RT-Selection : 텍스트 차이점과 변경 영향 분석을 이용한 회귀 테스트 선택 기법

김의섭(Eui-Sub Kim),이동아(Dong-Ah Lee),유준범(Junbeom Yoo) 한국정보과학회 2014 정보과학회논문지 : 소프트웨어 및 응용 Vol.41 No.6

회귀 테스팅은 소프트웨어의 변경이 기존 기능에 피해를 주지 않았다는 신뢰를 제공하기 위해 수행하는 테스팅 활동이다. 가장 간단하고 기본적인 방법은 기존의 모든 테스트 케이스를 이용해 다시 테스팅을 수행하는 것이지만 이 방법은 많은 시간과 비용을 필요로 한다. 회기 테스팅 중 회귀 테스트 선택(Regression test selection) 방법은 기존 테스트 케이스 중 변경을 테스트할 수 있는 테스트 케이스만을 선택하여 다시 수행하는 방법이다. 다시 수행하는 테스트 케이스의 수를 줄임으로써 비용 절감 효과를 얻을 수 있다. 본 논문은 회귀 테스트 선택의 효과적인 수행을 지원하는 기법으로 RT-Selection을 제안한다. RT-Selection은 두 가지 접근법으로 구성되어 있다. 첫째, 변경을 식별하기 위해 텍스트 차이점을 사용한다. 둘째, 테스트 케이스에 의해 실행되는 소프트웨어의 부분을 식별하기 위해 변경 영향 분석을 사용한다. 본 논문은 RT-Selection의 모든 과정과 이를 지원하는 가이드라인, 추론 규칙을 보여 주고, RT-Selection을 이용해 수행한 케이스 스터디를 보여준다. Regression testing is a testing activity that is performed to provide confidence that changes do not harm. One of simple and basic regression testing techniques is retest-all, however, it requires a lot of time and cost. The regression test selection technique identifies changes and selects a subset of previous test cases to retest the changed software. The technique reduces the number of test cases, so that it is able to reduce the time and cost for the regression testing. This paper proposes the RT-Selection that effectively performs the regression test selection. This technique consists of two approaches. First, it uses text differencing to fine the changes. Second, it uses change impact analysis to fine the software riffle that is a trace of test case in the software. This paper shows the overall process of RT-Selection and guidelines and inference rule and then it shows the case study with RT-Selection to show the feasibility of RT-Selection.

Relay Selection Scheme Based on Quantum Differential Evolution Algorithm in Relay Networks

( Hongyuan Gao ),( Shibo Zhang ),( Yanan Du ),( Yuwang ),( Ming Diao ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2017 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.11 No.7

It is a classical integer optimization difficulty to design an optimal selection scheme in cooperative relay networks considering co-channel interference (CCI). In this paper, we solve single-objective and multi-objective relay selection problem. For the single-objective relay selection problem, in order to attain optimal system performance of cooperative relay network, a novel quantum differential evolutionary algorithm (QDEA) is proposed to resolve the optimization difficulty of optimal relay selection, and the proposed optimal relay selection scheme is called as optimal relay selection based on quantum differential evolutionary algorithm (QDEA). The proposed QDEA combines the advantages of quantum computing theory and differential evolutionary algorithm (DEA) to improve exploring and exploiting potency of DEA. So QDEA has the capability to find the optimal relay selection scheme in cooperative relay networks. For the multi-objective relay selection problem, we propose a novel non-dominated sorting quantum differential evolutionary algorithm (NSQDEA) to solve the relay selection problem which considers two objectives. Simulation results indicate that the proposed relay selection scheme based on QDEA is superior to other intelligent relay selection schemes based on differential evolutionary algorithm, artificial bee colony optimization and quantum bee colony optimization in terms of convergence speed and accuracy for the single-objective relay selection problem. Meanwhile, the simulation results also show that the proposed relay selection scheme based on NSQDEA has a good performance on multi-objective relay selection.

