup with straight legs. Some argue that the mounted dish with straight legs, rather than the mounted dish with vertical perforations, is the typical Silla-style mounted dish. This difference in perspective was connected to a difference in chronology. This study intends to explain the process of formation of the Gyeongju-style mounted dish, which is still unclear, focusing on the mounted dish with a double-tier base, or a typical type of cup unearthed from the South Mound of Hwangnamdaechong Tomb in Gyeongju. The perspective adopted is that the perpendicular leg, rather than the broadly-interpreted vertical perforation, should be established as the criterion of the Silla-style mounted dish. The Gyeongju-style mounted dish has long been tacitly recognized as a Silla-style mounted dish. However, as the term “Silla” encompasses different areas, there exists the problem of interpreting what Sillastyle entails. Therefore, this study intends to differentiate the Gyeongju-style mounted dish from the general Silla-style mounted dish. The Gyeongju-style mounted dish is a mounted dish with a double-tier base characterized by a straight leg and a thickly treated base, and differentiated from the mounted dish with three short legs treated in V-shape without using special decorations, with a curved leg and an attached part on the tip of the leg. A chronological plan composed of a total of 8 stages is presented based on the perception of a difference in mounted dish shape between the mounted dish 경주양식 고배의 출현과 정형화 과정 | 127 with a double-tier base and the mounted dish with a triple-tier base, as well an association between each type of artifact. The eight stages aligned in a temporal order are classified into three time periods according to the aspects of change in the type of cup, and change in the shape of the mounted dish.

4~6세기 영남지역 저상부장묘(低床副葬墓)의 고고학적 함의

고상혁 영남고고학회 2023 嶺南考古學 Vol.- No.97

이 글은 삼국시대 영남지역의 새로운 묘제인 저상부장묘의 출현과 확산과정에서 나타나는 분포의 의미를 찾는 것에 목적이 있다. 저상부장묘는 강릉에서 창원에 이르는 해안지역과 경주-영천-경산으로 이어지는 내륙지역에 선상으로 분포한다. 이러한 분포 정형은 신라와 가야의 영역에 걸쳐있고, 내륙과 해안을 아우르는 상이한 자연환경을 포괄하고 있어 다양한 해석이 가능할 것으로 기대된다. 연구 방법은 저상부장묘의 구조를 분석하고, 단계별 구조 및 분포권의 변화를 살펴보았다. 그 결과 Ⅰ단계에는 김해를중심으로 창원에서 포항까지 해안을 따라 분포권이 형성된다. A식 저상부장만이 확인되며, 김해ㆍ창원은 순수목곽묘, 울산ㆍ부산은 위석목곽묘에서 확인된다. 김해에서 높은 점유율을 보인다. Ⅱ단계에는 강원도 해안지역으로 분포권이 확대됨과 동시에 내륙의 경주, 영천, 경산까지 분포권이 확대된다. 이들 지역에서는 BㆍC식 저상부장이 새롭게 출현하여 유행하지만 김해ㆍ창원지역에서는 A식만이 확인되어 지역에 따라 다른 전개양상이 확인된다. 이 단계에 이르러서는 모든 지역에서 석곽묘에 저상부장이 설치된다. Ⅲ단계에는 경주 서남부와 울산 서부 내륙지역으로 분포권이 확대되지만, 영향력이 약하다. 김해, 창원, 부산지역에서의 축조 비율은 감소하는 반면 경주, 울산, 포항, 영천, 경산지역에서는 축조 비율이증가한다. 이를 통해 저상부장묘는 가야(김해)를 중심으로 새로운 매장 프로세스로서 출현하였고, 동시기 해안을 따라 신라의 해안지역과 공유되었으며, 신라에서 재지화된 지역양식이 출현함과 동시에 내륙(경산ㆍ영천)으로 확산되는 양상을 확인하였다. 내륙으로의 분포권 변화는 울산-경주-영천-경산에서만 확인되는 현상으로서 고분군의 선상 분포를 통해 경주를 중심으로 세 방향으로의 지향성을 확인하였고, 이를 해안과 내륙을 연결하는 교통로로 추정하였다. The purpose of this article is aimed at the distribution of tomb style in Gyeongju during the Three Kingdoms period that the space range was formed from interdependent relationships, not from a political standpoint. The study subject are tombs with the low-floor additional chamber, which was judged to be data that can identify how the different natural environments of the coast and the inland were related with the formation of tombs. As for the research method, the spreading pattern was examined by categorizing tombs with the low-floor additional chamber and reviewing them step by step. As a result, it was confirmed that the tombs were transmitted through the sea route and then spread to the inland via Ulsan. It was changed in three stages, and in stage I, it spread to the Changwon-Pohang line through maritime traffic. In stage Ⅱ, the maritime routes were expanded to Gangwon-do region, while the relations with the Gimhae and Changwon regions had decreased. The spread to the inland begins, and the traffic routes identified in this process is largely divided into three directions centered on Gyeongju. The traffic routes were divided into Northeast Road leading to the coastal port, Southeast Road leading to coastal cities with a mixture of special functional areas and gateway cities, and West Road leading to inland cities based on agricultural products. In stage Ⅲ, And it was confirmed that land transportation routes were expanding to the inland area of western Ulsan and part of the coastal area of Ulsan. In addition, the reliability of the data was increased by comparing this result with the ‘ㅏ’-shaped tomb(ㅏ字形古墳) representing Gyeongju’s Northeast culture. This study was intended to reveal that it belongs to the broad category of culture formed around Gyeongju, not the specificity of a single tomb style. This analysis was interpreted from the perspective of efficient connection between the coast and the inland. The validity of this study was verified by confirming the similarity of the regions through comparison with the life culture area of the late Joseon Dynasty, where there was little change in transportation means.

