Study of Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Urban Railway Productivity: Focusing on Seoul Urban Railway with Malmquist Productivity Index

서경수 한국철도학회 2024 한국철도학회논문집 Vol.27 No.9

The operational goal of urban railway public enterprises is to provide efficient public transportation services to citizens based on the operating budget. However, if the number of passengers decreases due to a global pandemic such as COVID-19, passenger fare revenue and operation productivity decrease. In this paper, the researcher analyzed whether the decrease in passengers due to the COVID-19 pandemic affected the productivity of urban railway operations; this was done using the DEA-based MPI (Malmquist productivity index). As a result of the analysis, it was confirmed that there was a significant decrease in passengers and Malmquist productivity during the COVID-19 period, and that there was a technical change due to a shrinkage in production frontier (production possibility set) of the entire urban railway of Seoul urban railway. In addition, it was confirmed that the declined productivity recovered only a two lines (Line 5 and 8); this indicates that the entire urban railway operation has not yet recovered. Through this study, implications were presented for operators to make strategies to maintain productivity in urban railway operations when passengers decreases due to external factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

수도권 역세권 토지이용패턴과 철도이용 수요와의 연관성

성현곤,천상현 국토연구원 2014 국토연구 Vol.81 No.-

This study identifies the associations between the user demand for railway stations and the land use pattern of transit station areas in the Seoul Metropolitan Region. Using multi-level regression modeling, the results demonstrate that land use strategy beyond the walkable distance (about 500m) from a rail station plays an important role in attracting rail transit users. More specifically, land use characteristics within 1,500m from a station is significant to shape transit ridership for both intra-urban and urban railway extension routes. This study also implies that, to effectively increase rail transit ridership, mixed-use development strategy is important, as much as density one, especially for intra-urban and urban railway expansion railway types. Another implication for TOD planning and policies is that different railway types operating in the Seoul Metropolitan Region require differentiated TOD development strategies to increase transit ridership effectively. Non-residential development is effective for urban railway expansion routes, whereas both residential-oriented and mixed-use development are more effective for inter-urban railways. For inter-regional railways, non-residential development in non-walkable areas from a rail station can be beneficial. 본 논문은 수도권 철도역세권을 대상으로 TOD 계획요소(토지이용 밀도와 다양성 패턴)와 철도역 이용수요와의 관계를 실증분석하였다. 수도권 내 운영되는 다양한 철도 유형별로(도시철도, 도시철도 연장, 도시 간 철도, 지역 간 철도) 다수준 회귀모형(1수준-철도역 속성, 2수준-철도노선 속성)을 구축하여 그 관계를 분석하였으며, 설명변수로서 토지이용의 특성을 도출하기 위해 요인분석을 이용하였다. 분석 결과로서, 수도권 철도역세권 개발 시 도보권 내뿐만 아니라 비도보권에서의(반경 1,500m까지) 개발밀도 역시 철도역 이용자수를 증진시키는 데 중요함을 발견하였다. 또한, 도시철도(연장선 포함)의 경우는 개발밀도 외에 토지이용복합도 증진 전략이 효과적이다. 마지막으로, 광역철도의 유형별로 TOD와 연계하여 철도역 이용수요를 증대시키고자 할 때, 철도의 유형(도시철도 연장선, 광역, 지역 간)에 따라 전략적으로 차별화된 접근이 필요하다.