미국과 영국의 법관임용제도와 우리나라에의 시사점

박준선 전남대학교 법학연구소 2017 법학논총 Vol.37 No.3

With the revision of the Court Organization Act, South Korea has employed judges from among people with certain legal experiences. In the past, judicial selection procedures were relatively simple because judges were selected based on the results of the bar examination and academic record at the Judicial Research and Training Institute among those who completed its training course. However, Korea has recently introduced a complicated selection procedure to verify various aspects of applicants. It is important to analyze the judicial selection systems in the US and the UK because these two countries have many years of experience in appointing judges among those with certain legal experiences. In the US and the UK, recent attention has been focused on a transparent judicial selection system based on the ability. The state judicial selection system in the US includes the partisan election system, the non-partisan election system, the merit selection system, and the legislative or gubernatorial appointment system. The partisan or non-partisan election systems can secure democratic justification. Nevertheless, concerning the judicial election systems, many criticisms such as infringement of the independence of the judiciary have been raised, and for this reason, recently, the judicial election systems in many states have been switched to merit selection systems. However, even in the US which has a long history and experience in the judicial election system, many states now abandons the judicial election systems. Given this situation, it is not appropriate to introduce the judicial election system to Korea in that judges should liberate from their influence as sponsorship of specific interest groups and major law firms. Also, the UK has recently implemented reforms for a transparent judicial selection system. In 2005, the UK established and operated the Judicial Appointments Com- mission(JAC) triggered by the Constitutional Reform Act, and the internet homepage of the JAC provides various information about the judicial selection procedure. Recently, Korea has also made fundamental changes, such as setting up a judicial selection website to raise the transparency of judicial selection. The judicial selection website strives to enhance the predictability of applicants and the public trust and confidence in judges by posting concrete contents on the judicial selection procedure. Such a change is considered a desirable phenomenon because it can establish a transparent judicial selection procedure. However, in order to raise the fairness of judicial selection and the confidence of the judiciary as a whole, the Supreme Court of Korea discloses judicial selection process in one step more detail than present by providing a feedback report, detailed interviews and various videos of examples, etc. These measures not only increase the predictability of the judicial appointment procedure but also ultimately lead to the general public trust and confidence in the judiciary. 법원조직법 개정을 통해 우리나라도 이른바 법조일원화 국가가 되었다. 과거에는 사법연수원 수료자 중에서 사법시험과 사법연수원 성적을 바탕으로 법관을 선발했기 때문에 절차가 비교적 단순했다. 그러나, 현행 제도 하에서는 지원자의 다양한 측면을 검증하는 복잡한 선발 절차를 도입했기 때문에 그 운용상의 노하우가 필요하다. 이제 막 법조일원화 시대를 맞이한 우리나라에서 현행 제도가 성공적으로 정착하기 위해서는 법조일원화 시스템에 대한 오랜 경험을 가지고 있는 미국과 영국의 법관임용방식을 분석하는 것이 중요하다. 대표적인 법조일원화 국가인 미국과 영국에서는 최근 실력 중심의 투명한 법관임용방식이 부각되고 있다. 미국의 주 법관임용방식에는 정당입후보 선거방식, 비정당입후보 선거방식, 실적위주 선발방식, 주지사 임명방식이 있는데, 이 중에서 법관선거방식은 국민이 선거를 통해서 사법부를 구성한다는 것으로서 민주적 정당성 확보 차원에서 장점이 큰 제도이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 법관선거제에 대해서는 사법권의 독립성 침해 등 많은 비판이 제기되어 왔고, 이러한 이유로 최근 법관선거제에서 실적위주의 선발제로 전환하는 주가 늘어나고 있다. 법관선거제와 관련하여 오랜 역사와 경험을 가지고 있는 미국에서조차도 정당입후보 선거방식은 현재 많은 주에서 포기하였고, 비정당입후보 선거방식에 대해서도 선거비용을 확보하는 과정에서 특정 이해집단이나 대형로펌의 후원이 불가피한데 과연 법관이 그들의 영향력으로부터 자유로울 수 있겠는가라는 점에서, 정당입후보 선거방식 또는 비정당입후보 선거방식을 우리나라에 도입하는 것은 적절하지 않다고 본다. 한편, 영국에서는 최근 투명한 법관임용절차를 위한 개혁을 단행하였다. 영국은 2005년 연방헌법개혁법을 계기로 법관인사위원회라는 독립적인 법관임용심사기구를 설치, 운용하고 있으며, 법관인사위원회의 인터넷 홈페이지에는 법관임용절차에 관한 다양한 정보를 제공하고 있다. 최근 우리나라에서도 법관 임용의 투명성을 높이고자 법관임용 홈페이지를 신설하는 등 과감한 변화를 시도하고 있다. 법관임용 홈페이지에는 법관임용절차에 관한 구체적인 내용을 게시하여 지원자들의 예측가능성과 신임 법관에 대한 국민의 신뢰를 높이고자 노력하고 있다. 이러한 변화는 투명한 법관임용절차를 확립하는 것으로서 바람직한 현상이라고 생각된다. 그러나 법관 임용의 공정성과 사법부 전체에 대한 신뢰를 제고하기 위해서는 피드백 보고서, 각종 면접심사에 대한 상세 정보 및 예시 동영상을 제공하는 등 법관 임용 과정을 현재보다 한 단계 더 상세하게 공개하는 방안을 고려해볼 필요가 있다. 이러한 조치는 법관임용절차에 대한 예측가능성을 높여줄 뿐만 아니라, 궁극적으로는 혈연・학연・지연 등 어떤 연고가 있어야 법관이 될 수 있다는 일반 대중의 잘못된 인식도 바로 잡아줄 수 있다고 본다.

