Feed Intake Patterns and Growth Performance of Purebred and Crossbred Meishan and Yorkshire Pigs

Hyun, Y.,Wolter, B.F.,Ellis, M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.6

Two experiments were conducted to compare the feed intake patterns and growth performance of Meishan and Yorkshire growing pigs. Experiment 1 was carried out over a 6-wk period and used 48 barrows with equal numbers of purebred Meishan (M) and Yorkshire (Y). Pigs were allocated to four groups of 12 pigs consisting of equal numbers of M and Y. Initial BW were $36.4{\pm}0.32kg$ and $42.1{\pm}1.41kg$ for M and Y, respectively. Experiment 2 was carried out over a 5-week period and used 48 pigs consisting of equal numbers of both barrows and gilts and of crossbred Meishan$\times$Yorkshire (MY) and purebred Yorkshire (Y) animals. Pigs were allotted to 6 pens of 8 pigs, with 4 single- and 2 mixed-genotype groups (initial $BW=28.5{\pm}0.99kg$). In both experiments, pigs were given ad libitum access to a grower diet (17% crude protein, 0.9% lysine, 3365 kcal/kg ME) via feed intake recording equipment (F.I.R.E.). Pigs carried an ear-tag transponder with an unique identification which allowed the time, duration, and size of individual meals to be recorded. In Exp. 1, Y had higher ADG (721 vs 353 g, p<0.01), daily feed intake (DFI; 2.338 vs 1.363 kg, p<0.01), made more frequent visits to the feeder per day (NFV; 18.5 vs 7.7, p<0.01), had a shorter feeder occupation time per visit (FOV; 7.4 vs 12.9 min, p<0.01), and ate less feed per visit (FIV; 130 vs 177 g, p<0.01) than M pigs. Feed consumption rates (CR) were greater for Y compared to M (19.3 vs 14.8 g/min, p<0.01). Feeder occupation time per day (FOD) was longer for Y than M (114.3 vs 82.8 min/pig, p<0.01). Yorkshire pigs visited the feeder more frequently between 0800 and 1100 h. Meishan pigs showed more frequent feeder visits between 0600 and 0800 h, and between 1600 and 2100 h when feeding competition with Y was reduced. In Exp. 2, there was no effect of genotype or group composition on DFI, ADG or gain:feed ratio. Crossbred pigs (MY) made fewer feeder visits (12.6 vs 17.7, p<0.01), and had greater FIV (124 vs 98 g/visit, p<0.01), and longer FOV (8.11 vs 7.24 min/visit, p<0.01) and FOD (112 vs 100 min, p<0.05) than Y pigs. Results of this study suggest substantial genetic variation in feeding patterns as well as in growth performance.

돈사 작업장 유형에 따른 생물학상 오염물질들의 실내농도 및 발생량에 관한 현장 조사

김기연 ( Ki Yeon Kim ),이경종 ( Kyung Jong Lee ),박재범 ( Jae Beom Park ),김치년 ( Chi Nyon Kim ) 한국산업위생학회 2004 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.14 No.3

Inhalation of biological contaminants in pig building can be detrimental to farm worker`s health effects such as infection, allergy, or toxicosis. The principal aim of this field study was to determine the concentrations and emissions of biological contaminants, that is, total airborne bacteria and fungi, in the different types of pig buildings in Korea and allow objective comparison between Korea and the other countries in terms of swine housing types. Pig buildings in this research were selected with three criteria such as manure removal system, ventilation mode and growth stage of pig. Measurements of concentration and emission of total dust and respirable dust in the pig buildings were performed in 5 housing types and 15 farms. Concentrations of total airborne bacteria and fungi in the pig buildings were averaged to 4.13 log(cfu/m3) and 3.14 log(cfu/m3) and ranged from 1.16 to 10.26 log(cfu/m3) and from 0.48 to 6.86 log(cfu/m3), respectively. The highest concentrations of total airborne bacteria and fungi were found in the pig buildings with deep-litter bed system; 5.76 mg/m3 and 5.14 mg/m3, while the lowest concentrations of total airborne bacteria and fungi were found in the naturally ventilated buildings with slats; 2.52 log(cfu/m3) and 1.84 log(cfu/m3)(p<0.05). The mean emissions of total airborne bacteria and fungi per pig(75kg in terms of liveweight) and area(m3) from pig buildings were 0.98 log(cfu)/h/pig and 0.73 log(cfu)/h/pig and 1.32 log(cfu)/h/m2 and 0.96 log(cfu)/h/m2, respectively. The pig buildings with deep-litter bed system showed the highest emissions of total airborne bacteria and fungi(p<0.05). However, the emissions of total airborne bacteria and fungi from the other pig buildings were not significantly different. This study showed that the mean concentrations of total airborne bacteria and fungi in the pig buildings situated in Korea were generally lower than those in other countries. The mean emissions of total airborne bacteria and fungi in the pig buildings showed little differences between Korea and other countries. In conclusion, the concentrations and emissions of total airborne bacteria and fungi were relatively higher in the pig buildings which are managed with deep-litter bed system and ventilated naturally than the different swine housing types. In further research, the more farms than case of this research should be investigated to present an objective and accurate data for concentrations and emissions of total airborne bacteria and fungi in the pig buildings in Korea. In addition the threshold limit values(TLVs) for total airborne bacteria and fungi should be suggested to assess the health risks of farm workers exposed to biological contaminants.

