기능성자기공명영상(fMRI)을 이용한 거짓말 탐지 증거의 정확도와 법적 시사점

홍성욱 ( Sung Ook Hong ) 서울대학교 법학연구소 2011 서울대학교 法學 Vol.52 No.3

이 논문은 fMRI 뇌영상 기법을 통해 거짓말을 탐지하는 실험적 연구들을 비판적으로 개괄한 뒤에, 이러한 실험들이 법정에서 증거로 채택될 수 있는 사실을 만들어낼 수 있는가를 평가하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 이를 위해서 이 논문은 fMRI 이전의 거짓말 탐지기를 간단히 살펴본 후에, fMRI 기술의 작동 원리와 문제점을 설명하고, fMRI를 이용해서 거짓말을 할 때 활성화되는 뇌의 영역을 탐색한 연구들을 개괄할 것이다. fMRI 거짓말 탐지기의 응용에 대해서는 여러 가지 우려와 비판들이 있는데, 이 논문에서는 이러한 우려와 비판들을 네 가지로 나누어서 그 각각을 유형별로 분석해 볼 것이다. 이후 이러한 비판에 대한 반론으로 fMRI 거짓말 탐지기를 옹호하는 견해를 소개한 뒤에, 결론적으로 이런 다양한 견해를 종합해서 fMRI 거짓말 탐지기의 현 상황을 평가해 보면서, 미래의 법적 응용 가능성 같은 법적 시사점을 가늠해 볼 것이다. This paper aims to critically review various experimental researches using an fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) machine as a lie-detecting device, and evaluate whether such fMRI images will be accepted as reliable evidence in courts. For this, the paper first examines the history of polygraph lie detectors which have been widely used before the advent of fMRI lie detectors. It then discusses the principles of fMRI technique along with its limitations, as well as experimental researches using fMRI that have attempted to pinpoint the neural correlates of telling lies. After this, the paper explores various criticisms on using fMRI as lie detectors by classifying them into four different, but related, categories. Then, some positive evaluations on the use of fMRI lie-detecting devices will be examined. By synthesizing these various opinions and analysis over the use of fMRI as lie-detecting devices, the paper will suggest its legal implications, estimating the possibility of fMRI images being accepted as legal evidence in courts in the future.

NEUROMARKETING AND BIG DATA ANALYTICS FOR RESEARCH USING FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Eun-Ju Lee,Hyunjin Park,Jee-Hyong Lee 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is one of the best available devices that can record the activities of living human brain non-invasively. Its precision and high spatial resolution is matched by none other methodology. The entry barrier to fMRI research is exceptionally high. fMRI has widely been used in medical and scientific research, but its application to marketing research has been limited because of two important reasons. First, the cost problem. The MR scanning devices often cost multi-million dollars and using fMRI for marketing research can be costly. Second, analyzing data from fMRI study is another formidable task. fMRI measures the brain’s hemodynamic activities using voxel as a measuring unit; Voxels are often a cubic with 2 to 3 millimeters on one side. Since a typical adult brain represents over one million voxels in one scan volume, and each scan generally has 2 to 3 seconds of interval time, one experimental block of 40 seconds, for example, will create over 40 million data points. Compared to a typical marketing research data which in general have two dimensions (2d) of rows and columns, fMRI data is inherently 4d with added dimensions of voxel and time. Furthermore, the fMRI signal is sensitive to various sources of noises. In this talk, we offer support for marketing researchers who want to explore fMRI method for their research in the future. First, we discuss issues related to experimental design for fMRI experiments. We explain preprocessing steps that are recommended for fMRI data and show how to apply statistical methods to make inferences that can increase internal validity. Then, we will explicate how to apply big data analytics to fMRI data during this talk to find deep insights into customer’s brains. A real neuromarketing fMRI data will be used to break down the steps for fMRI research and data analytics. Finally, we will open a discussion to discover future research opportunities for marketing research using fMRI. The purpose of this talk is to lower the entry barrier of fMRI method in neuromarketing research so that more people in the marketing field can benefit from the most advanced scientific achievement of our time and discover deepest insights into our customers.

