도시 및 농촌 유역 하천에서의 강우유출 특성 비교

김호섭 ( Ho-sub Kim ),김상용 ( Sang-yong Kim ),박윤희 ( Yun-hee Park ) 한국물환경학회(구 한국수질보전학회) 2018 한국물환경학회지 Vol.34 No.6

The objective of this study was to compare the rainfall-runoff characteristics in streams of classified urban and rural watershed using land use and population density. EMC (event mean concentration) of BOD, COD, TP and SS increased significantly in urban and rural watershed, but that of TN remained unchanged. Although there were no significant differences in EMC of BOD, COD, TN, TP depending on the watershed characteristics, EMC of BOD and COD significantly increased in the urban watershed, while EMC of TP increased in the rural watershed. In the urban watershed, the first flush time was faster and the first flush effect was stronger in BOD, COD, and TP. However, the difference between cumulative mass and cumulative volume was found to be less than 0.2 in the rural watershed, indicating a weak first flush effect. The discharged masses of BOD (70 %), COD (64 %), and TP (66 %) in the first flush of runoff were higher in urban watershed, while TN (67 %) was higher in rural watershed. The reproducibility of first flush time and the strength of first flush using CV (coefficient of variation) was found to be more reproducible for first flush time in both watersheds. In rural watershed, the CV value of first flush time for TP out of water quality parameters was lower. Whereas the CV values of first flush time for BOD, COD and TP in urban watersheds were similar.

도라지와 감자 재배가 유출과 비점오염부하에 미치는 영향

신재영,신민환,최용훈,강현우,원철희,황문영,양희정,임경재,최중대,Shin, Jae Young,Shin, Min Hwan,Choi, Yong Hoon,Kang, Hyun Woo,Won, Chul Hee,Hwang, Moon Young,Yang, Hee Jung,Lim, Kyoung Jae,Choi, Joong Dae 한국농공학회 2012 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.54 No.6

An upland monitoring was conducted for about 4 years with respect to the water and quality of rainfall-runoff. The objective was to characterize of runoff and nonpoint source (NPS) pollution from a sandy field with 4.5 % in slope under balloonflower (2008-2010) and potato (2011) cultivation. Balloonflower was cultivated without any surface cover but potato was grown under plastic mulching. Runoff rate, EMCs and NPS pollution loads were estimated. The first flush effect was evaluated, and the correlation coefficient among the selected water quality indices were analyzed. Average rainfall size was higher by 2.3 mm when balloonflower was cultivated but average runoff rate was higher by 0.02 when potato was cultivated due to the plastic mulching. EMCs monitored from balloonflower field were higher than potato field except SS and TN, but all NPS pollution loads of potato field were 2.1~22.9 times greater than balloonflower field because of larger runoff volume. As a result of first flush effects, balloonflower and potato field were more influenced by increasing of accumulated rainfall and rainfall intensity rather than first flush. In the result of correlation analysis, there were no evident correlations between runoff and water quality indices. However, there were obvious correlations between SS and the other indices except TN. As a result of this study, it was thought that perennial balloonflower crop could help reduce runoff and NPS pollution loads but annual crop with plastic mulching increase them.

보문 : 농촌지역 비점오염물질의 유출 특성

유광현 ( Kwang Hyun Ryu ),이건직 ( Geon Jik Lee ),성진욱 ( Jin Uk Seong ),김동섭 ( Dong Sup Kim ),박제철 ( Jae Chul Park ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2011 생태와 환경 Vol.44 No.2

This study was conducted to investigate runoff characteristics of non-point pollutant sources in an agricultural area watershed in Boeun area, Chungbuk Province. The monitoring site represented 1.56 km2, about 44.4% of which was covered with paddy fields. The monitoring was conducted for six events in a period of 5 month. Event Mean Concentration (EMC) and Site Mean Concentration (SMC) of suspended solids (SS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (T-N) and total phosphorus (T-P) were calculated using the results of the water quality parameters. A comparison between arithmetic mean concentration and EMC revealed that nearly all EMCs were higher than the corresponding arithmetic mean concentrations. First-flushing effects were exhibited for SS, BOD, and T-P, with relatively high concentrations in early-stage storm events.

중소도시지역 비점오염물질의 유출 특성

이건직 ( Geon Jik Lee ),성진욱 ( Jin Uk Seong ),박주현 ( Ju Hyun Park ),조규수 ( Gyu Soo Joe ),박제철 ( Je Chul Park ) 한국환경과학회 2010 한국환경과학회지 Vol.19 No.7

This study was conducted to investigate runoff characteristics of non-point pollutants source at the urban area in boeun area, Chungbuk Province. The monitoring site covering the watershed of 2.11 km 2 contains about 40.3 % of total watershed with the urban area. The monitoring was conducted with six events for five months and Event Mean Concentration(EMC) and Site Mean Concentration(SMC) of SS, BOD, CODMn, T-N, T-P were calculated on the result of the water quality parameters. As a result of the comparion between Arithmetic Mean Concentration and Event Mean Concentration, it showed that over all Event Mean Concentration was higher than Arithmetic Mean Concentration. And it showed that SS, BOD, T-P featured the first-flushing effect, showing relatively high concentration in early-stage storm event.

Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs) and First Flush Characteristics of Runoff from a Public Park in Korea

Jung, Jae-Woon,Park, Ha-Na,Yoon, Kwang-Sik,Choi, Dong-Ho,Lim, Byung-Jin The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2013 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.56 No.6

Characteristics of non-point source (NPS) pollution runoff from a public park in Gwangju, Korea were investigated. Results exhibited the highest pollutant concentrations at the start of the rainfall events due to their build-up and wash off processes. The average event mean concentrations (EMCs) were 27.8, 7.2, 56.3, 7.5, and 0.84 mg/L (range: 4.2-54.8 mg/L) for COD, (0.5-20.8 mg/L) for TOC, (22.3-138.4) for SS, (1.4-18.5 mg/L) for T-N, and (0.17-2.02 mg/L) for T-P, respectively. The study site presented a strong first flush effect for most rainfall events. However, no first flush effect was observed in rainfall events with small rainfall factors (e.g. intensity, amount, and runoff depth). On the other hand, the ratios of total pollution loads discharged by the first 20% of runoff volume were 32% for COD, 34% for TOC, 36% for SS, 42% for T-N, and 50% for T-P. Especially, $MFF_{20}$ (mass first flush) values of T-N and T-P were larger than those of other pollutants (COD, TOC, SS), indicating that T-N and T-P are easily transported by stormwater runoff from the public park. First flush management of T-N and T-P, therefore, is required for efficient water quality management of the public park.

Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs) and First Flush Characteristics of Runoff from a Public Park in Korea

정재운,박하나,윤광식,최동호,임병진 한국응용생명화학회 2013 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.56 No.5

Characteristics of non-point source (NPS) pollution runoff from a public park in Gwangju, Korea were investigated. Results exhibited the highest pollutant concentrations at the start of the rainfall events due to their build-up and wash off processes. The average event mean concentrations (EMCs) were 27.8, 7.2,56.3, 7.5, and 0.84 mg/L (range: 4.2-54.8 mg/L) for COD, (0.5-20.8 mg/L) for TOC, (22.3-138.4) for SS, (1.4-18.5 mg/L) for TN,and (0.17-2.02 mg/L) for T-P, respectively. The study site presented a strong first flush effect for most rainfall events. However, no first flush effect was observed in rainfall events with small rainfall factors (e.g. intensity, amount, and runoff depth). On the other hand, the ratios of total pollution loads discharged by the first 20% of runoff volume were 32% for COD, 34% for TOC,36% for SS, 42% for T-N, and 50% for T-P. Especially, MFF20(mass first flush) values of T-N and T-P were larger than those of other pollutants (COD, TOC, SS), indicating that T-N and T-P are easily transported by stormwater runoff from the public park. First flush management of T-N and T-P, therefore, is required for efficient water quality management of the public park.

강우시 포도밭에 대한 초기세척효과 분석

윤영삼 ( Young Sam Yoon ),권헌각 ( Hun Gak Kwon ),이재운 ( Jae Woon Lee ),유재정 ( Jay Jung Yu ),이재관 ( Jae Kwan Lee ) 한국환경과학회 2011 한국환경과학회지 Vol.20 No.8

This study analyzed the characteristics of stormwater runoff in the orchard areas and quantitatively estimated effluence of nonpoint source pollutants for the volume of runoff. Two target areas under vine cultivation were each 2,000㎡and 1,800㎡, located in Gyeongju City. Since grape was the only crop on the target area, the characteristics of stormwater runoff at vineyard could be evaluated independently. A total of 51 rainfall events in the vineyard area during two years(2008-2009) was surveyed, and 19 of them became stormwater runoff, with rainfall ranging 16.5 - 79.7 mm and antecedent dry period of 1-13 days. The pollutant runoff loads by volume of stormwater runoff showed BOD ranging 19.5 - 45.3% in 30% of runoff volume. The average pollution discharge rate was 32.4%, indicating small first flush effect of BOD. The range of SS concentrations was 5 -52.0% in 10% of runoff volume, showing the average 28.7% of discharge rate, about 3 times more than rainfall effluent. TOC and TN appeared to be similar to the results of BOD, the average discharge rate of 30.9% and 30.6% for TOC and TN, respectively, for 30% of stormwater runoff volume. Average discharge rate of COD and TP in the same runoff volume was 35.1% and 36%, respectively, showing comparatively high discharge ratio. As the targeted vineyard area was permeable land, the pollution load ratio against rainfall-runoff volume appeared to be 1:1, implying no strong first flush effect for all the survey items.

