제2형 당뇨병 환자에서 고혈압 유무에 따른 경동맥 죽상경화증 및 죽상경화증 위험인자들의 비교

박병현,정진원,조정구 대한당뇨병학회 2000 임상당뇨병 Vol.1 No.1

Background: Atherosclerosis is importantly associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus. It has been reported that intima-media thickness (IMT) of common carotid artery (CCA) measured by ultrasound B-mode scan is capable of quantitatively evaluating atherosclerotic changes in a safe and reproducible way. However, little information currently exists on the difference of carotid atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic risk factor between type 2 diabetes with hypertension and type 2 diabetes without hypertension. Thus, current study was undertaken to investigate the association between hypertension and IMT of CCA, measured by ultrasound B-mode scan, in type 2 diabetes and to find the difference of atherosclerotic risk factors and the prevalence of macrovascular complication between type 2 diabetes with hypertension and type 2 diabetes without hypertension. Method: High resolution B-mode ultrasonography was peformed in 21 type 2 diabetes without hypertension and 20 type 2 diabetes with hypertension to determine the correlation between hypertension and degree of carotid artery atherosclerosis by measurement of common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Concurrently serum total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, lipoprotein (a), HbA_(1c), C-peptide levels and body mass index(BMI) were measured and history of hypertension, smoking and duration of diabetes were investigated. Presence of macrovcscular complications such as cerebral infraction, angina pectoris, myocardia infration and peripheral artery occlusion were examined by medical recording during the last 6 months. Results: 1) Common carotid artery IMT values for type 2 diabetes with hypertension (1.O1 0.25㎜,n=20) were significantly greater than type 2 diabetes without hypertension (0.85±0.25㎜, n=21). But, weak correlation was existed between hypertension and common carotid IMT (r=O.31, p=0.047). 2)Presence of carotid artery atherosclerotic plaque was more common in hypertensive diabetes than normotensive diabetes (18/20:90% vs 18/21: 52.4%, p=0.007). 3) Most common involving site of atherosclerotic plaque was carotid bulb and it was not different between two groups. 4) Macrovascular complication was more common in hypertensive diabetes group than normotensive diabetes group(11/20; 55% vs 5/21: 24%, p=0.042). 5) Serum triglyceride level for hypertensive type 2 diabetes group were significantly greater than normotensive type 2 diabetes group (2.31±1.60 mmol/L, vs 1.48 0.76mmol/L; p=0.039). 6) Age, sex, duration of diabetes, smoking. BMI, HbAlc, C-peptide, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and lipoprotein(a) were not different in two groups. Conclusion: There was week correlation between hypertension and carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes with hypertension were greater carotid IMT, more presence and extent of atherosclerotic plaque, higher level of serum triglyceride, and higher macrovascular complication than type 2 diabetes without hypertension. 연구배경: 죽상경화증은 제2형 당뇨병 환자의 심혈관 질환 유병률과 사망률에 중요한 영향을 미친다. 고해상도 B-mode 초음파를 이용한 경동맥 내중막두께 측정은 죽상경화증의 초기변화를 관찰하는데 도움되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 최근 제2형 당뇨병 환자에서 경동맥 내중막두께 측정과 이와 연관된 죽상경화증 위험인자에 대해 보고되고 있으나 고혈압 동반에 따른 차이에 대해서는 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 제2형 당뇨병 환자들을 대상으로 고혈압 동반군과 정상 혈압군으로 구분하여 고해상도 B-mode 초음파를 이용 경동맥 내중막 두께를 측정하고 죽상경화반을 관찰하였으며, 고혈압 동반 여부에 따른 경동맥 내중막두께의 변화, 죽상경화반 유무, 죽상경화증 위험요소의 차이 및 대혈관 합병증 발생률을 조사하였다. 방법: 고혈압이 동반된 제2형 당뇨병 환자20명, 정상혈압의 제2형 당뇨병환자 21명물 대상으로 고해상도 B-mode 초음파를 이용하여 경동맥 내중막두께를 측정하고 죽상경화반의유무, 석회화 유무, 죽상경화반 위치 및 수를 관찰하였으며, 동시에 혈장내 총콜레스테롤, 중성지방, HDL 콜레스테롤, LDL 콜레스테롤, lipoprotein(a), 당화혈색소, 체질량지수, 당뇨병의 유병기간, 흡연력, 대혈관 합병증 등을 조사하여 두 군간에 비교 분석하였다. 결과: 1) 고혈압 동반군 (1.01 ±0.25㎜)에서 정상 혈압군(0.85±0.25㎜)에 비하여 경동맥 내중막두께가 증가되어 있었으며 고혈압과 경동맥 내중막두께는 약한 상관관계를 보였다(r=0.31, p=O.049). 2) 경동맥 죽상경화반은 정상 혈압군이 11/21명 (52.4%), 고혈압 동반군이 18/2O명 (90%)으로 의미 있는 차이를 보였으나 (p=0.007), 죽상경화반의 석회화는 의미 있는 차이는 없었다. 또한 총경동맥과 내,외경동맥에서 50%이상의 혈관 내경 협착 유무를 관찰하였으나 두 군에서의 차이는 없었다(1/21명 vs 3/20명). 3)경동맥 죽상경화반의 발생 장소는 두 군에서 경동맥이 분지 하는 지점인 구부가 가장 많았다. 4) 대혈관 합병증의 발생은 정상 혈압군 보다 고혈압 동반군에서 유의하게 높았다(5/21명:24 % vs 11/20명: 55 %; p=0.042). 5) 고혈압 동반군에서 정상 혈압군에 비해 혈중 지질 성분 중 중성지방이 높았다(2.31±1.60mmol, vs 1.48 ±0.76 mmol/L; p=0.039). 6) 그외 나이, 성별, 당뇨병의 유병기간, 당화혈색소, 총콜레스테롤, LDL 콜레스레롤, HDL 콜레스테롤, lipoprotein(a), C-peptide, 흡연, 체질량지수 등은 두 군에서 차이가 없었다. 결론: 당뇨병 환자에서 고혈압은 경동맥 내중막두께와 약한 상관관계를 보였으며, 고혈압을 동반한 당뇨군에서 정상혈압 당뇨군에 비하여 두꺼운 경동맥 내중막두께, 죽상경화반의 존재 증가, 높은 중성지방 및 대혈관 합병증의 증가를 볼 수 있었다.