수면 뇌파-기능자기공명영상 동기화 측정과 신호처리 기법을 통한 수면 단계별 뇌연결망 연구

김중일,박범희,윤탁,박해정 대한수면의학회 2018 수면·정신생리 Vol.25 No.2

Objectives: Synchronous electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used to explore sleep stage dependent functional brain networks. Despite a growing number of sleep studies using EEG-fMRI, few stud- ies have conducted network analysis on whole night sleep due to dif culty in data acquisition, artifacts, and sleep management within the MRI scanner. Methods: In order to perform network analysis for whole night sleep, we proposed experimental procedures and data process- ing techniques for EEG-fMRI. We acquired 6-7 hours of EEG-fMRI data per participant and conducted signal processing to re- duce artifacts in both EEG and fMRI. We then generated a functional brain atlas with 68 brain regions using independent com- ponent analysis of sleep fMRI data. Using this functional atlas, we constructed sleep level dependent functional brain networks. Results: When we evaluated functional connectivity distribution, sleep showed signi cantly reduced functional connectivity for the whole brain compared to that during wakefulness. REM sleep showed statistically different connectivity patterns compared to non-REM sleep in sleep-related subcortical brain circuits. Conclusion: This study suggests the feasibility of exploring functional brain networks using sleep EEG-fMRI for whole night sleep via appropriate experimental procedures and signal processing techniques for fMRI and EEG. 목 적:본 연구는 전수면주기동안 수면단계에 따른 전체뇌영역과 수면 관련 뇌영역들의 뇌기능 연결망의 변화를 살펴보기 위해 동기화된 뇌파(EEG)-자기기능공명영상 (fMRI)를 전 수면 주기 동안 측정하고 신호처리 기법을 사용 함으로수면단계에따른뇌연결망의탐구가가능함을살펴 보기 위해 수행되었다. 방 법:정상 성인 피험자 5인을 대상으로 6~7시간의 수 면동안 MRI 기계 안에서 안전도, 심전도, 근전도와 EEG- fMRI를 측정하였고 EEG에 발생한 MRI 자장 변화 잡음과 심박관련 잡음을 제거하였다. fMRI에서는 피험자의 움직임 에 의해 발생하는 영상 왜곡을 보정하는 부분볼륨활용기법 을 제안하여 사용하였다. 잡음이 제거된 수면중 fMRI에 독 립성분분석기법을 적용하여 뇌 전체를 68 영역으로 구획하 여 수면 연구에 적합한 뇌 구획 지도를 만들고 이를 바탕으 로 각 구획들간의 연결성을 계산하였다. 수면관련 뇌심부 영 역을 선택하여 연결망 분석을 수행하였다. 결 과:뇌파를 비롯한 수면 생리적 신호들은 잡음 제거 의 방법을 이용하게 되면 수면단계설정에 문제가 없으며 수 면 단계별 뇌 연결망 연구가 가능함을 보여 주었다. 뇌연결 망 분석에서 수면 관련 뇌심부 연결망은 렘과 비렘수면에 따라 다른 특성이 나타나는데 비렘수면에서 전반적으로 높은 연결성을보였다.대뇌를포함한전체뇌연결망의경우각 성에 비해서 수면 중에 뇌 연결성이 떨어지는 양상을 보였다 (Kolmogorov-Smirnov 검정 ; p < 0.05, Bonferroni cor- rected). 결 론:본 연구를 통해서 장시간 수면 EEG-fMRI 측정 과 수면단계설정이 가능하고 신호처리 기법을 통해서 보정 하게되면뇌기능연결망을이용한전체수면뇌연구가가 능함을 시사한다.

