Notes on Fragments with Tag Questions in English and Korean

Hee-Don Ahn,Sungeun Cho 한국생성문법학회 2018 생성문법연구 Vol.28 No.1

This squib focuses on fragments with tag questions in English and Korean. Barros & Craenenbroeck (2013) explores tag questions in fragment constructions in English. They observe that when the host is a fragment answer, the tag question consistent with an isomorphic ellipsis site is degraded and the cleft tag question is preferred. The preference for the cleft tag question poses a challenge for Merchant s (2001, 2004) non-cleft ellipsis analysis of fragments. They suggest that tag questions can be used as a window into the internal syntactic structure of clausal ellipsis sites and that cleft structure is default clausal source of fragmentary utterance. In this squib, we explore interaction between tags and fragment answers in Korean. Nominal fragments in Korean are classified as case-marked ones and caseless ones. Ahn & Cho (2017a, b, c) suggest that case-marked fragments are derived from full clauses and that caseless fragments are derived from copula clauses. On this view, the latter is predicted to occur with a copula tag question while the former is predicted to occur with a regular tag question. We show that the phenomenon in Korean is a non-trivial empirical argument for Barros & Craenenbroeck s claim that the well-formedness of specific types of tag questions in fragment constructions is used as a window into the internal syntactic structure of clausal ellipsis sites.

Vibrio vulnificus ATCC 27562의 16S rRNA 유전자의 PCR과 제한효소절단 방식

허문수,정초록 한국생명과학회 1998 생명과학회지 Vol.8 No.2

A pair of designed primers (sequences from Gene Bank) amplified 16S fRNA gene of V. vulnificus within polymerase chain reaction (PCR) machine. This PCR product is about 1.3kb DNA fragment. Six enzymes (BamH I, Alu I, Sau3A I, Hind III, Sal I, Sma I) were used for restriction pattern analysis of amplified 16S rRNA gene of V. vulnificus ATCC 27562. Digested fragments are resolved by 3% agarose gel. BamH I did not show digested fragment so, there was no cutting site of BamH I in PCR product. Alu I produced three small fragments from 400 bp to 200 bp. Sau3A I produced three fragments larger than Alu I from 70 bp and 500 bp. One of fragments of Sal I was same with 500 bp of Hind III fragment and the other was 750 bp. Sma I showed two fragments of 800 bp and 470 bp. The profile of digested fragments of 16S rRNA of V.vulnificus ATCC 27562 will may be able to use standard profile for identification of V. vulnificus. Vibrio unlnificus ATCC 27562의 16S rRNA 유전자를 PCR법과 제한효소절단법으로 분석 하여 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 고안된 한쌍의 primer로 PCR을 시행하여 얻은 산물은 약 1.3Kb 였다. 2. PCR산물을 여섯가지의 제한 효소로 절단하여 얻은 단편들은 아래와 같다. BamH I: 어떤 restriction fragment도 만들지 않았다. Alu I : 약 400bp와 200bp의 두가지 fragment를 생산하였다. Sau3A I : 약 70bp에서 450bp 사이에 세가지 fragment를 생산하였다. Hind III : 약 800bp와 500bp의 약간 큰 두가지 fragment를 생산하였다. Sal I : 약 500bp와 750bp의 두가지 fragment를 생산하였다. Sma I : 약 800bp와 470bp의 두가지 fragment를 생산하였다.