Effects of Amino Acid Supplementation on Growth Performance for Weanling, Growing and Finishing Pigs

Li, D.F.,Guan, W.T.,Yu, H.M.,Kim, J.H.,Han, In K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1998 Animal Bioscience Vol.11 No.1

Four feeding trials with 260 pigs were conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing the diet with different amino acids on growth performance and blood metabolites for weanling, growing and finishing pigs. One hundred twenty weanling pigs (Exp. 1, BW 8 kg), eighty growing pigs (Exp. 2. BW 20 kg), thirty growing pigs (Exp. 3, BW 29 kg) and thirty finishing pigs (Exp. 4, BW 50 kg) were randomly allotted to different dietary treatments according to sex and body weight. Pigs weight and feed consumption were measured at initiation and termination of each trial with 4 weeks. At the end of trial, blood samples from three pigs selected in each pen (Exp. 1) and each pig (Exp. 2) were obtained to determine the level of blood urea nitrogen, glucose, insulin and cortisol in the serum. In Exp. 1, pigs fed diet supplemented both with lysine and methionine had the best feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05), but no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in ADG and ADFI. Pigs receiving control diet obtained the obtained the optimal ADG (p < 0.05), ADFI (p < 0.05) and F/G for the whole period. No differences were detected in serum glucose, insulin and cortisol concentrations. In Exp. 2, pigs receiving the control diet exhibited the lowest serum urea nitrogen (p < 0.05), ADG, F/G and serum insulin concentration increased linearly (p < 0.05) with the inclusion of lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan in diets. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were detected for glucose and cortisol content in pigs serum among dietary treatments. In Exp. 3 and 4, pigs growth rate increased linearly (p < 0.01), and feed conversion efficiency was also improves by addition of lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan. In conclusion, pigs fed diets supplemented with lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan together obtained optimal growth performance in growing and finishing periods.

Roasting and Extruding Affect Nutrient Utilization from Soybeans in 5 and 10 kg Nursery Pigs

Kim, I.H.,Hancock, J.D.,Hines, R.H.,Gugle, T.L. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.2

Ninety nursery pigs were used in two metabolism experiments to determine the effects of roasting and extruding on the nutritional value of Williams 82 soybeans with (+K) and without (-K) gene expression for the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor. Treatments for both experiments were: 1) soybean meal; 2) +K roasted; 3) +K extruded; 4) -K roasted; and 5) -K extruded. Diets were the soybean preparations (96.5% of the diet) with only vitamins and minerals added as needed to meet or exceed NRC recommendations. Daily feed allowance was 5% of initial BW given as three equal meals. In Exp. 1, 50 weanling pigs (4.7 kg average BW and 21 d average age) were used. Apparent values for N digestibility (p<0.001), biological value (p<0.09), percentage N retention (p<0.05), GE digestibility (p<0.001) and percentage ME (p<0.001) were greater for pigs fed extruded soybeans than pigs fed roasted soybeans. Also, N digestibility (p<0.05), biological value (p<0.03) and percentage N retention (p<0.04) were greater for pigs fed -K soybeans than those fed +K soybeans. In Exp. 2, 40 pigs (9.7 kg average BW and 35 d average age) were allowed to adjust to the nursery environment before use in the experiment. In general, the pigs in Exp. 2 (i.e., the older pigs) had greater utilization of nutrients from all of the soybean products than the younger pigs used in Exp. 1. Digestibilities of DM, N and GE were greater (p<0.001) for pigs fed -K soybeans than those fed +K soybeans and extruded soybeans had greater digestibilities of DM, N and GE than roasted soybeans (p<0.001). Also, percentage N retention (p<0.01) and percentage ME (p<0.001) for pigs fed extruded soybeans were greater than for pigs fed roasted soybeans. In conclusion, extruded and -K soybeans were greater nutritional value than roasted and +K soybeans for 4.7 and 9.7 kg nursery pigs.