분자육종법과 관행육종법을 활용한 고식미계통 선발효율성 비교분석

서정필,조영찬,원용재,이정희,안억근,전재범,이점식,김명기,정응기,김보경 한국육종학회 2014 한국육종학회지 Vol.46 No.3

지금까지 밥맛특성이 우수한 품종을 육성하려는 노력이 부단히 진행되고 있으나, 저세대에서 미질을 평가하는 기준과 지표가 미흡한 실정이다. 고식미 품종육성과정 중 저세대에서 고식미계통을 선발하기에는 어려운 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 DNA분석에 의한 식미회귀식값을 자포니카 간의 교잡에서 유래된 저세대 계통선발에 적용하여 선발효율성을 관행육종법과 비교분석하였다. 9개 교배모본들을 군집분석하여 그룹간에 식미회귀식값과 밥의 윤기치의 연관분석을 실시한 결과, 유의성이 있었다. 분자육종법과 관행육종법으로 계통을 선발한 결과 선발집단규모는 각각 34.4%, 38.6%로 비슷하였고, 분자육종법과 관행육종법을 병행하였을 때는 19.5%로 집단규모가 상당히 줄었다. 밥의 윤기치와 식미회귀식값은 집단간에는 차이가 있었으나, 육종방법에 따라서는 차이가 없었다. 식미회귀식값은 13개 DNA마커를 가지고 값을 구하게 되는데, 본 실험에 사용된 교배조합에서 양친 간에 다형성을 보이는 DNA마커는 3~7개로 상당히 적어, 식미회귀식값을 구하여 표현형을 설명하기에는 부족한 것으로 생각된다. 식미회귀식값에 의한 고식미계통선발을 하려면 교배조합별로 DNA마커조합과 식미회귀식값을 다시 산출해서 사용을 하거나, 식미회귀식에 활용되는 모든 DNA마커에 다형성을 보이는 교배조합을 선정해서 적용한다면 어느 정도 효과가 있을 것으로 생각된다. 본 실험에 활용된 식미연관 13개 DNA마커에 의한 식미회귀식값은 모든 조합의 육종집단에서 선발에 활용하기는 어려울 것으로 생각된다. This paper compares selection efficiency for high palatability breeding lines using marker-assisted selection and conventional selection methods in rice. A total 4 cross combinations of japonica cultivars were selected using marker-assisted selection with a set of 13 DNA markers associated with grain quality and conventional selection methods in F3 and F5 generations assessing palatability using the Toyo taste meter. The multiple regression value with a set of 13 DNA markers was utilized as the marker-assisted selection index. The number of polymorphic markers among 13 DNA markers ranged from 3 to 7 between the parental cultivars. Among these cross combinations, there was no significant difference between marker-assisted selection and conventional selection methods for selection of lines with high palatability. This demonstrates that marker-assisted selection by marker-based regression value might not be a good method for selection to apply the all breeding populations for high palatability line selection. While each method allowed equally effective selection of high palatability lines, the regression analysis using polymorphic markers will need to be re-calculated for each cross combination.

