인감증명의 효력과 발급공무원의 주의의무 ― 간접증명방식의 전환을 계기로 ―

김병두 한국민사법학회 2008 民事法學 Vol.40 No.-

The seal certification system was changed as of Jan 1, 2003 into an indirect certification system referred to as ‘registration certification system’, in which copies of the original seal impressions registered to the authorities are issued. One recent judicial decision made by a lower court thereby states that the validity of seal certificates has been changed due to the revised seal certification act, which means owing a seal certificate is not enoughto legally identify himself/herself to other parties under the current seal certification act in force. Therefore, the party who is going to make a contract with other parties using seal certificates is solely responsible to crosscheck the opposite party’s identification in such a way that the seal impression shown on the certificates is compared with the real seal to be used as well as inspecting national identification card, personal reference or referees. A certificate of one's seal impression, originating in Japan in early the 20th century, is a system to identify a seal with the person concerned. Previously, certificates were issued when an imprint of the seal was found to be identified to the seal held by the certifying office. The seal certification system, in which the authorities certify the trueness of seal impressions in an official way, has to be differently applied as the social circumstances change, and the newly issued seal certificates can certify the trueness of personal identity no longer. In fact, owing a seal certificate does not necessarily mean that the certificate holder is the person concerned himself / herself. Nevertheless, the seal certificates have been used to prove the trueness of documents in common practice although the certificates are commonly issued without careful personal identification check. The seal certification system, of course, still contributes to constitute the trueness of documents. Owing to the fact, some people argue that the seal certificates may certify not only the genuineness of seal impressions, but also the trueness of personal identities and even that a certain contract is entered under the agreement by a person whose seal certificate is presented. However, the seal certificate’s ability to prove the genuineness of a seal impression is apart from the trueness of a document. The recent fraud cases using seal certificatesare attributable to careless personal identification check. Under the current indirect certification system, reinforced identification check process may burden the responsibility of the service personnel working in the authorities, which is opposed to the purpose of the shake-up. The provisions concerning personal identification check in the seal certification act should not just remain unapplied in the text. The regulations should be constructed based on the domestic circumstances. The reason why the certification system has been changed should be carefully reconsidered. One thing that should be pointedout is that the seal certification system of Korea has exactly followed that of Japan. Since the seal certification act wasrevised, the seal certificates are valid to use only for the genuineness of seal impressions. The personal identity or agreement of a party in making contracts cannot be guaranteed by the seal certificates any longer. The downgraded force of the seal certificates does necessarily lead to the weakened duty of care that should be taken by the authorities. Likewise, widely spread abuse of seal certificates will be gradually eradicated from the common practice.

일제의 한국토지정책과 ‘證明→地券→登記’로의 단계적 전환

이영호(Lee Young-Ho) 한국사연구회 2008 한국사연구 Vol.142 No.-

Concerning the Imperial Japanese land politics in Korea, researchers have not paid attention to the introduction of land certificate system and its significance. The lack of materials may explain such a situation. But, more importantly, it is due to the fact that they approached the relation between the temporary attestation system during the Residency-General's regime and the registration system under the Imperial Japanese rule from the viewpoint of a break, rather than a continuation. In this article I could, on the base of newly discovered materials, elucidate the processes concerning the appearance and disappearance of the land certificate system, which made possible to trace the gradual conversion of Attestation into Certificate and Registration. The attestation system, which was adopted by the Residency-General to assure the Japanese persons' land ownership and mortgage, came to be absorbed into the certificate system. And in May 1909, Land Readjustment Law was enacted requiring land survey to issue land certificates. This law, by prescribing the land owner's declaration and spot presence, issue of land certificate, etc., became the model of the Land Survey Law(August, 1910). Thereafter the Torrens' System, which had been applied mainly to European colonies starting from Australia in 1858, was investigated to issue land certificate. But the Certificate System stopped to work by the Joseon Civil Act(March, 1912) which, invoking the Japanese Civil Law, prescribed the Registration System. Land law system in Korea under the Imperial Japanese rule was a result of duplication which was proceeded in certain time lag. A series of Japanese land law system, that is the purchase attestation under the late shogunate, the land certificate of the early Meiji Reform period, registration in the Terrier(1889), registration of real estates by the Civil Law(1899) predetermined the course that Korean land law system was to follow right after the Residency-General's rule. Such an assimilation of law system led by the Imperial Japanese authorities much lessened the disparity in civilization level between Japan and Korea, but in fact it just meant the acceleration of the latter's colonization.