적응적 Multiple Kernels을 이용한 Interval Type-2 Possibilistic Fuzzy C-Means 방법

주원희(Won-Hee Joo),이정훈(Chung-Hoon Rhee) 한국지능시스템학회 2014 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.24 No.5

본 논문에서는 interval type-2 possibilistic fuzzy C-means(IT2PFCM) 클러스터링 방법에 multiple Gaussian kernels을 기반으로 한 possibilistic fuzzy C-means multiple kernels (PFCM-MK) 알고리즘을 결합하여 적응적인 하이브리드 클러스터링 방법인 multiple kernels interval type-2 possiblistic fuzzy C-means(IT2PFCM-MK) 방법을 제안 하였다. 일반적으로 possibilistic fuzzy C-means(PFCM) 알고리즘의 단점인 노이즈 민감성 및 특이점 문제와 알고리즘 초기 클러스터의 Prototype에 따라 위치가 겹치는 문제를 해결하기 위해 제안 되었다. 하지만 이 방법 역시 퍼지화 파라미터 값에 따라 위와 같은 문제를 여전히 가지고 있기 때문에 이와 같은 문제를 보완하기 위해 interval type-2 퍼지 접근 방법을 이용하는 interval type-2 possibilistic fuzzy C-means(IT2PFCM) 알고리즘을 제안 하였다. 또한 multiple kernels 함수를 interval type-2 possibilistic fuzzy C-means(IT2PFCM) 알고리즘에 적용하여 분류하기 복잡한 형태의 데이터와 노이즈가 있는 데이터에 대하여 보다 정확하고, 향상된 클러스터링을 수행할 수 있다. In this paper, we propose a hybrid approach towards multiple kernels interval type-2 possibilistic fuzzy C-means(PFCM) based on interval type-2 possibilistic fuzzy c-means(IT2PFCM) and possibilistic fuzzy c-means using multiple kernels(PFCM-MK). In case of noisy data or overlapping cluster prototypes, fuzzy C-means gives poor performance in comparison to possibilistic fuzzy C-means(PFCM). Moreover, to address the uncertainty associated with fuzzifier parameter m, interval type-2 possibilistic fuzzy C-means(PFCM) is used. Most of the practical data available are complex and non-linearly separable. In such cases using Gaussian kernels proves helpful. Therefore, in order to overcome all these issues, we have integrated multiple kernels possibilistic fuzzy C-means(PFCM) into interval type-2 possibilistic fuzzy C-means(IT2PFCM) and propose the idea of multiple kernels based interval type-2 possibilistic fuzzy C-means(IT2PFCM-MK).