교육전문직원 선발제도의 문제점 및 개선방안

김용기(YONG KI KIM) 연세대학교 교육연구소 2016 미래교육학연구 Vol.29 No.1

본 연구는 교육전문직원 선발제도의 문제점을 도출하고, 이를 토대로 개선방안을 제시하는 데 목적이 있다. 문제점은 문헌 및 선발담당자 인터뷰와 전국교육청의 교육전문직원 선발공고문을 중심으로 분석하였다. 분석결과, 선발대상은 교육경력, 근무평정 등을 주요 선발자격으로 제시하였고, 선발 내용 및 방법은 다단계전형, 다양한 전형요소 활용, 기본소양과 역량 평가 등의 특성이 나타났다. 그리고 선발주체는 외부 인사를 포함한 자체 선발위원회를 구성하였고, 특히 전남은 민간위탁방식을 도입하였다. 개선방안은 다섯 가지를 제시하였는데 첫째, 다양한 전문분야의 선발모색 둘째, 서류전형의 승진규정 요소의 최소화 셋째, 장기적인 선발계획 부재 넷째, 선발 후 모니터링이다. This study aimed to improve the selection system of professional staff of education, and also to look for suggestion. In order to achieve the study objective, the characteristics of the selection plan of educational profession staff for 17 municipal education offices in 2015 were analyzed on the basis of the target, contents, method, and main agent of selection. Also after reviewing the validity and effectiveness of the improvement measures of educational profession staff selection system, the additional improvement measures for the future were suggested. In the results of the analysis, the career experience in education and efficiency rating were suggested as the main selection qualification while the contents/method of selection included the characteristics like multi-level selection, application of various selection elements, basic knowledge, and evaluation of competence. Regarding the main agent of the selection, its own selection committee including outside personnels was composed while Jeonnam region introduced the contracting-out method. Total five implications were suggested like 1. seeking for the selection in various professional areas, 2. minimizing the promotion regulations for document selection, 3. absence of the long-term selection, 4. professional training & monitoring after selection, and 5. extensive application of principal work.

MZ세대의 창의적 소비효능감과 제품 선택행동에 관한 연구

김종욱 한국복식학회 2022 服飾 Vol.72 No.2

This study analyzed the effect of self-determination and curiosity of Generation MZ on creative consumption efficacy and product selection behavior, as well as the effect of creative consumption efficacy on product selection behavior. The study used a quantitative approach and conducted a survey, with participants in their 20s and 30s who had experience in purchasing fashion products. Results showed that Generation MZ's creative consumption efficacy included original thinking, method variation, usage expansion, and problem-solving efficacy. Product selection behavior comprised original product selection, aesthetic product selection, and functional product selection. Relatedness and competence of self-determination positively affected creative consumption efficacy. Interest-type curiosity and exploration-type curiosity positively affected creative consumption efficacy. Original thinking efficacy positively affected original and aesthetic product selection, whereas usage expansion efficacy positively affected functional product selection. Method variation and problem-solving efficacy positively affected original and functional product selection. Relatedness of self-determination positively affected all factors of product selection behavior. Competence positively affected aesthetic and functional product selection, and autonomy positively affected aesthetic product selection. Interest-type curiosity positively affected all factors of product selection behavior, and exploration-type curiosity positively affected aesthetic and functional product selection. The results of this study can be used to create theoretical concepts and empirical models applicable to Generation MZ, and provide useful data for product development and marketing and distribution strategies in the fashion industry.