Mouse fMRI under ketamine and xylazine anesthesia: Robust contralateral somatosensory cortex activation in response to forepaw stimulation

Shim, Hyun-Ji,Jung, Won Beom,Schlegel, Felix,Lee, Joonsung,Kim, Sangwoo,Lee, Jungryun,Kim, Seong-Gi Elsevier 2018 NeuroImage Vol.177 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Mouse fMRI is critically useful to investigate functions of mouse models. Until now, the somatosensory-evoked responses in anesthetized mice are often widespread and inconsistent across reports. Here, we adopted a ketamine and xylazine mixture for mouse fMRI, which is relatively new anesthetics in fMRI experiments. Forepaw stimulation frequency was optimized using cerebral blood volume (CBV)-weighted optical imaging (n = 11) and blood-oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) fMRI with a gradient-echo time of 16 ms at 9.4 T, and 4 Hz stimulation with 0.5 ms and 0.5 mA pulses induced the highest hemodynamic response. For 20-s 4-Hz unilateral forepaw stimulation, localized BOLD activity was consistently found in the contralateral primary forelimb somatosensory cortex (S1FL), while no significant change was observed in the ipsilateral S1FL. The mean magnitude was 1.44 ± 0.20% SEM (n = 9) in the contralateral S1FL and 0.69 ± 0.10% in the contralateral thalamus. The variability of evoked fMRI responses across sessions was investigated by comparing with resting state fMRI (rsfMRI) functional connectivity (FC). Evoked responses in S1FL were correlated positively with rsfMRI FC between bilateral S1FL (r = 0.63 to 0.69) and negatively with FC between S1FL and the anterior cingulate cortex (r = −0.50 to −0.57), suggesting that rsfMRI FC is a good index of the evoked fMRI response and anesthetized animal condition. Finally, three weekly fMRI scans were performed in 5 mice, and localized activity was reproducibly observed in S1FL, with a success rate of 70–95%. In summary, our developed fMRI protocol can be used for mapping functions of mouse models.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Bilateral BOLD response induced by forepaw stimulation is observed under isoflurane. </LI> <LI> Ketamine and xylazine anesthesia is used for mouse fMRI. </LI> <LI> Forepaw stimulation of 4 Hz evokes the highest hemodynamic response. </LI> <LI> BOLD activation is reproducibly localized at the contralateral somatosensory cortex. </LI> <LI> Resting-state functional connectivity predicts evoked fMRI responses. </LI> </UL> </P>

Biophysics of BOLD fMRI investigated with animal models

Elsevier 2018 Journal of magnetic resonance Vol.292 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The widely-used BOLD fMRI signal depends on various anatomical, physiological, and imaging parameters. Thus, it is important to examine its biophysical and physiological source in order to optimize, model and accurately interpret fMRI. Animal models have been used to investigate these issues to take systematic measurements and combine with conventional invasive approaches. Here, we reviewed and discussed multiple issues, including the echo time-dependent intravascular contribution and extravascular contributions, gradient-echo vs. spin-echo fMRI, the physiological source of BOLD fMRI, arterial vs. venous cerebral blood volume change, cerebral oxygen consumption change, and arterial oxygen saturation change. We then discuss future directions of animal fMRI and translation to human fMRI. Systematic biophysical BOLD fMRI studies provide insight into the modeling and interpretation of BOLD fMRI in animals and humans.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Biophysics of gradient-echo and spin-echo BOLD fMRI is reviewed. </LI> <LI> Quantification of BOLD fMRI as physiological parameters is discussed. </LI> <LI> Assumptions associated with the BOLD biophysical model have been investigated. </LI> <LI> Oxygen saturation and volume changes of arterial and venous vessels are evaluated. </LI> <LI> Perspective on animal fMRI is described. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

동시 뇌경두개자기자극-기능자기공명영상 시행을 위한 홀더 제작과 시뮬레이션 및 영상 데이터 평가

김재창,박해정,경성현,이종두 대한자기공명의과학회 2013 Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Vol.17 No.3