신라토기 경주양식 분포권과 교통로

고상혁 한국상고사학회 2022 한국상고사학보 Vol.117 No.117

This article started with the question of how to interpret the sub-regional style that it belongs to the earthenware culture on the east side of the Nakdong River as the product of the Silla political system. Although various interpretations are possible, the study was conducted focusing on the transportation aspect. Transportation is a factor that integrates cultures, but it is also a cause of heterogeneous cultures. As a research subject, Gyeongju-style mounted cup with double-openwork(二段透窓高杯) was selected as the typical model of the southern grave of Hwangnam grand tomb(皇南大塚南墳). It was judged to be useful for examining the transportation network. Because it is the most widely identified within the sub-regional style. First, among the various forms in the southern grave of Hwangnam grand tomb, the unique properties that distinguish them from the surrounding sub-regional style were extracted, and their distribution range was examined. This range was compared with the distribution ranges of the iron sword with curve(曲刃鐵器), the ceremonial ornament with bird-shaped thorn(有刺異器), and ㅏ-shaped tomb(ㅏ字形古墳). The distribution range of iron wares and tomb coincided with the distribution area of Gyeongju-style earthenware, it was confirmed that these distributions correspond to the same culture in relation to burial rites. The cultural zone is centered on the transportation route of Ulsan-Gyeongju-Yeongcheon-Gyeongsan⋅Pohang, and also connects to Gangneung, Gangwon province along the east coast. It is presumed that this route served as an arterial road. The main road was not available from Miryang, Cheongdo, and Jain. It seems that there was a separate branch line joining Ulsan. In addition, it is presumed that the Andong-Yeongyang-Yeongdeok-Yeonghae transportation route was also operated. These transportation route was verified by comparing it with the salt road in the late Joseon Dynasty. Because the salt road was the road with the most traffic. From the Three Kingdoms Period(三國時代) to the late Joseon Dynasty(朝鮮時代), there were virtually no changes in the terrain and means of transportation that could significantly affect transit. The salt road in the Yeongnam region were divided into four districts according to geographical factors. It was confirmed that the distribution zone of Gyeongju-style earthenware were consistent with the distribution network of salt in the east coast. Through this study, it was confirmed that earthenware culture could be used to restore ancient transportation routes in the Yeongnam region. Considering that the salt road operated in the private sector and that the end point of the road starting inland is leading to Ulsan rather than the political center Gyeongju, it could be observed that the transportation network formed to obtain essential goods such as salt and iron had an effect on the formation of pottery distribution zone.