대학생들의 전공선택동기가 전공만족도, 수업참여도, 취업가능성, 취업전략, 전공희망취업에 미치는 영향 - 세무회계전공 대학생들을 대상으로 -

임대규,권해숙,오원정 한국취업진로학회 2016 취업진로연구 Vol.6 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 세무회계전공 대학생들의 능동적 전공 선택과 수동적 전공 선택이 전공만족도, 수업참여도, 취업가능성, 취업전략, 전공희망취업에 미치는 영향을 규명하는데 있다. 즉 능동적 전공 선택과 수동적 전공 선택이 종속변수에 어떠한 영향을 주는지에 대하여 회귀분석을 실시하였으며, 실증분석을 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 연구의 목적인 전공선택동기가 전공만족도에 미치는 영향을 검증하기 위한 가설 1의 분석결과는 능동적 전공 선택과 수동적 전공 선택 모두 전공만족도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 세무회계전공에 대한 학생들의 전공만족도가 높다고 해석된다. 다음으로 전공선택동기에 따라 수업참여도와 취업가능성이 달라지는지를 검증한 결과 능동적으로 전공을 선택한 경우에만 수업참여도와 취업가능성에 유의한 양(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 전공선택동기에 따라 수업참여도 및 취업가능성이 달라진다는 결과를 보이고 있다. 전공선택동기가 취업전략 및 전공희망취업에 미치는 영향에 대해 회귀분석한 결과 능동적 전공 선택 및 수동적 전공 선택 모두 유의한 양(+)의 계수값을 보이지만 능동적 전공 선택의 계수값이 보다 크게 나타나 영향을 미치는 정도가 크다는 결과를 보였다. 결과적으로 능동적으로 전공을 선택한 학생들이 수동적으로 전공을 선택한 학생들보다 전공만족도, 수업참여도, 취업가능성, 취업전략, 전공희망취업에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 분석결과를 보였으며, 특히 수업만족도와 취업가능성에 있어 전공선택동기가 중요한 요인이 되고 있음을 시사하고 있다. 이러한 연구결과는 대학에서는 전공선택동기를 고려하여 세무회계 전공교과목 구성과 운영은 물론 취업준비활동을 위한 교육을 차별적으로 적용해야 할 필요가 있음을 시사하고 있다. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of active major selection and passive major selection among university students majoring in tax accounting on their major satisfaction, class participation, employment possibility, employment strategy, major hope for employment. In other words, regression analysis was conducted to examine how the selection of active majors and the selection of passive majors affect the dependent variables. The results of the empirical analysis are as follows. The analysis results of Hypothesis 1 to verify the relative relationship between the motivation of major selection and the satisfaction on its major showed that both the active majors selection and passive major selection had a significant effect on major satisfaction. For this reason, it is interpreted that major satisfaction of university students majoring in tax accounting is high. The analysis results of both Hypothesis 2 and Hypothesis 3 to examine whether the degree of participation in class and employment possibility vary according to the motivation of major selection show that only when the students selected the majors actively, they can have significant positive effect on the degree of participation in class and employment possibility. For this reason, the analysis show that the degree of participation in class and employment possibility can be different according to the motivation for major selection. The result of the regression analysis on the effects of the motivation for selecting majors on the employment strategy and the desired employment of the majors showed both the active majors and the passive majors had a significant positive coefficient. The result also showed that because the coefficient of the active major was larger than the coefficient of the passive major, the degree of influence of active majors selection is larger than the degree of influence of passive majors selection . As a result, the results of the analysis showed that the students who actively selected their major had a positive effect on their major satisfaction, class participation, employment possibility, employment strategy, major hope for employment. These analyses are suggesting that motivation for major selection is an important factor in the class participation and the employment possibility. Therefore, universities should consider the motivation for selecting their majors in the operation of tax accounting major courses and job - related education. Despite these implications, this study has some limitations and challenges. First, there are limitations in generalizing the related factors, because the measurement items are limited in measuring the students’ preferred employment, class participation, employment possibility, and employment strategy, major hope for employment. In future research, measurement tools suitable for the characteristics of tax accounting major students should be developed . Second, this study is carried out for only two-year students of tax accounting major in metropolitan area. In subsequent studies, it is necessary to analyze the differences and identities by carrying out a comparative analysis of two-year and four-year students in a wide area. Third, in this study, we examined factors such as the effects of major selection motivation on major satisfaction, and the degree of class participation. In the future, it is necessary to examine on how these factors influence on the result of employment.