영화 편집의 대안적 재현 전략 : 파편화를 중심으로

이정하 ( Lee¸ Jeong-ha ) 부산대학교 영화연구소 2021 아시아영화연구 Vol.14 No.3

본 논문은 영화 편집의 역사에서 대안적 재현 전략의 방법으로 시도되었던 파편화 방식에 대해 고찰하고자 한다. 파편화는 통상 브레송의 몽타주 개념으로 잘 알려져 있다. 브레송이 파편화를 통해 의도한 것 또한 대안적인 재현 전략에 기반한 새로운 영화 형식의 발견이다. 이에 대해 브레송은 영화가 단순한 재현으로 전락하지 않기 위해서는 무엇보다 파편화를 통해 영화를 구성해야 한다고 주장한다. 그런데 사실상 편집의 역사에서 ‘파편화’ 혹은 ‘파편화로서의 몽타주’는 고전적 창조 이념 및 총체화의 욕구에서 벗어나, 해체된 현실과 현상의 이질적 파편들(해체된 총체성의 흔적, 레디메이드들)로 새로운 형태와 의미를 만들고자 한 아방가르드 시기의 방법론 중 하나였다. 파편화로서의 몽타주 방식은 그 구성단위인 파편의 물질적, 미학적 역량과 관계 가능성(비츠 효과)에 기대어, 언어적 표현이나 담론의 논리로 해명되지 않는 다양한 표현적, 논증적 효과를 생산하고자 했다. 브레송은 이러한 파편화의 대안적 재현 전략을 시네마토그라프, 모델 등과 같은 고유한 영화적 개념 및 장치를 통해 실현했다. 본 논문은 브레송의 파편화 개념을 ‘파편화로서의 몽타주’의 역사적 맥락에서 비교 고찰하고, 브레송 고유의 파편화 방식과 이 개념이 의도한 대안적 재현 전략(시네마토그라프라는 ‘창조로서의 영화’) 및 그 구체적 사례들에 대한 분석을 시도했다. This paper intends to examine the fragmentation method that has been attempted as an alternative representation strategy in the history of film editing. Fragmentation is commonly known as Bresson’s concept of montage. What Bresson intended through fragmentation was also the discovery of a new film form based on an alternative representation strategy. In response, Bresson argues that, above all, in order for a film not to be reduced to a mere representation, the film must be composed through fragmentation. However, in fact, in the history of editing, ‘fragmentation’ or ‘montage as fragmentation’ is a new form of heterogeneous fragments of deconstructed reality and phenomena, breaking away from the classical idea of creation and the desire for totalization. It was one of the methodologies of the avant-garde period to create meaning, and the montage method as fragmentation tried to produce various expressive and argumentative effects that cannot be explained by the logic of verbal expression or discourse, relying on the material and aesthetic capabilities of fragments and the possibility of a relationship (Witz effect). Bresson realized this alternative representation strategy of fragmentation through unique cinematic concepts and devices such as cinematographe and models. This paper compares Bresson’s concept of fragmentation in the historical context of ‘montage as fragmentation’, and Bresson’s unique fragmentation method and alternative representation strategies intended by this concept are analyzed through concrete examples.

Prognosis of the Apical Fragment of Root Fractures after Root Canal Treatment of Both Fragments in Immature Permanent Teeth

이제식,남순현 대한소아치과학회 2018 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.45 No.1

In the root fracture, pulp necrosis tends to involve only the coronal fragment, while the pulp in the apical fragment remains vital. The prognosis of endodontic treatment of the apical fragment is poor due to the possibility of overfilling of the space between the fragments and difficulty in removing necrotic tissue. In the present cases, endodontic treatment of the apical fragment of root fracture was performed. However, in reendodontic treatment, resistance was felt at the fracture site and access to the root canal in the apical fragment was difficult. Therefore, the calcium hydroxide was periodically exchanged only in the coronal fragment without further treatment in the apical fragment and the canal of the coronal fragment was finally filled with Gutta-percha. Regular observation revealed no radiologic complications in the apical fragment. In some cases, we can observe good healing pattern such as absorption of calcium hydroxide and pulp canal obliteration of apical fragment in the long term.

담석 파편의 최대장경 : 초음파 측정치와 실제 크기의 실험적 비교 Real Size vs. Sonographic Measurement

차상훈,한준구,최병인,김주완 대한초음파의학회 1991 ULTRASONOGRAPHY Vol.10 No.1

Notes on Fragments with Tag Questions in English and Korean

안희돈,조성은 한국생성문법학회 2018 생성문법연구 Vol.28 No.1

This squib focuses on fragments with tag questions in English and Korean. Barros & Craenenbroeck (2013) explores tag questions in fragment constructions in English. They observe that when the host is a fragment answer, the tag question consistent with an isomorphic ellipsis site is degraded and the cleft tag question is preferred. The preference for the cleft tag question poses a challenge for Merchant's (2001, 2004) non-cleft ellipsis analysis of fragments. They suggest that tag questions can be used as a window into the internal syntactic structure of clausal ellipsis sites and that cleft structure is default clausal source of fragmentary utterance. In this squib, we explore interaction between tags and fragment answers in Korean. Nominal fragments in Korean are classified as case-marked ones and caseless ones. Ahn & Cho (2017a, b, c) suggest that case-marked fragments are derived from full clauses and that caseless fragments are derived from copula clauses. On this view, the latter is predicted to occur with a copula tag question while the former is predicted to occur with a regular tag question. We show that the phenomenon in Korean is a non-trivial empirical argument for Barros & Craenenbroeck's claim that the well-formedness of specific types of tag questions in fragment constructions is used as a window into the internal syntactic structure of clausal ellipsis sites.