영남지역 목관묘 출토 닻형철기 연구

고상혁,김훈희 영남고고학회 2014 嶺南考古學 Vol.- No.68

The anchor-shaped ironwares are relics which had been founded in wooden coffin tombs in the Young-Nam. However, the usage was just estimate a kind of harnessry, and in-depth researches were insufficient. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to be report on the usages, evoultion and regionality of the anchor-shaped ironwares. The anchor-shaped ironwares have a characteristic which is that two pieces at a time were founded in charged soil or grave soil of wooden coffin tombs. By comparing the shapes and excavated patterns with the example of china, we find out that the usage of the anchor-shaped ironwares was a rein hook to use both hands free by wearing the anchor-shaped ironwares at one’s waist and hooking the reins. The anchor-shaped ironwares i in the Young-Nam province had undergone significant changes in 3 steps by the angle of the hooks and whether the bracken decoration in apiculus of the hooks. It appeared early first century B.C. and materially altered in later first century B.C.. Also, it showed regionality on discriminative production methods of the crenate decoration and bracken decoration on the surface of hook. 닻형철기는 현재까지 영남지역의 목관묘에서만 출토되는 유물이다. 1988년 창원 다호리유적에서 처음으로 출토된 닻형철기 이후로 현재까지 10여점이 보고되었고 이와 유사한 형태로 경주 입실리 출토 닻형동기가 있다. 하지만 그 용도에 관해서는 마구의 일종으로 추정할 뿐 아직까지는 관련 연구가 미진하다. 닻형철기의 출토양상은 대부분 2점이 포개져 출토되는 것이 특징이며, 그 사이에 목질이 수착되어 있는 점으로 보아 목재를 중심에 두고 닻형철기를 양면에 고정하여 사용하였을 것으로 추정된다. 닻형철기와 유사한 형태의 유물로는 중국 전국시대의 괘강구가 있다. 이 유물은 선행 연구를 통해 사람의 허리에 차고 고삐를 걸어 두 손을 자유롭게 쓸 수 있는 고삐걸개로 보고 있다. 닻형철기의 형태적 기원은 중국 동북지역에서 찾을 수 있지만, 점차 영남지역만의 재지화된 특징을 보인다. 가장 이른시기의 유물은 영남지역의 목관묘 출현기부터 확인된다. 형태적으로 보았을 때 괘부의 각과 괘부 선단부의 궐수장식 부착유무에 의해 크게 3단계로 구분된다. 각 단계는 공반된 유물을 통해 기원전 1세기 전엽에 출현하여 기원전 1세기 후엽을 기점으로 크게 변화하는 양상을 확인할 수 있다.

원자력 및 신재생에너지 발전비율에 따른 전력단가의 변화

고상혁,정범진 한국에너지학회 2006 에너지공학 Vol.15 No.1

원자력발전과 신재생에너지발전에 대하여 과학적, 객관적 검토없이 다양한 정책과 주장이 제기되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국가별 에너지정책을 조사·분석하고 총 34개의 가능한 전원구성 시나리오를 도출하였다. 이들 시나리오가 우리나라 전력정책에 도입될 경우를 가정하여 전력단가를 계산하였다. 전력단가 계산방법은 현재 우리나라 전력시장에서 사용하는 한계가격결정 방법을 사용하였고 발전원별로 표준건설비 및 운영비를 적용함으로써 계산을 단순화하였다. 계산결과 송배전 비용과 사업자의 이윤을 제외한 현행 전원구성에 대한 전력단가는 평균 22.18원/kWh이고 전원구성비에 따라 19.74에서 164.07원/kWh까지 분포하였다. 원자력발전비율이 증가할수록 전력단가는 낮아졌고 신재생에너지 발전비율이 증가할수록 전력단가는 높아졌다. 주목할 만한 것은 신재생에너지 발전비율이 20%를 넘어서게 되면 값싼 기저발전을 활용할 수 없게 되어 전력수요가 적은 시간대에 전력단가가 오히려 상승하였다.