Predicting the rate of inbreeding in populations undergoing four-path selection on genomically enhanced breeding values

Togashi Kenji,Adachi Kazunori,Kurogi Kazuhito,Yasumori Takanori,Watanabe Toshio,Toda Shohei,Matsubara Satoshi,Hirohama Kiyohide,Takahashi Tsutomu,Matsuo Shoichi 아세아·태평양축산학회 2022 Animal Bioscience Vol.35 No.6

Objective: A formula is needed that is practical for current livestock breeding methods and that predicts the approximate rate of inbreeding (ΔF) in populations where selection is performed according to four-path programs (sires to breed sons, sires to breed daughters, dams to breed sons, and dams to breed daughters). The formula widely used to predict inbreeding neglects selection, we need to develop a new formula that can be applied with or without selection. Methods: The core of the prediction is to incorporate the long-tern genetic influence of the selected parents in four-selection paths executed as sires to breed sons, sires to breed daughters, dams to breed sons, and dams to breed daughters. The rate of inbreeding was computed as the magnitude that is proportional to the sum of squared long-term genetic contributions of the parents of four-selection paths to the selected offspring. Results: We developed a formula to predict the rate of inbreeding in populations undergoing four-path selection on genomically enhanced breeding values and with discrete generations. The new formula can be applied with or without selection. Neglecting the effects of selection led to underestimation of the rate of inbreeding by 40% to 45%. Conclusion: The formula we developed here would be highly useful as a practical method for predicting the approximate rate of inbreeding (ΔF) in populations where selection is performed according to four-path programs. Objective: A formula is needed that is practical for current livestock breeding methods and that predicts the approximate rate of inbreeding (∆F) in populations where selection is performed according to four-path programs (sires to breed sons, sires to breed daughters, dams to breed sons, and dams to breed daughters). The formula widely used to predict inbreeding neglects selection, we need to develop a new formula that can be applied with or without selection.Methods: The core of the prediction is to incorporate the long-tern genetic influence of the selected parents in four-selection paths executed as sires to breed sons, sires to breed daughters, dams to breed sons, and dams to breed daughters. The rate of inbreeding was computed as the magnitude that is proportional to the sum of squared long-term genetic contributions of the parents of four-selection paths to the selected offspring.Results: We developed a formula to predict the rate of inbreeding in populations undergoing four-path selection on genomically enhanced breeding values and with discrete generations. The new formula can be applied with or without selection. Neglecting the effects of selection led to underestimation of the rate of inbreeding by 40% to 45%.Conclusion: The formula we developed here would be highly useful as a practical method for predicting the approximate rate of inbreeding (ΔF) in populations where selection is performed according to four-path programs.

영재학생의 시험선발과 자동진급방법에 따른 영재학생의 학업정서, 메타인지능력, 자기효능감에 관한 연구

정진숙 ( Jin Sook Jeong ),최선영 ( Sun Young Choi ) 경북대학교 과학교육연구소 2015 科學敎育硏究誌 Vol.39 No.2