Forecasting Of Type-2 Fuzzy Electric Power System Based On Phase Space Reconstruction Model

Juan Zhao 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Grid and Distributed Comp Vol.8 No.5

Type-2 fuzzy logic to make up for the lack of a type of fuzzy logic in dealing with uncertainty, object contains uncertainty is strong; the application of type-2 fuzzy logic advantage is more obvious. In this paper, type-2s of fuzzy logic for power load time series forecasting, good results were obtained. According to the power load has strong randomness it is difficult to accurately forecast problem, the introduction of the type-2 of fuzzy logic in order to reduce the prediction error. According to the power load is difficult to predict accurately the problem, this paper introduces the interval type-2 fuzzy logic method to reduce the prediction error, presents an interval type-2 fuzzy logic model for the time series of one hour of power load forecasting, and adopted the first modeling process model structure, and then use back propagation algorithm to adjust the model parameters are determined by simulation. At the same time, based on the back-propagation algorithm of a fuzzy model with interval type-2 fuzzy model, singular value decomposition iterative blending algorithm of interval type-2 fuzzy model, the predicted result was the test performance benchmark. The simulation results show that the prediction accuracy of the forecasting model, based on the established with high, can better track the actual load curve, a better performance than the other three models.

Interval Type-2 퍼지 집합 기반의 FCM 설계

김인재(In-Jae Kim),오성권(Sung-Kwun Oh) 한국지능시스템학회 2009 한국지능시스템학회 학술발표 논문집 Vol.19 No.1

본 논문 에서는 Type-2 퍼지 논리 시스템을 설계하고, 불확실한 정보를 갖는 입력 데이터에 대하여 Type-1퍼지 논리 시스템과 성능을 비교한다. Type-1 퍼지 논리 시스템은 외부 잡음에 민감한 단점을 가지고 있는 반면, Type-2 퍼지 논리 시스템은 불확실한 정보를 잘 표현 할 수 있다. 따라서 Type-2 퍼지 논리 시스템을 이용하여 이러한 단점을 극복하고자 2가지의 모델을 설계한다. 첫 번째 모델은 규칙의 전ㆍ후반부가 Type-1 퍼지 집합으로 구성된 Type-1 퍼지 논리 시스템을 설계한다. 두 번째는 규칙 전ㆍ후반부에 Type-2 퍼지 집합으로 구성된 Type-2 퍼지 논리 시스템을 설계한다. 여기서 규칙 전반부의 입력 공간 분할 및 FOU(Footprint Of Uncertainty)형성에는 FCM(Fuzzy C_Means) clustering 방법을 사용하고, 입자 군집 최적화(Particle Swarm Optimization) 알고리즘을 사용하여 최적의 파라미터를 설계한다. Type-2 TSK 퍼지 논리 시스템 에서는 전반부에 Type-2 형태의 FOU(Footprint Of Uncertainty)를 형성 할 수 있지만, 후반부에는 Type-2 형태를 형성하기 위해 0과 1사이의 Interval function 형태를 취한다. 본 논문 에서는 또한 입력 데이터에 인위적으로 가하는 노이즈에 따른 각각 모델의 성능을 비교한다. 마지막으로 비선형 모델 평가에 주로 사용되는 가스로 시계열 데이터와 Mackey 데이터를 제안된 모델에 적용하고, 실험을 통하여 노이즈가 첨가되고, 불확실한 정보를 다루기에 Type-1 퍼지 논리 시스템 보다 Type-2 퍼지 논리 시스템이 효율적이라는 것을 보인다.