수변생태벨트 구축을 위한 하천 단절구간 평가 방법에 관한 연구

강형식(Kang Hyeongsik),이영숙(Lee Young Sook),전승훈(Jeon Seung Hoon) 대한토목학회 2011 대한토목학회논문집 B Vol.31 No.4B

본 연구에서는 수변생태벨트 조성 사업에 있어서 우선구간을 선정하기 위한 단절구간 평가 방법을 제시하였다. 대상 하천은 홍천강으로 하였으며, 홍천강 약 96 ㎞를 2 ㎞의 구간으로 구분하여, A1-P3의 48개 구간에 대한 도상조사 및 현장조시를 실시하였다. 단절 항목은 크게 연결성 및 생태적 기능성 단절로 구분하였으며, 연결성 단절에서는 토지이용 등의 면적 단절과 도로 및 제방 등의 선적 단절로 구분하였다. 또한 생태벨트의 기능성 단절은 기존 연구결과의 일부 항목을 도입하여 크게 하천 수로 및 하상구조, 수림대 및 식생, 하천구조물로 구분하여 평가하였다. 현장조사를 통하여 각각의 세부 항목별단절 점수를 부여하였으며, 각 단절 항목별 평균하여 이를 등급화 하였다. 그 결과, F1-G2 구간에서 2등급 이상의 연결성 및 기능성 단절 등급을 보이는 것으로 나타났으며, 다른 구간에서는 연결성 단절이 2등급으로 높지만, 기능성 단절이 3-4등급으로 낮아 복원이 시급한 구간이 아닌 것으로 평가되었다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 수변생태벨트 조성 등의 하천복원 사업에 있어 대상 하천내 우선 사업구간 선정에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 보인다. In this study, an evaluation method was proposed to determine the restoration section in the riverine ecobelt project. The target river for this study is the Hongcheon river in Kangwon-do. The Hongcheon river of 96 ㎞ was divided longitudinally into subsections of 2 ㎞. The analysis through map and aerial photograph as well as field surveys were performed in 48-sub-sections. The fragmentation items were classified into connectivity and ecological functionality. The connectivity fragmentation was also divided into two items: the area discontinuity of the land use and the line discontinuity of river bank and road. Also, the ecological functional fragmentation was evaluated by using the items of river channel, river bed, vegetation, and the obstruction of river flow. These items was modified from those in the previous literature. From map analyses and field surveys, the fragmentation score was kept with each items in 48 sub-sections of Hongcheon river. The fragmentation rate was made from the total score in each section. The results showed that sections from F1 to G2 was evaluated to have high rates of all connectivity and functionality fragmentation of 1st or 2nd rate. Other sections have high connectivity fragmentation of 2nd rate, but low functional fragmentation. Thus, these sections are evaluated to be excludible in restoration site. This study seems to make a contribution to evaluate the fragmented sections for the riverine ecobelt project.

A hybrid ellipsis analysis of two types of fragments in Korean

( Hee-don Ahn ),( Sungeun Cho ) 경희대학교 언어정보연구소 2017 언어연구 Vol.34 No.3

Nominal fragments in Korean can take two different forms: case-marked forms and caseless forms. Previous approaches to the two types of fragments are divided into two directions: uniform analyses and hybrid analyses. Uniform analyses are further classified into two species: direct interpretation approaches and ellipsis approaches. The direct interpretation approaches basically assume that fragments are non-sentential XPs. On this view, the unexpressed parts of the fragments’ interpretation are supplied not through syntactic structure but via correspondence with the meaning of the antecedent sentence. The ellipsis approaches, by contrast, assume that fragments have sentential sources and are derived through deletion process. Hybrid analyses, on the other hand, suggest that some fragments involve sentential sources and that others are non-sentential XPs. We propose that both case-marked and caseless fragments involve movement and TP deletion but that their sentential sources are not identical―a hybrid ellipsis analysis. We show that parallel behaviors of two types of fragments are explained under the assumption that they have sentential sources, while non-parallel behaviors are explained because of their different sentential sources. Our analysis further offers fresh accounts for adnonimal modifier fragments and their interesting contrasts. (Konkuk University · Yeungnam University)