5세기 신라 왕경 주변지역권 설정: 경주 서남소지역양식 토기와 석곽묘를 중심으로

고상혁 동국대학교 WISE(와이즈)캠퍼스 신라문화연구소 2022 新羅文化 Vol.61 No.-

This paper discussed the geographical dissimilarity of southwestern and northeastern Gyeongju-style earthenware, which is Silla's most representative pottery style. Notably, the interrelation between the southwestern group's sub-regional style and specific tombs' characteristics was closely examined. Provided that a strong interrelation exists, it can be seen as the sub-regional tomb culture encompassed the Gyeongju, Pohang, and Ulsan areas which are the central regions of Silla. This study suggests redefining the sub-regional tomb culture area around the capital by encompassing southwestern Gyeongju and Ulsan. Furthermore, the role of the southwestern cultural zone of Gyeongju (vicinity of Gyeongju), as a middle ground between the capital and the provinces was studied. The concatenation between the distribution range of hemless mounted cups with upright spouts, a representative pottery style of southwest-small-regional culture in Gyeongju, and the range of the stone chamber tomb over the same periods resulted in classified subdivisions - earthenware-alone, tombs-alone and coexisted-earthenware and tomb. Gyeongsan-Gyeongju-Ulsan, which is the northeastern culture of Gyeongju. The tomb-alone regions were concentrated around the Nakdong River as Daegu-Chilgok (Middle Nakdong river) and Gimhae- Yangsan (Lower Nakdong river) are the central tomb-alone regions. The coexisted-earthenware and tomb area were further divided into single-openwork and mounted cup with double-openwork region and double-openwork only region. The former region surrounds the southwestern part of Gyeongju and Ulsan, while the latter is along the coast, including the western part of Gimhae and Busan. This study proved that the correlation between Gyeongju's southwestern sub-regional pottery style and stone chamber tombs could be validated over both Gyeongju and Ulsan. Also, it was found that Gyeongju's distinctive southwestern cultural zone differentiated from the northeastern cultural zone. The geographical advantage of Ulsan, which is easily accessible to Gyeongju by land and to Gimhae and Busan by sea, can be the main reason. After all findings, it could be concluded that the southwestern cultural zone of Gyeongju had been a cultural exchange hub between the maritime culture-centered area, Gimhae and Busan, and the inland culture-centered area, Gyeongju and Yeongcheon. This archaeological phenomenon is potentially connected to Silla's 6-part political group structure.

제주 동굴의 라돈농도 측정

고상혁,김형석,정범진 제주대학교 방사능이용연구소 2003 연구보고 Vol.17 No.-

Radon is a radioactive gas emitting α particles. It is chemically stable due to its inert characteristic. While its daughter products, 218Po, 214Bi, 214Pb and 214Po, attached with aerosol particles, is known to cause lung cancer. As radon is produced from uranium and thorium, it accumulates in poorly ventilative underground voids such as caves and mine. Radon concentrations at caves in Jeju were measured in this study. The measurements were by setting three CR-39 detectors for 70 days at 2∼4 positions in Manjang, Hyupjae and Ssangyong caves. The radon levels of the caves spread 403.1∼606.7㏃/㎥. With these results, it is concluded that the Jeju caves have 6 times higher radon concentrations than ordinary house of 65.3㏃/㎥ and that they are higher than Seoul subway stations due to poor ventilation. While, the caves in Jeju have lower radon concentrations than limestone caves of Robin Hood. The radon concentration in the middle of Manjang cave is slightly higher than the action level in the work place of 500㏃/㎥ suggested by the ICRP. The measurement errors are estimated to be less than 5% from its calibration factor.