도시 커먼즈 관리의 내재적 모순과 도전들: ‘경의선공유지’ 사례를 중심으로

박인권,김진언,신지연 한국공간환경학회 2019 공간과 사회 Vol.29 No.3

Urban commons movements are being deployed all over the world to resist state control and the privatization and commodification of resources in modern cities and to practice the value of ‘commoning’ as an alternative order. Urban commons exist in the setting of ‘the urban’ and have unique characteristics that differ from the traditional commons in the rural or natural setting. In particular, the ‘urban’ attributes conflict with the conditions of ‘commons’, which is effectively managed, causing inherent contradictions in urban commons management. This study explores the difficulties and challenges that urban commons face due to their inherent nature as a new commons concept, and examines how efforts are made to solve them. For this purpose, we analyze the case of Gyeong-Eui Railway Commons (GRC) in Seoul, Korea, focusing on the inherent contradictions in managing urban commons in terms of the three dimensions of commons, i.e., community, institution and resources. The results show that, from the management’s point of view, the urban attributes and the efficient management conditions for GRC create a state of tension with each other, sometimes conflicted, and sometimes compromised in all three dimensions of community, institution, and resource, putting GRC in an unstable equilibrium. In addition, it can be seen that not only the efforts of the members of the GRC community but also the involvement of civil society are important for new development through maintaining this equilibrium and overcoming inherent contradictions. These findings are expected to help understand and address the root causes of urban commons management problems. 현대 도시에서 일상적으로 진행되는 자원의 사유화와 상품화에 저항하고 국가의 통제에 맞서 대안적 질서로서 ‘공유’의 가치를 실천하기 위한 ‘도시 커먼즈’ 운동이 세계 곳곳에 전개되고 있다. 도시 커먼즈는 ‘도시(the urban)’라는 배경 속에존재하여 농촌이나 자연을 배경으로 하는 전통적 커먼즈와는 다른 독특한 특성을갖는다. 특히 ‘도시’ 속성은 ‘커먼즈’의 효율적 관리 조건과 상충되어 도시 커먼즈관리에 있어서 내재적 모순을 일으킨다. 이 연구는 새로운 커먼즈 개념으로서 도시 커먼즈가 그 자체의 본질적 속성으로 인하여 관리 과정에서 직면하게 되는 어려움과 도전들이 무엇인지를 밝히고, 그 문제 해결을 위한 노력이 어떤 식으로 이루어지는지를 고찰하고자 한다. 이를 위해 우리는 커먼즈의 세 가지 차원인 공동체, 제도, 자원의 측면에서 나타나는 도시 커먼즈 관리의 내재적 모순에 초점을 맞추어, 서울 마포구의 경의선공유지 사례를 분석하였다. 분석 결과는 경의선공유지가 관리의 관점에서 볼 때 공동체, 제도, 자원의 세 차원 모두에서 도시적 속성과커먼즈의 효율적 관리 조건이 긴장관계를 이루어 때로는 갈등하고 때로는 타협하면서 불안정한 균형 상태를 이루고 있음을 보여준다. 또한 이 균형 상태의 유지와 내재적 모순의 극복을 통한 새로운 발전을 위해서는 공동체 구성원의 노력뿐만 아니라 시민사회의 개입도 중요함을 알 수 있다. 이러한 발견은 도시 커먼즈 관리문제의 근본 원인을 이해하고 해결하는 데 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

도시철도 공급수준 파악을 위한 회귀모형 개발

김준택(J. T. Kim),이종성(J. S. Lee),정일봉(I. B. Jeong) 한국도시철도학회 2015 한국도시철도학회논문집 Vol.3 No.4

Urban traffic problems have a close relationship with socio-economic activities of citizens. According to the level of currently supply for urban railways, there is a difference for user’s benefits in basic local government. So, it is essential to complement the appropriate level of traffic SOC supply. In that regard, this study is identified currently level of supply for the urban railways in basic local government in metropolitan area, and that suggests the regression model of urban railways supply by socio-economic indicators based on statistical data, when we decide on the plan of new urban railways, it is able to use as the basis data for including the appropriate supply of the urban railways. Besides, it is expected to be worth that is used as evidence for the introduction of new transportation supply.

