A simple nonenzymatic glucose sensor based on coconut shell charcoal powder-coated nickel foil electrode

Edakkaparamban Shuaib,Parasseri Muhammed Shafi,Yogesh Gaurav Kumar,Arumugam Chandra Bose,Dillibabu Sastikumar 한국탄소학회 2021 Carbon Letters Vol.31 No.4

In this work, a simple nonenzymatic glucose sensor has been proposed based on coconut shell charcoal (CSC) modifed nickel foil as working electrode in a three-electrode electrochemical cell. Charcoal was prepared by the pyrolysis of coconut shells. The most important advantages of coconut shells are cost-efectiveness and their abundance in nature. The morphology and phase of the CSC powder were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray difraction. The electrochemical performance of the CSC powder coated Nickel foil electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The sensor shows a higher sensitivity of 2.992 mA cm−2 mM−1 in the linear range of 0.5–5.5 mM and slightly lower sensitivity of 1.1526 mA cm−2 mM−1 in the range of 7–18.5 mM glucose concentration with a detection limit of 0.2 mM. The anti-interference property of CSC powder also was investigated and found that the response of interfering species was less signifcant compared to glucose response. The proposed sensor ofers good sensitivity, wide linear range, and a very low response to interfering biomolecules.

Production of Graphitic Carbon-based Nanocomposites from K2CO3-activated Coconut Shells as Counter Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar-cell Applications

Vorrada Loryuenyong,Achanai Buasri,Parichat Lerdvilainarit,Konnatee Manachevakulm,Siripond Sompong 한국물리학회 2016 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.68 No.2

In this study, graphitic carbon-activated carbon nanocomposites fabricated from K2CO3 chemically-activated coconut shells by using Fe-catalytic chemical vapor deposition are reported. The present method was simple, environmentally-friendly, low cost, but successfully offered graphitic carbon-based materials that demonstrated promise for use as counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells. The results showed that the coconut shell:catalyst ratio (1:0, 1:4, 1:1, and 4:1) significantly affected the structural, physical and electrochemical properties of the samples. Graphitic carbon and activated carbon nanocomposites with a high specific surface area of 1230 m2/g and high electrochemical activity in iodide reduction are obtained for samples with a coconut shells/iron precursor (Fe(NO3)3) ratio of 4:1.

A comprehensive assessment on performance behavior of a CI engine using bio oil emulsions (PJSO10, KSO10 and CSO10) as fuels

Senthilkumar Masimalai,Venkatesan Kuppusamy 대한기계학회 2015 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.29 No.10

This paper aims at evaluating the performance of bio oils obtained from pyrolysis of three different biomass (namely Prosopis Julifloraseeds-PJS, Coconut shell-CS and Kiker seeds-KS) as fuels in a compression ignition engine. A single cylinder diesel engine developing apower output of 3.7 kW at 1500 rpm was used. A comparative study was made on the engine’s performance, emission and combustionbehavior of three bio oils by converting them into their emulsions. Bio oil emulsions (namely PJSO10-Prosopis Juliflora emulsion,CSO10-Coconut shell emulsion and KSO10-Kiker seed emulsion) were prepared by mixing 10% of bio oils in the presence of 3% of asurfactant (span 80) with 87% of diesel by volume. Emulsions were tested in a single cylinder diesel engine for their performance as fuel. Engine test results showed comparable performance with all the emulsions of bio oil as compared to BD (Base diesel). CSO10 indicatedthe brake thermal efficiency very close to BD at all power outputs among the tested emulsions. Considerable reduction in smoke andNOx emissions were observed with all the emulsions of bio oil as compared to BD at all power outputs. Cylinder peak pressure andmaximum rate of pressure rise indicated close values to BD at all power outputs with all the emulsions. Ignition delay was found ashigher with all the tested emulsions as compared to BD at all power outputs. From the experimental findings it was concluded that biooils obtained from Prosopis Juliflora seeds-PJS, Coconut shell-CS and Kiker seeds-KS can be used upto 10% by volume (without anymodifications in the engine) as partial replacement of diesel by making emulsions with diesel with comparable performance and considerablereduction in smoke and NOx emissions. Among the emulsions the best choice can be CSO10 for better thermal efficiency andreduced emissions.