Ca^(2+) cannel subtypes in the sympathetic major pelvic ganglion (MPG) neurons of the rat

Hong, Sung Won,Kim, Young Kyu 東國大學校醫學硏究所 2004 東國醫學 Vol.11 No.1

세포내의 칼슘은 신경전달물질의 분비, 이온 통로의 개폐와 조절과 같은 신경세포의 기능에 있어서 매우 중요한 기능을 하고 있다. 신경세포 안으로의 칼슘의 유입은 주로 칼슘통로를 통하여 일어나므로, 칼슘통로의 동정과 그 종류의 분리는 세포내 칼슘농도에 의하여 야기되는 신경세포의 기능 조절을 이해함에 있어서 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 흰쥐의 골반신경절(MPG)에서 나타나는 교감신경세포의 칼슘통로의 유무와 그 종류들을 새로이 분리 배양된 세포(배양 4시간 후부터)에서 전기생리학적 또한 약리학적 방법론들을 사용하여 규명하였다. MPG 교감신경세포들에서는 LVA T-형과 HVA 칼슘통로 모두가 발현되고 있으며, LVA T-type 칼슘통로는 -60 mV에서 활성화되기 시작하였고 HVA 칼슘통로는 보다 높은 -40mV에서 활성화되기 시작하였다. LVA T-형 칼슘통로는 Ni^(2+)에 더 잘 억제되었으며, HVA칼슘통로는 Ni^(2+)(IC_{50}=599 μM)에 비하여 Cd^(2+)(IC_{50}=8.2 μM)에 더 민감히 억제되었다. 또한 HVA 칼슘 통로들은 특정 유기 억제약물들을 사용하여 세부 이종류로 규명하였다. 연속적으로 칼슘통로 억제약물인 1 μM ω-conotoxin GVIA (N-typ), 1 μM ω-conotoxin MVITC (P/Qtype), 10 μM nimodipine(L-type), 그리고 200 nM SNX-482 (R-type)를 투여하였을 시에 각각의 억제 약물들에 의하여 억제되는 칼슘통로들은 각각 N-type이 70.2%, P/Q-type이 7.6%, L-type이 11.2%, 그리고 R-type이 11.1%로 나타났다. 따라서 흰쥐 골발신경절에서 나타나는 교감신경세포에는 LVA T-형 및 HVA N-, L-, P/Q,R-형 칼슘통로가 발현되고 있으며, 전체 칼슘통로 중에서 N-형 칼슘통로가 70% 이상을 차지하는 주된 칼슘통로이다. Intracellular Ca^(2+) plays an important role in various cellular functions such as transmitter release and modulation of opening ion channels. Since the voltage-gated Ca^(2+)channel is a major route for Ca^(2+) entry into the cell, identification of Ca^(2+) subtypes expressed in a neuron is essential to understand the regulation of some specific neuronal functions triggered by intracellular Ca^(2+). The subtypes of Ca^(2+) channels in sympathetic neurons of the male rat major pelvic ganglion (MPG) were electrophysiologicdy and pharmacologiacally identified from acutely dissociated neurons using whole-cell patch-clamp technique and both inorganic and specific organic Ca^(2+) channel blockers. The MFG sympathetic neurons appeared to have both low-voltage-activated (LVA) and high-voltage-activated (HVA) Ca^(2+) channels, whereas parasympathetic neuron did not. In the sympathetic neurons, the LVA T-type Ca^(2+) channels became activated at around -60 mV and more sensitive to Ni^(2+) than Cd^(2+), whereas the HVA Ca^(2+) channels are activated at -40 mV and more sensitive to Cd^(2+) (IC_(50) = 8.2 μM) than to Ni^(2+) (IC_(50) = 599 μM). In addition, the HVA Ca^(2+) channels are further classified into subtypes using specific organic Ca^(2+) channel blockers including 10-conotoxin GVIA (N-type), 10-conotoxin MVIIC (P/Q-type), 10 μM nimodipine (Ltype), and 200 nM SNX-482 (R-type). The HVA Ca^(2+) channel subtypes expressed in the MPG sympathetic neurons were consisted of 70.2% N-type, 7.6% P/Q-type, 11.2% Ltype, and 11.l% R-type Ca^(2+) channels. The present study demonstrated that the sympathetic neuron contains both LVA T-type and HVA Ca^(2+) channels. The present study also showed that the N-type is a major subtype of Ca^(2+)' channels and the presence of R-type Ca^(2+) channel in the sympathetic MPG neurons of the rat.

Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Recently Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Positive Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody

황보율,김진택,김은기,강아람,오태정,장학철,박경수,김성연,이홍규,조영민 대한당뇨병학회 2012 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.36 No.2

Background: Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) refers to a specific type of diabetes characterized by adult onset, presence of islet auto-antibodies, insulin independence at the time of diagnosis, and rapid decline in β-cell function. The prevalence of LADA among patients with type 2 diabetes varies from 2% to 20% according to the study population. Since most studies on the prevalence of LADA performed in Korea were conducted in patients who had been tested for anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADAb), a selection bias could not be excluded. In this study, we examined the prevalence and clinical characteristics of LADA among adult patients recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Methods: We included 462 patients who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes within 5 years from the time this study was performed. We measured GADAb, fasting insulin level, fasting C-peptide level, fasting plasma glucose level, HbA1c, and serum lipid profiles and collected data on clinical characteristics. Results: The prevalence of LADA was 4.3% (20/462) among adult patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Compared with the GADAb-negative patients, the GADAb-positive patients had lower fasting C-peptide levels (1.2±0.8 ng/mL vs. 2.0±1.2 ng/mL, P=0.004). Other metabolic features were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: The prevalence of LADA is 4.3% among Korean adult patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes. The Korean LADA patients exhibited decreased insulin secretory capacity as reflected by lower C-peptide levels. Background: Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) refers to a specific type of diabetes characterized by adult onset, presence of islet auto-antibodies, insulin independence at the time of diagnosis, and rapid decline in β-cell function. The prevalence of LADA among patients with type 2 diabetes varies from 2% to 20% according to the study population. Since most studies on the prevalence of LADA performed in Korea were conducted in patients who had been tested for anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADAb), a selection bias could not be excluded. In this study, we examined the prevalence and clinical characteristics of LADA among adult patients recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Methods: We included 462 patients who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes within 5 years from the time this study was performed. We measured GADAb, fasting insulin level, fasting C-peptide level, fasting plasma glucose level, HbA1c, and serum lipid profiles and collected data on clinical characteristics. Results: The prevalence of LADA was 4.3% (20/462) among adult patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Compared with the GADAb-negative patients, the GADAb-positive patients had lower fasting C-peptide levels (1.2±0.8 ng/mL vs. 2.0±1.2 ng/mL, P=0.004). Other metabolic features were not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: The prevalence of LADA is 4.3% among Korean adult patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes. The Korean LADA patients exhibited decreased insulin secretory capacity as reflected by lower C-peptide levels.