5세기대 울산식 토기의 유통

고상혁(Ko, Sanghyuk) 한국고고학회 2021 한국고고학보 Vol.- No.119

기존 연구에서 설정된 신라양식 경주식은 토기의 생산과 소비라는 관점에서 볼 때 매우 광역적으로 다루어졌다. 이로 인해 양식권 내에서도 소지역양식의 설정이 필요하다는 문제 인식하에 기장 명례리 유적에 주목하였다. 경주식 토기의 분포권으로 분류되었던 기장 명례리에서 생산된 이단투창고배는 경주의 전형적인 이단투창고배와 형태적 차이를 보인다. 따라서 기장 명례리 유적 출토 이단투창고배를 전형의 경주식 이단투창고배와 비교하여 울산식 토기를 설정하였다. 그리고 울산식 토기의 생산지를 추정하고, 주변지역에서 출토된 고배와 비교함으로써 울산식 토기의 분포권을 유통이라는 측면에서 검토하였다. 울산식 이단투창고배는 형태적으로 경주식을 충실히 모방하였지만 전체 비율뿐 아니라 구연, 투창, 돌대, 각단 등에서 형태적 차이가 관찰되었다. 특히 높고 직립하는 구연, 상단은 짧고 하단이 긴 투창, 둥글고 높은돌대, 문양을 시문하지 않는 점이 두드러지는 특징이다. 울산식 토기의 생산은 기장 명례리와 장안리 일대에서 이루어졌을 것으로 추정되며, 분포권은 울산을 중심으로 기장, 양산의 일부 지역을 포함하고 있다. 울산식 토기의 분포권은 인접한 양산과 부산의 양식 분포권과 비교하였을 때 직선 반경 12km, 실거리 17km 이내에 위치하고 있어 울산식 토기 분포권을 하나의 토기유통권으로 해석하였다. 생산과 유통이라는 관점에서 볼 때 신라양식 내에서 울산식 설정은 유의미하다고 할 수 있으며, 토기 양식도 연구 목적에 따라 다양하게 설정될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. ‘Gyeongju style’ Silla pottery, which was defined through previous studies, has been examined only very broadly from the viewpoint of pottery production and consumption. As such, the present paper examines the pottery from the site of Myeongrye-ri, Gijang, based on the viewpoint that the designation of sub-regional cultures is necessary within the wider culture zone. The double mounted dish with openwork produced at Myeongrye-ri, a site which is located within the distribution zone of Gyeongju style pottery, demonstrates differences from the example of the same pottery type found in Gyeongju. Therefore, attempts were made establish ‘Ulsan style pottery’ by comparing examples from Myeongrye-ri with the typical examples of the Gyeongju style double mounted dish with openwork. In addition, the distribution of Ulsan style pottery was examined in terms of circulation by inferring possible production sites of Ulsan style pottery and undertaking comparisons with the mounted dishes excavated from surrounding areas. Although the double mounted dish with openwork of the ‘Ulsan style’ was faithfully imitating examples from the Gyeongju area, morphological differences can be observed not only in the overall form, but also in the shape of the vessel lip, openwork, relief lines, and the base end. In particular, distinctions can be made based on the presence of high and upright lips, openwork with a short upper part and a long lower end, rounded and high relief, and an absence of patterns. It is estimated that the production of Ulsan style pottery took place in the areas of Myeongrye- ri and Jangan-ri, in Gijang; the distribution area includes some areas of Gijang and Yangsan, centering on Ulsan. Through this, it was confirmed that distinct pottery style zones were present in the area which had previously been classified as being part of the Gyeongju style zone. Compared with the pottery type distribution area of Yangsan and Busan, located adjacent to Ulsan, the distribution range of the Ulsan pottery type was established as follows: within a 12km radius around the main burial mound group, and 17km in terms of actual distance along the road. This area can therefore be interpreted as the pottery circulation zone. From the point of view of production and consumption, it appears that the designation of ‘Ulsan style pottery’ as a sub-category of Silla pottery is indeed meaningful. It was possible to confirm that ‘pottery styles’ can be defined in various ways according to the research purpose.