폐플라스틱 및 폐석분 등 폐자원을 재활용한 복합인공 바닥재의 기계적 특성 연구

갈준총(Jun-Cong Ge),김득주(Deuk-Ju Kim),강지호(Ji-Ho Kang),최낙정(Nag-Jung Choi) 한국산학기술학회 2024 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.25 No.8

산업현장이나 일상생활에서 발생하는 다양한 폐기물을 재활용하여 새로운 고부가가치 제품을 개발하는 것은 오늘 날의 순환경제 구현 및 녹색산업 활성화에 매우 큰 도움이 된다. 특히 폐플라스틱 등 폐자원의 재활용은 탄소중립 목표 달성에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 복합인공석재를 개발하기 위해 폐플라스틱인 폴리프로필렌(PP), 폐석분, 플라이애쉬 및 코코넛 껍질을 이용하여 다양한 시험 시편을 제조하였으며, 그들의 인장강도, 굽힘강도 및 충격강도를 ASTM D638, ASTM D790 및 ASTM D256 시험 기준으로 측정하여 비교 분석하였다. 주요 결과는 폐PP의 함유량이 59~84 wt%까지 변동에 따른 모든 복합인공석재 시편을 성공적으로 제조하였고, P59C1를 제외하고 코코넛 껍질 첨가의 경우 복합석재 시험시편의 인장강도, 굽힘강도 및 충격강도는 코코넛 껍질을 첨가하지 않았을 때에 비해 모두 증가하였다. 본 연구에서 얻은 연구결과는 향후 폐플라스틱, 폐석분, 플라이애쉬 및 코코넛 천연섬유질 등의 재활용 기술의 발전 및 새로운 고부가가치 제품 개발에 중요한 데이터베이스를 제공할 수 있다. Developing new high-value-added products by recycling various wastes generated in industrial sites or daily life is of great help in realizing the daily circulation economy and revitalizing the green industry. In particular, the recycling of waste resources, such as waste plastics, can play an important role in achieving carbon neutrality. Therefore, this study prepared various composite artificial stone samples using waste polypropylene (PP), waste stone powder, fly ash, and coconut shells. The tensile, bending, and impact strengths were measured and analyzed according to ASTM D638, ASTM D790, and ASTM D256 standard test methods. The main result was that all composite artificial stone samples were prepared as the content of waste PP fluctuated from 59 to 84 wt.%. Except for P59C1, when adding coconut shells, the tensile, bending, and impact strengths of the composite stone samples were higher than those without coconut shells. The research results obtained in this study can provide an important database for developing recycling technologies, such as waste plastics, waste stone powder, fly ash, and coconut natural fibers, as well as the development of new high-value-added products in the future.

Adsorption capability of activated carbon synthesized from coconut shell

Md Shariful Islam,Bee Chin Ang,Samira Gharehkhani,Amalina Binti Muhammad Afifi 한국탄소학회 2016 Carbon Letters Vol.20 No.-

Activated carbon was synthesized from coconut shells. The Brunauer, Emmett and Teller surface area of the synthesized activated carbon was found to be 1640 m2/g with a pore volume of 1.032 cm3/g. The average pore diameter of the activated carbon was found to be 2.52 nm. By applying the size-strain plot method to the X-ray diffraction data, the crystallite size and the crystal strain was determined to be 42.46 nm and 0.000489897, respectively, which indicate a perfect crystallite structure. The field emission scanning electron microscopy image showed the presence of well-developed pores on the surface of the activated carbon. The presence of important functional groups was shown by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum. The adsorption of methyl orange onto the activated carbon reached 100% after 12 min. Kinetic analysis indicated that the adsorption of methyl orange solution by the activated carbon followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic mechanism (R2 > 0.995). Therefore, the results show that the produced activated carbon can be used as a proper adsorbent for dye containing effluents.