목적 : 본 연구는 신경망의 인과성을 이해하기 위해 사용되는 방법인 뇌경두개자기자극기 (TMS)를 기능자기공명영상(fMRI) 내에서 동시에 시행하기 위한 적합성을 평가하는데 그 목적이 있다. 대상 및 방법 : TMS 코일을 지지할 수 있도록 비자성의 특징을 갖는 물질인 Polyetherether Keton (PEEK)을 이용하여 홀더를 제작하였다. 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 MR 스캐너 안에서의 TMS 코일의 위치와 방향에 따른 자기장의 분포를 계산하였다. 또한, TMS 자극시 발생할 수 있는 영상 왜곡을 최소화하면서 fMRI영상을 획득하기 위하여 볼륨과 볼륨 획득 사이 간극 동안 TMS 자극을 가하는 기법을 제안하였다. 결과 : 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션을 통해서 코일 중심의 자기장은 코일에서 거리가 멀어질 수록 급격하게 감소함을 확인하였다. 팬텀실험을 통해 fMRI 자극제시는 볼륨간 시간 간격을 100 ms정도 수준에서도 영상 왜곡을 줄이는데 문제가 없음을 확인하였다. 운동 과제 수행과 TMS로 운동 중추 자극시 각각의 뇌반응 분석 연구를 통해 fMRI 측정 중 TMS가 가능함을 확인하였다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 fMRI 환경 내에서 관심 영역에 TMS를 가함으로써 뇌 기능의 인과적 연결성 연구를 할 수 있는 기본도구를 확립하게 되었다. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to setup a concuurent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-functional MRI (fMRI) system for understanding causality of the functional brain network. Materials and Methods: We manufactured a TMS coil holder using nonmagnetic polyether ether ketone (PEEK). We simulated magnetic field distributions in the MR scanner according to TMS coil positions and angles. To minimize image distortions caused by TMS application, we controlled fMRI acquisition and TMS sequences to trigger TMS during inter-volume intervals. Results: Simulation showed that the magnetic field below the center of the coil was dramatically decreased with distance. Through the MR phantom study, we confirmed that TMS application around inter-volume acquisition time = 100 miliseconds reduced imaging distortion. Finally, the applicability of the concurrent TMS-fMRI was tested in preliminary studies with a healthy subject conducting a motor task within TMS-fMRI and passive motor movement induced by TMS in fMRI. Conclusion: In this study, we confirmed that the developed system allows use of TMS inside an fMRI system,which would contribute to the research of brain activation changes and causality in brain connectivity.

Layer-Specific fMRI Responses to Excitatory and Inhibitory Neuronal Activities in the Olfactory Bulb

Poplawsky, Alexander John,Fukuda, Mitsuhiro,Murphy, Matthew,Kim, Seong-Gi Society for Neuroscience 2015 The Journal of neuroscience Vol.35 No.46

<P>High-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) detects localized neuronal activity via the hemodynamic response, but it is unclear whether it accurately identifies neuronal activity specific to individual layers. To address this issue, we preferentially evoked neuronal activity in superficial, middle, and deep layers of the rat olfactory bulb: the glomerular layer by odor (5% amyl acetate), the external plexiform layer by electrical stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract (LOT), and the granule cell layer by electrical stimulation of the anterior commissure (AC), respectively. Electrophysiology, laser-Doppler flowmetry of cerebral blood flow (CBF), and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) and cerebral blood volume-weighted (CBV) fMRI at 9.4 T were performed independently. We found that excitation of inhibitory granule cells by stimulating LOT and AC decreased the spontaneous multi-unit activities of excitatory mitral cells and subsequently increased CBF, CBV, and BOLD signals. Odor stimulation also increased the hemodynamic responses. Furthermore, the greatest CBV fMRI responses were discretely separated into the same layers as the evoked neuronal activities for all three stimuli, whereas BOLD was poorly localized with some exception to the poststimulus undershoot. In addition, the temporal dynamics of the fMRI responses varied depending on the stimulation pathway, even within the same layer. These results indicate that the vasculature is regulated within individual layers and CBV fMRI has a higher fidelity to the evoked neuronal activity compared with BOLD. Our findings are significant for understanding the neuronal origin and spatial specificity of hemodynamic responses, especially for the interpretation of laminar-resolution fMRI.</P><P><B>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</B> Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a noninvasive, <I>in vivo</I> technique widely used to map function of the entire brain, including deep structures, in animals and humans. However, it measures neuronal activity indirectly by way of the vascular response. It is currently unclear how finely the hemodynamic response is regulated within single cortical layers and whether increased inhibitory neuronal activities affect fMRI signal changes. Both laminar specificity and the neural origins of fMRI are important to interpret functional maps properly, which we investigated by activating discrete rat olfactory bulb circuits.</P>