도시철도 건설공사의 공종별 위험도에 관한 연구

이종빈 ( Jong Bin Lee ),한인국 ( In Kuk Han ),장성록 ( Seong Rok Chang ) 한국안전학회(구 한국산업안전학회) 2016 한국안전학회지 Vol.31 No.2

The goals of this study were to investigate some significant factors to judge level of safety at urban railway construction field and to analyze degree of risk by work classification. Currently, there are lots of construction fields for the urban railway for national transportation, and our government also planned constructing more urban railway in near future. However, most of the researches on safety neglected the degree of risk factors on the urban railway construction field. Safety managers participated in the brainstorming session for deriving decision criteria of the degree of risk (i.e., significant factors). Then, they were asked to answer a structured questionnaire which was developed for deriving most important factors. Finally, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to analyze level of risk by work classification. The following results were obtained. First, total twelve factors judging degree of risk were found in the brainstorming session. Second, the questionnaire showed four significant factors, including adjacency of obstacle, intensity of work, unsafe condition and work space. Third, the results of AHP showed civil work is the most dangerous work among 6 work types. The results could be used to give the safety management priority on accident prevention efforts among several hazards and to reduce degree of risk in construction field of the urban railway.

도시철도 교통서비스의 주택가격에 대한 자본화효과에 관한 연구 : 경기도 아파트를 중심으로

배상영,정의철,이상엽 한국부동산분석학회 2018 부동산분석학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2018 No.-

본 연구는 도시철도 노선과 역이 제공하는 교통서비스가 인근 아파트에 미치는 자본화효과를 분석하기 위하여, 2016년 1년 동안 경기도에서 거래 된 100세대 이상 단지의 아파트를 대상으로 헤도닉가격모형을 사용하여 분석하였다. 도시철도의 자본화 효과는 도시철도가 건설 됨으로써 생기는 편익이 해당 도시철도를 이용할 수 있는 지역의 부동산 가격에 반영되는 것을 말한다. 이를 분석하기 위하여 교통학에서 정립된 도시철도의 비용함수를 이론적 근거로 중심지(CBD, GBD)까지의 소요시간, 운행편수, 도시철도역까지의 거리, 서울과 인천 경유 여부, 노선 수 등의 주요설명변수로 사용하였다. 분석결과, 운행편수가 많을수록, 노선 수가 많을수록, 도시철도역까지와의 거리가 짧을수록, 중심지까지 소요시간이 짧을수록, 환승 없이 서울로 갈 수 있는 역일 경우, 가격에 긍정적인 효과가 도출되었다. 이러한 결과는 그 동안 도시철도역까지와의 거리와 같이 단편적인 도시철도 접근성 뿐 아니라 실제 가까운 역에서 제공하는 교통서비스의 질을 반영하였다는 점에서 학술적 기여점이 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 도시철도의 운행편수, 노선의 방향, 속도, 시간 등에 따라 주택가격에 미치는 영향이 상이하며, 이러한 요인들을 고려하였을 때 주택가격모형의 설명력이 더 높아짐을 보여준다. 신규 노선 건설 및 연장, 운영 시에도 이러한 점을 고려하여야 함을 보여주며, 교통학에서 적립 된 교통비용 및 편익 이론이 주택가격에 반영된다는 것을 실증하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. This study analyzed the capitalization effect of urban railway lines and stations’ traffic services on housing price. This study analyzed the apartments traded in Gyeonggi - do for 2016 using hedonic price model. The capitalization effect of urban railways means that the benefits of the construction of urban railways are reflected in the price of real estate in the area where the city rail is available. As a theoretical basis of the urban railway cost function established in the Traffic study, it was used as the main explanatory variables such as the time required to the city center (CBD, GBD), number of line, distance to the city railway station. The analysis shows that the number of line and the number of trains have a positive effect on the housing price. The time to the center of the city has a negative effect on the housing price. The results of this study have academic contribution in that it reflects transportation service as well as access to urban railway. This study shows that transportation services have an impact on housing prices.

도시철도 인접지반 깊은 굴착 시 궤도 안정성 평가

전상수(Sang-Soo Jeon),이상승(Sang-Seung Lee) 한국산학기술학회 2018 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.19 No.6