이 연구의 목적은 영재교육대상자의 선발 방법이다. 즉, 시험 선발과 자동 진급에 따라 선발된 영재학생간의 학업정서, 메타인지, 자기효능감을 차이를 비교, 분석함으로써 선발 방법에 따른 영재 학생의 특성을 이해하고 효과적인 영재교육을 위한 영재교육대상자 판별 및 선발에 있어서의 타당한 근거를 마련해 보고자 한다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 영재선발방법에 따라 선발된 영재학생간의 학업정서, 메타인지능력 및 자기효능감의 연구에서는 시험 선발 영재학생과 자동 진급 영재학생 간에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 영재라는 동질집단 조건에서는 선발방법의 차이에 따른 영향은 없는 것으로 판단된다. 둘째, 동일한 선발된 방법에 따른 비교에서, 영재학생의 학업정서를 살펴보면, 시험선발의 경우 초등과 중등 모두에서 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 자동진급에서는 중등의 영재교육기관별 분석에서 영재교육원 학생이 영재학급 학생보다 높았음을 알 수 있었다(p<.05). 메타인지능력에서 있어서는 초등에서는 차이가 없었으나, 중등의 경우 시험선발에서 남학생이, 영재교육원 학생이 높았고(p<.05), 자동진급에서는 영재교육원 학생이 높았음을 알았다(p<.05). 또한 자기효능감에서는 선발 방식에 따라 차이가 없었고 단지 자동진급에서 영재교육원 학생이 영재학급학생보다 높았음을 알았다(p<.05). The purpose of this study is to analyze selection methods of gifted students. This study focuses on the understanding the characteristics of gifted students in accordance with the selection methods, i.e. the examination selection and automatic promotion by analyzing and comparing the academic emotion, meta-cognition, and self-efficacy between gifted students selected according to the selection methods. Moreover, for the purpose of the effective gifted education, this study aims to arrange a reasonable basis for the discrimination and selection of gifted students. The results of this study were as follows. First, there was no meaningful difference between gifted students selected by an examination and promoted automatically in view of academic emotion, meta-cognition, and self-efficacy of gifted students. It is determined that there is no difference between the effects of selection methods under the condition of the same group of gifted students. Second, regarding the academic emotion of gifted students, there is no significant difference in both the elementary and middle school in case of examination selection. However, in case of the automatic promotion, the academic emotion of gifted students promoted automatically in the gifted education center was higher than that of the gifted students in the gifted class (p < .05). Regarding the meta-cognitive skill, there is no difference in the elementary school between the selection methods. In case of the examination selection in the middle school, the meta-cognitive skill of male students of the gifted education center was higher than that of the female and gifted class students (p < .05). In case of the automatic promotion in the middle school, the meta-cognitive skill of students of the gifted education center was higher than that of students of the gifted class (p < .05). As for the case of self-efficacy, there were no differences between the selection methods. In the automatic promotion, self-efficacy of students of the gifted education center was higher than that of students of the gifted class (p < .05).

Selection on milk production and conformation traits during the last two decades in Japan

Kenji Togashi,Takefumi Osawa,Kazunori Adachi,Kazuhito Kurogi,Kota Tokunaka,Takanori Yasumori,Tsutomu Takahashi,Kimihiro Moribe 아세아·태평양축산학회 2019 Animal Bioscience Vol.32 No.2

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare intended and actual yearly genetic gains for milk production and conformation traits and to investigate the simple selection criterion practiced among milk production and conformation traits during the last two decades in Japan. Learning how to utilize the information on intended and actual genetic gains during the last two decades into the genomic era is vital. Methods: Genetic superiority for each trait for four paths of selection (sires to breed bulls [SB], sires to breed cows [SC], dams to breed bulls [DB], and dams to breed cows [DC]) was estimated. Actual practiced simple selection criteria were investigated among milk production and conformation traits and relative emphasis on milk production and conformation traits was compared. Results: Selection differentials in milk production traits were greater than those of conformation traits in all four paths of selection. Realized yearly genetic gain was less than that intended for milk production traits. Actual annual genetic gain for conformation traits was equivalent to or greater than intended. Retrospective selection weights of milk production and conformation traits were 0.73:0.27 and 0.56:0.44 for intended and realized genetic gains, respectively. Conclusion: Selection was aimed more toward increasing genetic gain in milk production than toward conformation traits over the past two decades in Japan. In contrast, actual annual genetic gain for conformation traits was equivalent to or greater than intended. Balanced selection between milk production and conformation traits tended to be favored during actual selection. Each of four paths of selection (SB, SC, DB, and DC) has played an individual and important role. With shortening generation interval in the genomic era, a young sire arises before the completion of sire’s daughters’ milk production records. How to integrate these four paths of selection in the genomic era is vital.