정신장애 연구에서 기능적 자기공명영상검사의 응용

전덕인 대한신경정신의학회 2002 신경정신의학 Vol.41 No.1

연구목적: 최근에 개발된 functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI)은 산소화와 연관된 뇌의 활성을 조사할 수 있는 매우 유용한 영상 방법으로 이를 요약 및 소개하고자 한다. 방 법: 본 종설에서는 다양한 정신장애를 대상으로 한 BOLD contrast fMRI 연구를 개괄하였다. 결 과: 비록 fMRI가 일부 제한점을 가지고 있음에도 불구하고 대개의 연구가 정신장애 환자는 정상인과 다른 뇌 활성화 양상을 보인다고 보고하였다. 결 론: 아직은 시작 단계이지만 점차 발전되는 기법과 시설로 fMRI는 정신장애의 신경생물학적 요인에 관한 우 리의 이해를 확충시킬 것이며 뇌의 병태생리를 평가하고 치료함에 있어 훌륭한 기회를 제공할 것이다 Objectives:Functional magnetic resonance imaging(fMRI) is one of the most useful techniques for assessing localized changes in cerebral blood flow and oxygenation using diverse challenge paradigm. This review presents the results of BOLD contrast fMRI studies relating to various psychiatric disorders. Methods:A number of fMRI articles on this subject in psychiatric journals were surveyed. Results:Even with some methodological limitations, most studies showed that BOLD changes appeared with differences between psychiatric patients and control subjects. Conclusions:Undoubtedly, fMRI will extend our understanding of neurobiological basis of psychiatric disorders and offer an unprecedented opportunity for the assessment and management of brain pathology.

태충(太衝)(LR3).합곡(合谷)(LI4) 전침자극(電鍼刺戟)이 뇌활성(腦活性) 변화(變化)에 미치는 영향(影響) - fMRI를 이용(利用)한 연구(硏究) -

박태균,김영일,홍권의,임윤경,이현,이병렬,Park, Tae-Gyoon,Kim, Young-Il,Hong, Kwon-Eui,Yim, Yun-Kyoung,Lee, Hyun,Lee, Byung-Ryul 경락경혈학회 2004 대한침구의학회지 Vol.21 No.2

Objectives and Methods : This study was performed to investigate the effect of electro -acupuncture at four gates(bilateral LR3 and LI4) on brain activity in normal subjects using fMRI. Results and Conclusions : 1. fMRI signal increase by electro-acupuncture at Lt. LR3 was observed in Rt. Middle frontal gyrus in group average as well as more than half of the subjects. 2. fMRI signal decreases by electro-acupuncture at Lt. LR3 were observed in Rt. Superior frontal gyrus, Rt. Middle temporal gyrus, Rt. Cingulate gyrus in group average as well as more than half of the subjects. 3. fMRI signal increases by electro-acupuncture at Lt. LI4 were observed in Lt. Superior frontal gyrus, Lt. Middle frontal gyrus, Lt. Inf. Semi-Lunar Lobule(cerebellum), Rt. Middle frontal gyrus, Rt. Cingulate gyrus in group average as well as more than half of the subjects. 4. fMRI signal decreases by electro-acupuncture at Lt. LI4 were observed in Lt. Middle frontal gyrus, Lt. Inferior frontal gyrus, Lt. Precentral gyrus and Rt. Middle frontal gyrus, Rt. Middle temporal gyrus, Rt. Precuneus, Rt. Inferior frontal gyrus, Rt. Postcentral gyrus in group average as well as more than half of the subjects. 5. fMRI signal increase by electro-acupuncture at Lt. LR3 and Lt. LI4 in group average as well as more than half of the subjects was not observed. 6. fMRI signal decreases by electro-acupuncture at Lt. LR3 and Lt. LI4 were observed in Lt. culmen(cerebellum), Lt. Cingulate gyrus와 Rt. Middle frontal gyrus, Rt. Cingulate gyrus, Rt. Inferior frontal gyrus in group average as well as more than half of the subjects. 7. fMRI signal increases by electro-acupuncture at four gates (bilateral LR3 and LI4) were observed in Lt. Middle temporal gyrus and Lt. Postcentral gyrus in group average as well as more than half of the subjects. 8. fMRI signal decrease by electro-acupuncture at four gates (bilateral LR3 and LI4) were observed in Lt. Middle frontal gyrus, Lt. Precentral gyrus, Lt. Inferior frontal gyrus, Lt. Middle temporal gyrus, Lt. Frontal sub-gyral and Rt. Tuber(cerebellum) in group average as well as more than half of the subjects.