Longissimus lumborum muscle transcriptome analysis of Laiwu and Yorkshire pigs differing in intramuscular fat content

Wei Chen,Guo‑feng Fang,Shou‑dong Wang,Hui Wang,Yong‑qing Zeng 한국유전학회 2017 Genes & Genomics Vol.39 No.7

The pig provides meat products for human consumption on a large scale. High-throughput sequencing technology provides a powerful approach for the characterization of the muscle transcriptome of pigs. Despite many studies using high-throughput technologies, the functional complexity of porcine muscle transcriptome is not fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to gain insight into the longissimus lumborum muscle transcriptome between two pig breeds with distinct phenotypes, Laiwu pig, a Chinese indigenous pig breed, and Yorkshire pig, a Western breed. RNA-seq was applied to sample transcripts of the longissimus lumborum muscle between the two pig breeds to gain insights into wholegenome transcription profiles. For the Laiwu and Yorkshire libraries, we obtained a total of 40,498,476 and 59,072,892 high quality reads, respectively. Moreover, the resulting data set provided expression patterns for many annotated, predicted and novel pig genes. 178 significantly differentially expressed genes were identified between the Laiwu and Yorkshire pigs, with 98 up-regulated and 80 downregulated genes in Laiwu pig compared with Yorkshire pig. Gene expression results of the RNA-seq data were validated by qRT-PCR for twelve genes. Genes that were differentially expressed were involved in lipid metabolism and were more highly expressed in Laiwu pigs. The present study provides a comprehensive view of differences in the muscle transcriptome between two pig phenotypes. These results expand our knowledge of the genes transcribed in the skeletal muscle of two breeds and provide a basis for future research of the molecular mechanisms underlying the phenotypic differences on meat quality.

Molecular characterization of H3N2 influenza A virus isolated from a pig by next generation sequencing in Korea

Yeonsu Oh,Sung-Hyun Moon,Young-Seung Ko,Eun-Jee Na,Dong-Seob Tark,Jae-Ku Oem,Won-Il Kim,Chaekwang Rim,Ho-Seong Cho 한국동물위생학회 2022 한국동물위생학회지 (KOJVS) Vol.45 No.1

Swine influenza (SI) is an important respiratory disease in pigs and epidemic worldwide, which is caused by influenza A virus (IAV) belonging to the family of Orthomyxoviridae . As seen again in the 2009 swine-origin influenza A H1N1 pandemic, pigs are known to be susceptible to swine, avian, and human IAVs, and can serve as a ‘mixing vessel’ for the generation of novel IAV variants. To this end, the emergence of swine influenza viruses must be kept under close surveillance. Herein, we report the isolation and phylogenetic study of a swine IAV, A/swine/Korea/21810/2021 (sw21810, H3N2 subtype). BLASTN sequence analysis of 8 gene segments of the isolated virus revealed a high degree of nucleotide similarity (94.76 to 100%) to porcine strains circulating in Korea and the United States. Out of 8 genome segments, the HA gene was closely related to that of isolates from cluster I. Additionally, the NA gene of the isolate belonged to a Korean Swine H1N1 origin, and the PB2, PB1, NP and NS genes of the isolate were grouped into that of the Triple reassortant swine H3N2 origin virus. The PA and M genes of the isolate belonged to 2009 Pandemic H1N1 lineage. Human infection with mutants was most common through contact with infected pigs. Our results suggest the need for periodic close monitoring of this novel swine H3N2 influenza virus from a public health perspective.