국내 도시철도 노선은 이용자의 접근을 편리하게 하기 위하여 주거단지 및 도심지 인근 지역에 시공되는 사례가 많다. 도시 인구 증가로 인하여 교통망 확충과 재건축 등이 지속적으로 이루어짐에 따라 도시철도 인접 지역 굴착이 불가피하며 굴착 시 발생하는 지반 응력 및 지하수위 변화는 도시철도 궤도틀림을 유발한다. 이에 본 논문에서는 삼차원 유한차분해석 상용프로그램 FLAC3D를 이용하여 도시철도 인접지반 대규모 굴착 시 지하수위에 따른 굴착 부 벽체 수평변위 및 배면지반의 침하와 궤도틀림량 산정 후 이들의 상관관계를 분석하고 궤도틀림 및 지하 박스구조물 안정성 평가를 실시하였다. 그 결과 깊은 굴착 시 지하수위에 따른 궤간틀림은 매우 미소하게 발생하였으나 줄틀림 72.5%, 수평틀림 83.3%, 면틀림 61.9%, 평면성틀림 43.3%로서 상대적으로 큰 차이가 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 흙막이 벽체의 최대 수평 변위 및 벽체 배면 침하 차는 각각 65.1%, 21.4%가 발생하는 것으로 나타났으며 지하수위가 지표면에 위치한 경우 지하 박스구조물의 인장 응력이 허용 기준을 초과하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 도시철도 구조물에 인접하여 깊은 굴착이 시공된 경우 궤도틀림으로 인한 사고를 미연에 방지하기 위해 본 연구에서 수행한 삼차원 수치해석과 실시간 모니터링을 실시하는 것이 바람직하다. Urban railway lines have been constructed adjacent to residential buildings and urban areas. The expansion of transportation networks and reconstruction of residential buildings in highly populated urban areas require deep excavations in areas adjacent to urban railways. Mobilized soil stresses and changes in the groundwater level induced by deep excavations results in track irregularities in urban railways. In this study, a three-dimensional finite difference model using the commercial program FLAC3D was adopted to estimate the horizontal displacements of earth retaining structures, settlements of backfill, the stability of track irregularity and underground box structure based on the criteria of each railway organization and its relationships. In deep excavations, a change in groundwater level induces relatively very small differences for track gauge irregularities, whereas relatively large differences for longitudinal irregularities of 72.5%, twist irregularities of 83.3%, cross level irregularities of 61.9%, and alignments of 43.3% were found to be the maximum differences when the horizontal displacement of earth retaining wall and settlement of backfill were 65.1% and 21.4%, respectively, because the groundwater level (GWL) on the ground surface-mobilized tensile strength of the underground box structure exceeds the allowable value. Therefore, three-dimensional numerical analysis was performed in this study. Overall, real-time monitoring should be carried out to prevent railway accidents in advance when a deep excavation adjacent to urban railway structures is constructed.

경인선 철도와 인천의 문화지리적 변화

이영민(Lee, Young-Min) 인천대학교 인천학연구원 2005 인천학연구 Vol.4 No.-

The city of Incheon, as firstly opened to the outer world in the late 19 century, had its own cultural and economic centrality, functioning as a stepping stone of western civilization and as a mouth of Korean advance to the outer world. Such central functions of regional characteristics slowly changed by the construction of Seoul-Incheon railway in 1899. The construction and the subsequent functional expansion of Kyungin railway made the urban function and internal structure abnormally transformed, which being summarized to the division of role as a periphery region depending on Seoul, and the lineal formation of central places according to the Kyungin railway. During the Japanese colonial period, the Kyungin railway played an important role of transportation line for salt in Juan region, rice and military manufacturing product in Bupyung region, It shows the centrality of Incheon was still in high position as the trading point moving forward to foreign world, though proving the status of Incheon as the region of exploitation by the outside power. The Korean policy toward manufacturing industry from the 1960s was a kind of national development program aiming at a trickling-down effect from several polarized cores. Accordingly, the capital region central to Seoul was enlarged and integrated in terms of the division of regional fuctions, further being in need of effective transformation system covering the whole region. The established Kyungin railway and the newly constructed Kyungin express road now standed in the center at the transportation of materials and passengers in the region. The improved linkage to Seoul by the Kyungin railway caused its neighboring linear region to draw a large number of population and commercial functions, and made an abnormal urban structure of diminishing density of centrality as increasing distance from the line of Kyungin railway. Altough the City of Incheon has newly expanded in recent years according to the north-south line by developing some outer regions, the east-west line touching the Kyungin railway has still an important meaning in the urban structure owing to the existence of Seoul in the east and the Yellow Sea in the west.