The extent of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in forest fragments of the central highlands of Ethiopia

Terefe Tolessa,Feyera Senbeta 한국생태학회 2018 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.42 No.4

Background: Deforestation and degradation are currently affecting the ecosystem services of forests. Among the ecosystem services affected by deforestation and degradation are the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stored in forest soils which have greater impacts in global climate change. This study aimed at examining the amount of SOC and TN in the forest fragments which were separated from the continuous tracts of forests of Jibat and Chillimo through fragmentation processes over four decades. Methods: We have sampled soils from 15 forest fragments of Chillimo and Jibat in the central highlands of Ethiopia. The soil samples obtained in two separate soil depths (0–30 and 30–60 cm) were bulked, dried, and sieved for analysis. Results: Our results have shown that the two sites (Jibat and Chillimo forest fragments) differed in their SOC and TN contents. While the values for Jibat were found to be 29.89 Mg/ha of SOC and 2.84 Mg/ha for TN, it was 14. 06 Mg/ha of SOC and 1.40 Mg/ha for TN for Chillimo. When all forest fragment soil samples were bulked together, Jibat site had twice the value of SOC and TN than Chillimo. When disaggregated on the basis of each fragments, there existed differences in SOC (1.86 Mg/ha and 42.15 Mg/ha) and TN (0.24 Mg/ha and 4.23 Mg/ha) values. Among the forest fragments, fragment four (F4) had the highest Relative Soil Improvement Index (RSII) value of 3826.82% and fragment fifteen (F15) had the lowest RSII value (726.87%) which indicated that the former had a better quality of soil properties than the latter. Conclusion: SOC and TN differed across sampled fragments and sites. Variations in soil properties are the reflections of inherent soil parent material, aboveground vegetation, human interferences, and other physical factors. Such differences could be very important for identifying intervention measures for restoration and enhancing ecosystem services of those fragments.

The extent of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in forest fragments of the central highlands of Ethiopia

Tolessa, Terefe,Senbeta, Feyera The Ecological Society of Korea 2018 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.42 No.4

Background: Deforestation and degradation are currently affecting the ecosystem services of forests. Among the ecosystem services affected by deforestation and degradation are the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stored in forest soils which have greater impacts in global climate change. This study aimed at examining the amount of SOC and TN in the forest fragments which were separated from the continuous tracts of forests of Jibat and Chillimo through fragmentation processes over four decades. Methods: We have sampled soils from 15 forest fragments of Chillimo and Jibat in the central highlands of Ethiopia. The soil samples obtained in two separate soil depths (0-30 and 30-60 cm) were bulked, dried, and sieved for analysis. Results: Our results have shown that the two sites (Jibat and Chillimo forest fragments) differed in their SOC and TN contents. While the values for Jibat were found to be 29.89 Mg/ha of SOC and 2.84 Mg/ha for TN, it was 14. 06 Mg/ha of SOC and 1.40 Mg/ha for TN for Chillimo. When all forest fragment soil samples were bulked together, Jibat site had twice the value of SOC and TN than Chillimo. When disaggregated on the basis of each fragments, there existed differences in SOC (1.86 Mg/ha and 42.15 Mg/ha) and TN (0.24 Mg/ha and 4.23 Mg/ha) values. Among the forest fragments, fragment four ($F_4$) had the highest Relative Soil Improvement Index (RSII) value of 3826.82% and fragment fifteen ($F_{15}$) had the lowest RSII value (726.87%) which indicated that the former had a better quality of soil properties than the latter. Conclusion: SOC and TN differed across sampled fragments and sites. Variations in soil properties are the reflections of inherent soil parent material, aboveground vegetation, human interferences, and other physical factors. Such differences could be very important for identifying intervention measures for restoration and enhancing ecosystem services of those fragments.