Performance of the Pigs Maintained in a Highland and Coastal Area of Minahasa Region, North Sulawesi

Umboh, J.F.,Tulung, B. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2001 Animal Bioscience Vol.14 No.7

Pigs respond to extreme temperature (very cold or hot) by physiological and nutritional adjustments. Yet little is known about the effects of different environmental temperature (thermoneutral in the highland area, and hot temperature in the coastal area) where pigs are maintained on the performance of the pigs. Ten pigs each (10 pairs of littermates) were assigned to two treatments (2 locations): highland area (control=CA) or coastal area (hot/heat stress=HS). Experimental design was Paired 't' test. HS pigs had higher average daily water intake (p<0.05) compared to CA pigs (6,05 vs 3.89 kg/d), CA pigs had higher feed intake compared to HS pigs (2.9 vs 1.95 kg/d, p<0,05). CA pigs had higher daily gain compared to HS pigs (0.72 vs 0.58 kg/d, p<0.05). Feed conversion was not significantly different between CA pigs and HS pigs. The digestibility of dry matter, N, Na, K, Mg, CI, Ca and P was not significantly affected by the treatments. High environmental temperature in the coastal area (heat stress) increased water intake, decreased voluntary feed intake and daily gain of the pigs. The results demonstrate that different environmental temperature in the coastal area (heat stress) and highland area (control) had no pronounced effect on digestibility of nutrients.

Classification of Pig Behaviour Experiencing Impaired Air Quality Due to Elevated GHG Concentration

( Niraj Tamrakar ),( Jayanta Kumar Basak ),( Nibas Chandra Deb ),( Sijan Karki ),( Myeongyong Kang ),( Daeyeong Kang ),( Seong Woo Jeon ),( Hyeon Tae Kim ) 한국농업기계학회 2023 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.28 No.2

Pig welfare and health are the primary concerns in livestock management. Pig behaviors serve as important early indicators of pig stress. This research utilizes AI-based computer vision with a top-view RGB camera to monitor the behavior of pigs. The pigs were detected in an experimental pig barn using a CNN-based deep learning model, and pig motions were tracked in real-time using the Deep SORT algorithm. This approach helps segment different pig postures and assigns an activity score based on activity tracking. Various CNN-based deep learning models (Yolov7, Faster R-CNN, SSD ResNet101) were implemented to detect pigs in different postures. When comparing different pig identification and posture detection models, Yolov7 was found to be the fastest and most accurate, with a mean average precision (MAP) of 97.84%. Similarly, the accuracy of multiple object tracking was 93.2%, and the precision was 81.4% for the tracking algorithm. The study observed behavioral changes in both groups and individuals due to the natural elevation of GHG concentration in the experimental pig barn. Higher GHG concentrations were found to have a negative correlation with pig postures like standing, walking, and sternal lying activities, whereas lateral lying had a positive correlation.

Massachusetts General Hospital 미니돼지 유래 이종이식용 형질전환 돼지의 번식 특성 분석

지수정,이건섭,박상현,김경운,변승준,옥선아,황성수,우제석,오건봉 한국수정란이식학회 2017 한국동물생명공학회지 Vol.32 No.3

Pigs have been extensively used as mediators of xenotransplantation research. Specifically, the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) miniature pig was developed to fix major histocompatibility antigens for use in xenotransplantation studies. We generated transgenic pigs for xenotransplantation using MGH pigs. However, it has not been studied yet whether these pigs show similarity of reproductive physiological characteristics to wild types of MGH miniature pig. In this study we analyzed the estrous cycles and pregnancy characteristics of wild type (WT) and transgenic MGH miniature pigs, which were α1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) heterozygous and homozygous knock-out, and membrane cofactor protein (MCP) inserted in its locus, GalT-MCP/+ and GalT-MCP/-MCP pigs. Estrous cycles of WT, GalT-MCP/+ and GalT-MCP/-MCP pigs were 20.9±0.74, 20.1±1.26, and 17.3±0.87 days, respectively, and periods of estrous were 3.2±0.10, 3.1±0.12, and 3.1±0.11 days. The periods of gestation of WT, GalT-MCP/+ and GalT-MCP/-MCP pigs were 114.2±0.37, 113.3±0.67, and 115.4±0.51 days, respectively. Litter sizes of WT, GalT-MCP/+ and GalT-MCP/-MCP pigs were 4.8±0.35, 4.8±1.11 and 3.0±0.32 respectively. There were no significant differences on estrous cycle, periods of estrous and gestation, and litter size among WT, GalT-MCP/+ and GalT-MCP/-MCP pigs, meaning that GalT knock-out and additional expression MCP of the MGH miniature pig did not effect on reproduction traits. These results provide relevant information to establish breeding system for MGH transgenic pig, and for propagation of GalT-MCP/-MCP pig to supply for xenotransplantation research.