A Kurosh-Amitsur left Jacobson radical for right near-rings

Ravi Srinivasa Rao,K. Siva Prasad 대한수학회 2008 대한수학회보 Vol.45 No.3

Let R be a right near-ring. An R-group of type-5/2 which is a natural generalization of an irreducible (ring) module is introduced in near-rings. An R-group of type-5/2 is an R-group of type-2 and an R-group of type-3 is an R-group of type-5/2. Using it J5/2, the Jacobson radical of type-5/2, is introduced in near-rings and it is observed that J₂(R) ⊆ J5/2(R) ⊆ J₃(R). It is shown that J5/2 is an ideal-hereditary Kurosh-Amitsur radical (KA-radical) in the class of all zero-symmetric near-rings. But J5/2 is not a KA-radical in the class of all near-rings. By introducing an R-group of type-(5/2)(0) it is shown that J(5/2)(0), the corresponding Jacobson radical of type-(5/2)(0), is a KA-radical in the class of all near-rings which extends the radical J5/2 of zero-symmetric near-rings to the class of all near-rings Let R be a right near-ring. An R-group of type-5/2 which is a natural generalization of an irreducible (ring) module is introduced in near-rings. An R-group of type-5/2 is an R-group of type-2 and an R-group of type-3 is an R-group of type-5/2. Using it J5/2, the Jacobson radical of type-5/2, is introduced in near-rings and it is observed that J₂(R) ⊆ J5/2(R) ⊆ J₃(R). It is shown that J5/2 is an ideal-hereditary Kurosh-Amitsur radical (KA-radical) in the class of all zero-symmetric near-rings. But J5/2 is not a KA-radical in the class of all near-rings. By introducing an R-group of type-(5/2)(0) it is shown that J(5/2)(0), the corresponding Jacobson radical of type-(5/2)(0), is a KA-radical in the class of all near-rings which extends the radical J5/2 of zero-symmetric near-rings to the class of all near-rings

경쟁브랜드간의 온라인 제품정보가 브랜드평가에 미치는 영향 : 정보유형과 시장지위에 따른 차이를 중심으로

현소은(Hyun, Soeun),유창조(Yoo, Changjo) 韓國商品學會 2011 商品學硏究 Vol.29 No.6

본 연구는 온라인 정보의 구전효과를 검증함에 있어 구전정보의 방향성(긍정 정보와 부정정보)과 함께 정보유형(제품군 정보와 브랜드 정보)과 브랜드의 경쟁지위(1위 브랜드와 2위 브랜드) 효과를 검증한다. 이를 위해 제품에 대한 일반적 정보와 특정 브랜드에 대한 정보를 구분하였고, 분석대상 브랜드는 1위 브랜드와 2위 브랜드를 함께 분석했다. 본 연구는 가설 1과 2에서 정보의 방향성 효과를 재확인하고, 가설 3에서 정보유형과 경쟁지위의 상호작용, 가설 4에서 정보 방향성과 정보유형의 상호작용 효과를 예측하였다. 본 연구는 가설검증을 위해 실험을 실시하였다. 실험은 2(정보의 방향성: 긍정적 및 부정적 정보)×2(정보유형: 제품군 정보 및 브랜드 정보)×2(경쟁지위: 1위 브랜드 및 2위 브랜드)방식이 사용되었다. 본 연구는 대상이 되는 브랜드에 대해 광고를 제시한 후 브랜드에 대한 평가를 진행하였고, 조작된 구전정보를 제시한 후 같은 변수에 대해 다시 측정해 그 차이를 분석하였다. 측정변수로는 온라인 구전정보를 받고 나서 제품에 대한 자신감, 태도, 구매의도의 변화를 측정하였다. 연구결과, 가설은 대체로 지지되었다. 첫째, 정보의 방향성 효과가 재확인되었다. 둘째, 구전정보의 영향력을 경쟁지위별로 비교해 보았을 때 브랜드정보가 제시된 경우 경쟁지위별 차이가 유의하지 않았으나 제품군 정보가 제시되었을 때 2위 브랜드보다는 1위 브랜드가 더 큰 영향을 받았다. 마지막으로 구전정보의 영향력을 정보유형별로 비교해 보았을 때, 1위 브랜드의 경우 정보유형별차이가 발견되지 않았으나 2위 브랜드의 경우 제품군 정보보다는 브랜드 정보가 제시되었을 때 그 차이가 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 온라인 구전 정보가 제품군 정보냐 브랜드 정보냐에 따라 시장지위가 다른 브랜드에 미치는 영향력이 차별적일 수 있다는 사실을 보여준다. 일반적으로 온라인 정보는 브랜드 정보일수도 제품군정보일수도 있다. 브랜드 정보일 때는 각각의 브랜드가 이에 대한 대응전략을 세우는 것이 마땅하지만, 제품군 정보일 때도 1위 브랜드는 2위 브랜드보다 더 많은 신경을 써야 함을 의미한다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of information direction(positive information vs. negative information), information type(product category information vs. brand relevant information) and the brand's competitive position(No. 1 brand vs. No, 2 brand with respect to market share) on brand evaluations. For this purpose, we classified online information into product type and brand relevant type, and considered both No. 1 and No. 2 brand in the analyses. As a result, we developed H 1 and H 2 to reconfirm the effects of information direction, and hypothesized the interaction effects between information type and competitive position in H3 and interaction effects between information direction and information type in H4. We developed an experimental design to test those hypotheses. Information direction(positive and negative information), information type(product category type and brand relevant type, and competitive position(No. 1 and No. 2 brand) were manipulated as between-subject factors. First, we measured brand evaluations after providing advertisements to the participants. Second we remeasured brand evaluations after providing online informations. We analyzed the differences in those evaluations. The dependent variables were the differences in brand confidence level, brand attitude, and purchase intention of the brands. Most of the hypotheses were supported. First, the effects of the information direction were reconfirmed. Second, Changes in evaluations of No. 1 brand were larger than those of No. 2 brand when the product type information was provided. However, we did not find significant differences when brand relevant information was provided. Lastly, We found no significant differences due to the information type in case of the No. 1 brand, but significant differences in case of No. 2 brand. These results show that the effects of online information on brand evaluation depend on information type and brand's competitive position. The target of online WOM information can be brand or product type. If brand relevant WOM information was released in the market, managers need to develop brand specific reactive strategies. If product relevant information was released, managers of No. 1 brands need to pay more attention that those of No. 2 brands.