경기도 도시철도 환승할인지원금의 합리적 분담방안

조응래,김채만,김점산,박지선,한아름 경기연구원 2019 정책연구 Vol.- No.-

Integrated public transit fare system is operated within Seoul Metropolitan area. Passengers only pay distance-based fare even though they transfer transportation modes four times. Operation company must share the public transit fee, but Gyeonggi province subsidize for the loss in transfer discounts. Transfer discount subsidies will continue to increase as the length of urban railways and passengers increase. The purpose of this study is to prepare a rational allocation plan for the transfer discount subsidies for Gyeonggi province urban railway. There are three criteria for setting standard of transfer discount subsidies for urban railways: bus transit discount support rate (25%), Seoul Metropolitan railway operators’ transfer loss amount support rate (46%), and Gyeonggi province transportation sector support rate (100%). Urban railways function more of a regular bus managing transportation within a city, rather than a wide area. Considering the loss caused by free rides of elderly, it is desirable for Gyeonggi Province to support 30% of the transfer discount. If differentiating standard transfer discount price to 450 won for Gimpo, 500 won for Uijeongbu, and 550 won for Yongin respectively, transfer discount subsidies for the three urban railways predict to be 11.36 billion won in 2020, 14.87 billion won in 2025, and 16.12 billion won in 2030. In connection with public transportation fee increase, which will lead to profit increase, it is necessary make changes so that the share of transfer discount subsidies decreases. The transit discount rate can be reduced to 90.7% when the public transportation fee is raised by 100 won, or to 83.0% by 200 won. In order to solve the problem of increase in transfer discount subsidies as the demand 3grows, the Gyeonggi province transfer discount subsidies’ maximum limit and total amount should be considered. In the future, the deficit caused by free rides of the elderly is expected to increase continuously due to the aging of population. Therefore, legislative amendments need to be made in cooperation with urban railway management departments and ways to reduce deficit through increased demand should also be sought.

도시철도 인접지반 깊은 굴착시 지하 박스구조물 삼차원 안정성 평가

이성진(Sung-Jin Lee),박영곤(Yeong-Kon Park),이상승(Sang-Seung Lee),김호석(Ho-Seok Kim),윤경원(Kyeong-Won Yoon),전상수(Sang-Soo Jeon) 한국철도학회 2015 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2015 No.10

국내 도시의 특성은 한정된 공간에 많은 인구가 밀집하여 생활하므로 지하공간을 이용한 도시철도 구조물이 대도시를 중심으로 건설되고 있다. 도시철도 지하 구조물은 인근 신규 구조물 및 굴착 시공시 지반응력 변화에 따른 위험을 부담하게 된다. 그 중 최근 고층구조물 시공으로 인한 불가피한 대규모 굴착은 지하구조물의 안정성 문제를 야기시키므로 본 연구에서는 삼차원 유한차분해석 프로그램인 FLAC3D를 이용하여 대전도시철도 1호선 00구간 지역의 지층 단면 및 토질의 특성을 바탕으로 도시철도 인접지반 깊은 굴착시 굴착 깊이 및 길이와 Strut 설치개수에 따른 지하 박스구조물에 발생하는 응력 및 변위를 산정하여 구조물의 안정성 평가를 수행하였다. Since a lot of people live in urban areas with high population in limited small area, railway structures in underground have been constructed mainly in big cities. Urban railway structures are facing high risks by mobilized stresses of soils induced by newly constructed structures on the ground and/or excavations. In recent days, the construction of deep excavation in soils for high-rise buildings has frequently caused the stability problems of underground structures in urban railway. In this study, a threedimensional finite difference model using the commercial program FLAC3D is adopted to estimate the stability of urban box structures. Soil profiles and properties in the 00 area of Daejeon subway line No.1 is used to model an underground box structure of urban railway adjacent to deep excavation. Displacements and stresses of the structure induced by deep excavations are estimated to examine its stability with respect to the number of struts and various excavation depths and lengths.