태충(太衝)(LR3),합곡(合谷)(LI4) 전침자극(電鍼刺戟)이 뇌활성(腦活性) 변화(變化)에 미치는 영향(影響) -fMRI를 이용(利用)한 연구(硏究)-

박태균 ( Tae Gyoon Park ),김영일 ( Young Il Kim ),홍권의 ( Kwon Eui Hong ),임윤경 ( Yun Kyoung Yim ),이현 ( Hyun Lee ),이병렬 ( Byung Ryul Lee ) 대한경락경혈학회 2004 Korean Journal of Acupuncture Vol.21 No.2

Objectives and Methods: This study was performed to investigate the effect of electro -acupuncture at four gates(bilateral LR3 and LI4) on brain activity in normal subjects using fMRI. Results and Conclusions: 1. fMRI signal increase by electro-acupuncture at Lt. LR3 was observed in Rt. Middle frontal gyrus in group average as well as more than half of the subjects. 2. fMRI signal decreases by electro-acupuncture at Lt. LR3 were observed in Rt. Superior frontal gyrus, Rt. Middle temporal gyrus, Rt. Cingulate gyrus in group average as well as more than half of the subjects. 3. fMRI signal increases by electro-acupuncture at Lt. LI4 were observed in Lt. Superior frontal gyrus, Lt. Middle frontal gyrus, Lt. Inf. Semi-Lunar Lobule(cerebellum), Rt. Middle frontal gyrus, Rt. Cingulate gyrus in group average as well as more than half of the subjects. 4. fMRI signal decreases by electro-acupuncture at Lt. LI4 were observed in Lt. Middle frontal gyrus, Lt. Inferior frontal gyrus, Lt. Precentral gyrus and Rt. Middle frontal gyrus, Rt. Middle temporal gyrus, Rt. Precuneus, Rt. Inferior frontal gyrus, Rt. Postcentral gyrus in group average as well as more than half of the subjects. 5. fMRI signal increase by electro-acupuncture at Lt. LR3 and Lt. LI4 in group average as well as more than half of the subjects was not observed. 6. fMRI signal decreases by electro-acupuncture at Lt. LR3 and Lt. LI4 were observed in Lt. culmen(cerebellum), Lt. Cingulate gyrus와 Rt. Middle frontal gyrus, Rt. Cingulate gyrus, Rt. Inferior frontal gyrus in group average as well as more than half of the subjects. 7. fMRI signal increases by electro-acupuncture at four gates (bilateral LR3 and LI4) were observed in Lt. Middle temporal gyrus and Lt. Postcentral gyrus in group average as well as more than half of the subjects. 8. fMRI signal decrease by electro-acupuncture at four gates (bilateral LR3 and LI4) were observed in Lt. Middle frontal gyrus, Lt. Precentral gyrus, Lt. Inferior frontal gyrus, Lt. Middle temporal gyrus, Lt. Frontal sub-gyral and Rt. Tuber(cerebellum) in group average as well as more than half of the subjects.