혈당 조절이 되지 않는 제2형 당뇨병환자에서 로지글리타존과 메트포르민 병합요법의 유효성

손태서,이지인,김인주,민경완,손현식 대한당뇨병학회 2008 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.32 No.6

Background: Obese type 2 diabetic subjects are recently increasing in Korea, indicating the importance of insulin resistance rather than insulin secretory defects in the pathophysioloy of type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of fixed dose rosiglitazone/metformin combination therapy in poorly controlled subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: 12 type 2 diabetic subjects who had a HbA1c > 11% or fasting plasma glucose > 15 mmol/L were included. After a 2 week screening period, the subjected took the fixed does rosiglitazone/metformin for 24 weeks. The treatment with rosiglitazone/metformin began at week 0 with an initial dose of 4 mg/1000 mg and, unless tolerability issues arose, subjects would be increased to 6 mg/1500 mg at week 4 and at week 8 to the maximum dose of 8 mg/2000 mg. The primary object of this study was to characterize the magnitude of HbA1c reduction from baseline after 24 weeks of rosiglitazone and metformin treatment in poorly controlled type 2 diabetics. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 48.9 ± 10.6 years old, body mass index was 25.0 ± 3.5 kg/m2, HbA1c was 12.0 ± 1.0%, and fasting plasma glucose was 16.3 ± 3.1 mmol/L. HbA1c was reduced to 7.54 ± 1.45% and fasting plasma glucose reduced to 7.96 ± 2.38 mmol/L at week 24. The proportion of HbA1c responder who showed the reduction from baseline of ≥ 0.7% or HbA1c < 7% was 11 among 12 subjects (91.7%). 41% of the subjects (5 among 12 subjects) achieved HbA1c level < 7.0% and 75% (9 among 12 subjects) achieved HbA1c level < 8.0%. Conclusions: In this study, rosiglitazone and metformin combination therapy was effective in glycemic control in poorly controlled subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (KOREAN DIABETES J 32:506-512, 2008) Background: Obese type 2 diabetic subjects are recently increasing in Korea, indicating the importance of insulin resistance rather than insulin secretory defects in the pathophysioloy of type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of fixed dose rosiglitazone/metformin combination therapy in poorly controlled subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: 12 type 2 diabetic subjects who had a HbA1c > 11% or fasting plasma glucose > 15 mmol/L were included. After a 2 week screening period, the subjected took the fixed does rosiglitazone/metformin for 24 weeks. The treatment with rosiglitazone/metformin began at week 0 with an initial dose of 4 mg/1000 mg and, unless tolerability issues arose, subjects would be increased to 6 mg/1500 mg at week 4 and at week 8 to the maximum dose of 8 mg/2000 mg. The primary object of this study was to characterize the magnitude of HbA1c reduction from baseline after 24 weeks of rosiglitazone and metformin treatment in poorly controlled type 2 diabetics. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 48.9 ± 10.6 years old, body mass index was 25.0 ± 3.5 kg/m2, HbA1c was 12.0 ± 1.0%, and fasting plasma glucose was 16.3 ± 3.1 mmol/L. HbA1c was reduced to 7.54 ± 1.45% and fasting plasma glucose reduced to 7.96 ± 2.38 mmol/L at week 24. The proportion of HbA1c responder who showed the reduction from baseline of ≥ 0.7% or HbA1c < 7% was 11 among 12 subjects (91.7%). 41% of the subjects (5 among 12 subjects) achieved HbA1c level < 7.0% and 75% (9 among 12 subjects) achieved HbA1c level < 8.0%. Conclusions: In this study, rosiglitazone and metformin combination therapy was effective in glycemic control in poorly controlled subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (KOREAN DIABETES J 32:506-512, 2008)