Effects of Sodium Sulfite and Extrusion on the Nutritional Value of Soybean Products for Nursery Pigs

Burnham, L.L.,Kim, I.H.,Kang, J.O.,Rhee, H.W.,Hancock, J.D. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.11

Three hundred nursery pigs were used in two growth assays (avg initial BW of 6.5 and 6.0 kg, respectively) to determine the effects of sodium sulfite ($Na_2SO_3$) as an extrusion aid for soy products used in diets for weanling pigs. In Exp. 1, treatments were arranged as $3{\times}2$ factorial with main effects of soy product [soybean meal (SBM), extruded SBM, and dry-extruded whole soybeans (DEWS)] and concentration of $Na_2SO_3$ (0 and 10 g/kg of soy product). The extruded SBM and DEWS treatments were processed in a dry extruder ($Insta-Pro^{(R)} $, Triple F Nutrition, Des Moines, IA) with barrel temperatures and throughputs of $169^{\circ}C$ and 578 kg/h, and $147^{\circ}C$ and 598 kg/h, respectively. All diets were formulated to 3.5 Mcal/kg DE, with 0.92% lysine for d 0 to 14, and 0.76% lysine for d 14 to 28. For d 0 to 14, there was a tendency for pigs fed diets with $Na_2SO_3$ to have greater ADG (p<0.08), and pigs fed SBM to have greater ADFI (p<0.02), thus pigs fed the extruded soy products has 15% greater gain/feed than those fed SBM (p<0.007). For d 14 to 28, there were no differences in ADG or gain/feed among pigs fed diets with SBM and those fed diets with the extruded soy products (p>0.15). However, pigs fed DEWS had greater ADG than pigs fed extruded SBM, and pigs fed $Na_2SO_3$ had greater ADG and ADFI compared to those not fed $Na_2SO_3$ (p<0.02 and 0.08, respectively). The positive response in ADG and gain/feed to the addition of $Na_2SO_3$ resulted with SBM and extruded SBM treatments, and not with DEWS (interaction effect, p<0.04). Overall (d 0 to 28), pigs fed DEWS had greater ADG (p<0.01) and gain/feed (p<0.08) than pigs fed extruded SBM. Also pigs fed diets with $Na_2SO_3$ had greater ADG, ADFI, and gain/feed compared to those fed diets without $Na_2SO_3$ (p<0.002, 0.04, and 0.04, respectively). Exp. 2 was designed as a $2{\times}3$ factorial with main effects of soy product (SBM and DEWS) and concentration of $Na_2SO_3$ (none, 7.5, and 15.0 g/kg of soy product). As in Exp. 1, all diets were formulated to 3.5 Mcal/kg DE, with 0.92% lysine for d 0 to 13, and 0.76% lysine for d 13 to 53. At a constant processing temperature (148 to $149^{\circ}C$, $Na_2SO_3$ increased throughput of the extruder (578, 595, and 602 kg/h for the 0, 7.5, and 15.0 g/kg additions, respectively). For d 0 to 13, treatment had no effect on ADG or ADFI, but gain/feed decreased for pigs fed SBM with increasing concentrations of $Na_2SO_3$, and increased for pigs fed DEWS with increasing concentrations of $Na_2SO_3$ (SBM vs DEWS sulfite quadratic interaction, p<0.03). For d 13 to 35, pigs fed DEWS had greater ADG (p<0.01) and gain/feed (p<0.001) than pigs fed SBM. Also, ADFI decreased and gain/feed increased with increasing concentrations of $Na_2SO_3$ (linear effects, p<0.04 and 0.01, respectively). Overall, pigs fed the diets with DEWS had greater ADG and gain/feed than pigs fed SBM (p<0.003 and 0.002, respectively), and $Na_2SO_3$ tended to decrease ADFI and increase gain/feed (linear effects, p<0.07 and 0.06, respectively). In conclusion, pigs fed DEWS had greater rate and efficiency of gain than pigs fed SBM. Also, adding $Na_2SO_3$ prior to extrusion increased yield and feed efficiency.