강우시 골프장 지역의 비점오염물질 유량가중평균농도 산정 및 초기세척효과 분석

김지연 ( Ji Yeon Kim ),황재엽 ( Jae Yup Hwang ),지용대 ( Yong Dae Ji ),박수영 ( Soo Young Park ),김동호 ( Dong Ho Kim ),이영준 ( Young Joon Lee ) 한국수처리학회 2013 한국수처리학회지 Vol.21 No.3

Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration (EMC) which is used to quantify the washed-off pollutant concentrations from non-point sources (NSPs). The experimental basin extends from 80m to 180m in altitude and has an catchment area of 5.5ha. Field monitoring for continuous measurements of rainfall and water quality was cinducted over 12 storm events during 2011 using automated sampling methods. Water quality was analyzed with respect to BOD, COD, TOC, SS. The concentrations of total rainfall and pollutants from golf course were measured during rainfall period. As a result, average total rainfall, duration and rainfall intensity were 31.3mm, 9.1hr and 3.7mm/hr, respectively.EMCs were 1.7 to 8.5 mgBOD/L 7.5 to 80.3mgCOD/L, 5.1 TO 25.6mgTOC/L, 2.0 to 167.4mgSS/L for the artificial grassland area and 0.3 to 2.4 mgBOD/L, 2.7 to 6.2mgCOD/L, 1.4 to 9.3mgTOC/L, 4.1 to 138.8mgSS/L for the natural area, respectively. This results showed that the EMCs from the natural grassland were lower than that from the artificial grassland. The first flush effect for non point source pollutants occurred in order of SS>COD>TOC>BOD at the golf course.

강우시 불투수성 지역의 비점오염물질 EMCs 산정 및 초기세척효과 분석

안태웅 ( Tae Woong Ahn ),김태훈 ( Tae Hoon Kim ),오종민 ( Jong Min Oh ) 한국하천호수학회(구 한국육수학회) 2012 생태와 환경 Vol.45 No.4

This study evaluated the rainfall-runoff characteristics of Non-point Pollution Source (NPS) of the impervious area through on-site monitoring. In this study, trend analysis was performed by various runoff analysis method of non-point pollution source. The characteristics of rainfall at impervious area appeared to be influenced by rainfall strength. It is judged that the measure is required to be prepared against that now that concentration difference of non-point pollution source appeared to be big by precedent number of days of no rainfall. However, it appeared that Rainfall Sustaining Time (RST) has nothing to do with effluent concentration of non-point pollution source, however, the rising tendency that effluent concentration did not appear because the tendency that concentration of non-point pollution source reduces more than 50% within initial 60 min due to first flushing effects and rainfall sustaining time is long. If looking into the outflow tendency of non-point pollution source at the impervious area, it showed the tendency that the concentration lowers gradually as time goes by after initial concentration appeared very high. However, it could be recognized that the concentration of non-point pollution source appeared to be high as the pollutants integrated on the surface of the road during dry season. The Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs) in impervious area were ranged 9.2~~199.3mg·L--1 for TSS, 8.1~~ 24.2mg·L--1 for CODMn, 0.070~~1.860mg·L--1 for T-N. Based on such runoff characteristics of non-point pollution source, it is judged that it would be desirable to process initial rain efficiently as the measure against initial rain phenomenon at the impervious area.

교외 산업단지지역 강우유출수내 비점오염물질의 유출특성 및 원단위 산정

김성준 ( Sung Joon Kim ),신선미 ( Seon Mi Shin ),전용태 ( Yong Tae Jeon ),원찬희 ( Chan Hee Won ) 한국환경영향평가학회 2012 환경영향평가 Vol.21 No.2

The characteristics of stormwater runoff and estimation of unit loads were examined in suburban industrial complex areas. During rainfall event, the peak concentrations occurred within the first 100 minutes after rainfall and then the highest concentration of NPS pollutants sharply decreased, showing strong first flush effect in suburban industrial complex. The cumulative load curves for NPS pollutants showed above the straight line, indicating that first flush effect occurred in suburban industrial complex. While the mean TSS, BOD, COD, TN and TP EMCs values were shown the highest values as 120.6 mg/L, 20.8 mg/L, 44.0 mg/L, 5.58 mg/L and 1.46 mg/L respectively. Unit loads estimated from the EMCs were TSS 43.86kg/km2/day, COD 52.45kg/km2/day, BOD 24.79kg/km2/day, T-N 6.65kg/km2/day, T-P 1.75kg/km2/day, and Pb 0.10kg/km2/day. Results of unit loads were compared with the unit pollutant loads from land-use in Korea and USA. The unit load of TSS was lower than that of USA. Estimated BOD and T-N and T-P unit loads were lower than that of Korea.