AAL 유형 2 셀 스위칭을 지원하는 ATM 스위치의 성능 평가 및 AAL 유형 2 스위치 모듈의 FPGA 구현

손승일 ( Seung-il Sonh ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2004 인터넷정보학회논문지 Vol.5 No.3

본 논문에서는 네트워크가 많은 endpoint를 가질지라도 낮은 비트율의 데이터를 효율적으로 전송할 수 있는 AAL 유형 2 스위치를 포함하는 ATM 스위치 구조를 제안한다. 컴퓨터 프로그램으로 모델링한 ATM 스위치는 AAL 유형 1, AAL 유형 2, AAL 유형 3/4 및 AAL 유형 5 셀로 이루어진 모든 유형의 AAL 셀에 대해 셀 스위칭을 지원하고 있다. 우리는 2가지 방식의 스위치를 제안하고 있는데, 하나는 개별적인 입력 포트마다 AAL 유형 2 셀 처리를 지원하는 스위치 패브릭이고, 다른 하나는 모든 입력 포트에 대한 전체적인 AAL2 셀 처리를 지원하는 스위치 패브릭이다. 시뮬레이션 결과는 후자의 방식이 전자의 방식보다 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나, 전자의 방식이 구현이 용이하고, 확장성에 대한 장점을 가지고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 전자의 방식을 채용한 AAL 유형 2 스위치 모듈을 VHDL 언어를 사용하여 설계하였으며, 이를 FPGA로 구현하였다. 설계된 칩은 52MHz에서 동작하였다. 본 논문의 ATM 스위치 패브릭은 범용의 ATM 스위치 패브릭으로서 뿐만 아니라 ATM 네트워크상으로 모바일 통신, 협대역 서비스 및 무선 ATM등에 폭넓게 응용될 것으로 사료된다. In this paper, we propose ATM switch architecture including AAL type 2 switch which can efficiently transmit low-bit rate data, even if the network has many endpoints. We simulate the architecture of ATM switch fabric that is modeled in computer program and analyze the performance according to offered loads. ATM switch proposed in this paper can support cell switching for all types of AAL cells which consist of AAL type 1, AAL type 2, AAL type 3/4 and AAL type 5 cells. We propose two switch fabric methods; One supports the AAL type 2 cell processing per input port, the other global AAL type 2 cell processing for every input port. The simulation results show that the latter is superior to the former. But the former has a merit for easy implementation and extensibility. In this paper, the AAL Type 2 switch module which adapts the former method is designed using VHDL language and implemented in FPGA chip. The designed AAL Type 2 switch module operates at 52MHz. The proposed ATM switch fabric is widely applicable to mobile communication, narrow band services over ATM network and wireless ATM as well as general ATM switching fabric.