Physical Properties of Carbon Prepared from a Coconut Shell by Steam Activation and Chemical Activation and the Influence of Prepared and Activated Carbon on the Delivery of Mainstream Smoke

Ko, Dong-Kyun,Shin, Chang-Ho,Jang, Hang-Hyun,Lee, Young-Taeg,Rhee, Moon-Soo The Korean Society of Tobacco Science 2008 한국연초학회지 Vol.30 No.1

Several activated carbon in different specific surface area was prepared by steam and chemical activation of coconut shell. Products were characterized by BET ($N_2$) at 77K, and probed to be highly specific surface area of $1580m^2/g$ and pore volume that had increased with activating conditions. And also we have analyzed the adsorption efficiency of vapor phase components in cigarette mainstream smoke in order to evaluate the relationship between thesmoke components and the physicochemical properties of activated carbons. As a result of this study, the delivery of mainstream smoke was directly affected by the specific surface area and the pore size of activated carbon. The activated carbon prepared by steam activation exhibited better adsorption efficiency on the vapor phase components in mainstream smoke compared with activated carbon prepared by $ZnCl_2$, due to the higher micro-pore area of 66%. But the adsorption efficiency of semi-volatile matters such as phenolic components in a main stream smoke by the activated mesoporous carbon prepared by $ZnCl_2$ is more effective. From the these results, we can conclude that specific surface area by the micropore area increased the adsorption efficiency of activated carbon on vapour phase components, but semi-volatiles or particulate matter was affected by the ratio of mesopore area in total specific surface area.

Impact of the oxygen functional group of nitric acid‑treated activated carbon on KOH activation reaction

Ji‑Hyun Kim,Sang Youp Hwang,Jung Eun Park,Gi Bbum Lee,Ho Kim,Seokhwi Kim,Bum Ui Hong 한국탄소학회 2019 Carbon Letters Vol.29 No.3

To prepare activated carbon with a high specific surface area, oxygen functional groups (OFGs) that can serve as useful electron donors during KOH activation were treated with nitric acid and incorporated into activated carbon. OFGs are incorporated differently according to the surface characteristics of starting materials. Up to 22.46% OFGs are incorporated into wood-based activated carbons (WACs), the C=O, COOH contents was 1.90, 17.05%, respectively. Whereas up to 12.82% OFGs are incorporated into coconut shell-based activated carbons, the C=O, COOH contents was 4.12, 6.15%, respectively. The OFGs used for increasing the specific surface area are the carbonyl group, and as the content of the functional group increases, the carbonyl group spreads to the carboxyl group. The specific surface area of activated carbons increased by 10–68% with an increase in the carbonyl group up to 6% (maximum point of carbonyl group). On the other hand, the specific surface area for WACs increased when the carboxyl group was 10% or below, but decreased by 6–15% when it increased to 10% or excess.

Impact of the oxygen functional group of nitric acid-treated activated carbon on KOH activation reaction

김지현,황상엽,박정은,이기범,김호,김석휘,홍범의 한국탄소학회 2019 Carbon Letters Vol.29 No.3

To prepare activated carbon with a high specific surface area, oxygen functional groups (OFGs) that can serve as useful electron donors during KOH activation were treated with nitric acid and incorporated into activated carbon. OFGs are incorporated differently according to the surface characteristics of starting materials. Up to 22.46% OFGs are incorporated into wood-based activated carbons (WACs), the C=O, COOH contents was 1.90, 17.05%, respectively. Whereas up to 12.82% OFGs are incorporated into coconut shell-based activated carbons, the C=O, COOH contents was 4.12, 6.15%, respectively. The OFGs used for increasing the specific surface area are the carbonyl group, and as the content of the functional group increases, the carbonyl group spreads to the carboxyl group. The specific surface area of activated carbons increased by 10–68% with an increase in the carbonyl group up to 6% (maximum point of carbonyl group). On the other hand, the specific surface area for WACs increased when the carboxyl group was 10% or below, but decreased by 6–15% when it increased to 10% or excess.

Coconut shell waste as an alternative lightweight aggregate in concrete- A review

Muhammad ,Aslam,Waqas, Aziz,M. Jahanzaib, Khalil,M. Jahanzaib, Ali,Muhammad, Raheel,Aayzaz, Ahmed,Muhammad Fahad, Ejaz Techno-Press 2022 Advances in materials research Vol.11 No.4

This review article highlights the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of coconut shells, and the fresh and hardened properties of the coconut shell concrete are summarized and were compared with other types of aggregates. Furthermore, the structural behavior in terms of flexural, shear, and torsion was also highlighted, with other properties including shrinkage, elastic modulus, and permeability of the coconut shell concrete. Based on the reviewed literature, concrete containing coconut shell as coarse aggregate with normal sand as fine showed the 28-day compressive strength between 2 and 36 MPa with the dried density range of 1865 to 2300 kg/m³. Coconut shell concretes showed a 28-day modulus of rupture and splitting tensile strength values in the ranges of 2.59 to 8.45 MPa and 0.8 to 3.70 MPa, respectively, and these values were in the range of 5-20% of the compressive strength. The flexural behavior of CSC was found similar to other types of lightweight concrete. There were no horizontal cracks on beams which indicate no bond failure. Whereas, the diagonal shear failure was prominent in beams with no shear reinforcements while flexural failure mode was seen in beams having shear reinforcement. Under torsion, CSC beams behave like conventional concrete. Finally, future recommendations are also suggested in this study to investigate the innovative lightweight aggregate concrete based on the environmental and financial design factors.

TiO₂-Coconut Shell Powder Carbon 복합체 (TCSPC) 제조 및 흡착 광촉매 산화 활성 평가

이민희(Min Hee Lee),김종규(Jong Kyu Kim) 大韓環境工學會 2015 대한환경공학회지 Vol.37 No.6

새로운 형태의 TiO₂가 합성된 코코넛 껍질 분말 복합체를 제조하기 위해 솔-젤 합성법과 열처리를 사용하였고, 제조된 TCSPC는 MB를 대상으로 제거효율을 평가하였다. TCSPC를 제조하기 위한 최적의 조건은 반응표면분석법의 중심합성설계법을 사용하여 조사하였다. 소성온도가 400℃에서 600℃ 증가함에 따라 BET 비표면적은 254 m2/g에서 398 m2/g로 증가하고 기공용적, 기공률 또한 증가하며, 그 이유는 소성공정 시 발생한 열분해(pyrolysis)에 의해 코코넛 껍질 분말이 가지고 있는 헤미셀룰로우스, 셀룰로우스, 그리고 리그닌과 같은 물질들의 polymerization 반응 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 코코넛 껍질 분말 의 양이 10 g에서 20 g으로 증가 할수록 BET 비표면적은 303 m2/g에서 398 m2/g로 증가하였으며, 30 g으로 증가 시에는 BET 비표면적은 345 m2/g으로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. Response optimization을 사용하여 얻은 최적의 합성조건은 소성온도 642℃, 코코넛 껍질 분말 주입량이 22.7 g으로 나타났다. A novel TiO₂-Coconut Shell Powder Composite (TCSPS), prepared by the controlled sol-gel method with subsequent heat treatment, was evaluated as an innovative photocatalytic absorbent for the removal of methylene blue. Optimal preparation conditions of TCSPC were obtained by a response surface methodology and a central composite design model. As compared with the results obtained from one-factor-at-a-time experiments, the values were approximated to the nearest condition of these values and the following experimental parameters were set as the optimum : 600℃ calcination temperature and 20 g of coconut shell powder loading amount.