중국의 상사등기제도 개혁에 대한 고찰

최송자 한중법학회 2018 中國法硏究 Vol.34 No.-

시진핑정권 출범 이후, 중국은 사회주의 시장경제체제 개혁의 심화와 서비스형 정부로의 전환이라는 목표를 제시하고 그 일환으로 상사등기제도 개혁을 줄기차게 추진해 나가고 있다. 현재 중국의 상사등기제도 개혁은 크게 7개 방면에서 진행되고 있다. 첫째, 등록자본금제도를 개혁하여 확정자본제도를 수권자본제도로 변경하였다. 둘 째, 기업 설립에 필요한 사업자등록증과 기타 인허가 증빙서류 간의 관계를 조 정하여 先허가․後등록의 ‘선증후조(先證後照)’제도를 先등록․後허가의 ‘선조후 증(先照後證)’제도로 변경하였다. 셋째, 사업자등록증과 기타 인허가 증빙서류 간의 통합을 추진하여 ‘삼증합일(三證合一)’, ‘오증합일(五證合一)’에 이어 ‘다 증합일(多證合一)’ 제도를 추진하고 있다. 넷째, 사업장주소지 등기조건을 완 화하여 하나의 주소지에 여러 개의 사업자등록증을 등록할 수 있는 ‘일지다조 (一址多照)’제도와 하나의 사업자등록증에 여러 개의 사업장주소지를 등록할 수 있는 ‘일조다지(一照多址)제도를 도입하였다. 다섯째, 등기절차의 디지털화 와 전자사업자등록증 추진을 통해 상사등기제도의 스마트화를 추진하고 있다. 여섯째, 명칭등기제도를 개혁하여 기업명칭데이터베이스를 개방하고 기업명칭 자체 신고제도 도입을 추진하고 있다. 일곱째, 간이말소등기제도(简易注销登 记制度)를 도입하여 미개업기업 및 채권채무가 없는 기업들이 쾌속으로 시장 에서 퇴출할 수 있도록 하고 있다. 이러한 일련의 개혁을 통해 중국에서 창업문턱이 대폭 낮아지고 창업에 필요 한 소요기간이 대대적으로 단축되고 있어 새로운 창업붐을 고조시키고 있다. Since the establishment of the Xi Jinping regime, China presented the deepening of the reform of the socialist market economy system and the conversion of the government into a service-oriented government as its goals and has been constantly promoting the reform of the commercial registration system as part of the reform. At present, the reform of the commercial registration system in China is in progress in largely seven areas. First, the registered capital system was reformed by changing the fixed capital system into the authorized capital system. Second, the relationship between the business registration certificate necessary for the establishment of an enterprise and other evidential documents for licensing was adjusted by changing the ‘licensing first registration thereafter’ system into the ‘registration first licensing thereafter’ system. Third, the integration of the business registration certificate and other evidential documents has been promoted. The integration began with the “union of three certificates” followed by the “union of five certificates” and now the “union of multiple certificates” is in progress. Fourth, business place registration conditions were relaxed by introducing the ‘one place for multiple registration certificates’ system, which allows the registration of many business registration certificates at one place, and the ‘one registration certificate for many places’, which allows the registration of many business place addresses in one business registration certificates. Fifth, a smart commercial registration system is being promoted through the promotion of digitization of the registration procedure and the promotion of e-business registration certificates. Sixth, the name registration system is being reformed by opening the company name database and promoting a company name self reporting system. Seventh, a simple registration cancellation system was introduced to enable companies not opened and companies with no credit or liability to quickly exit from the market. Through such a series of reforms, the threshold of business start-up in China has been drastically lowered, and the time required for business start-up has been greatly shortened leading to the heightening of the business start-up boom.

피부미용서비스 산업 분야 평가인증 제도 도입에 대한 현장 종사자들의 인식 조사

박정연 한국디자인문화학회 2022 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.28 No.3

The purpose of this study was to investigate the awareness of workers in skin beauty shop on the evaluation and certification system to develop the system as a part of measures to strengthen the competitiveness of the skin care service industry For the purpose, a questionnaire survey was performed to investigate the awareness on the evaluation and certification system in workers in skin beauty salons located in Gwangju City, and the collected data was subjected to frequency analysis and cross analysis using SPSS 21.0 statistical program. The results are as follows: First, the most common awareness on the evaluation and certification system was 'experience of hearing of it but no knowledge' (n=129, 47.3%) and 43.6% of the subjects agreed with the necessity of the evaluation and certification system for beauty salons. The most commonly reported reason the evaluation and certification system is needed was 'Improvement of worker quality' (n=40, 33.6%), and most commonly selected sentence on the willingness to apply for the system was '‘apply sufficient review of evaluation criteria and reinforcement according to the standard ’ (n=108, 39.6%). Second, the most common request as a pre-requisite before introduction of the evaluation and certification system for beauty salon was found to be 'establishment of standard related to evaluation' (n=101, 37.0%). The most commonly selected desirable evaluation range of the evaluation and certification system for beauty salon was 'compulsory evaluation for all skin care salons' (n=145, 53.1%). The subjects selected 'to use as data to designate the winner of national incentive support for excellent certified salon' (n=105, 38.5%) as an appropriate usage of the evaluation result. And 101 subjects (37.9%) thought that the item that should be given the highest importance in the evaluation and certification system is ‘sanitation management’. These results show that workers in skin beauty salons have a positive awareness on the introduction of the evaluation and certification system. This study is expected to contribute to active discussion and promotion related to the introduction of the evaluation and certification system to secure competitiveness of the skin care service industry. 본 연구는 피부미용서비스 산업 분야의 경쟁력 강화 일환으로 평가인증 제도 마련을 위해 피부미용샵종사자들을 대상으로 평가인증 제도에 대한 인식과평가인증제 도입 시 운영방안에 관한 연구이다. 이에 이 연구는 광주광역시 소재 피부미용샵 종사자를 대상으로 설문조사 방법을 통해 피부미용서비스 산업 분야 평가인증 제도 인식을 알아보았고, 수집된 자료는 SPSS 21.0 통계 프로그램을 사용하여 빈도분석과 교차분석을 실시하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 평가인증제에 대한 인식은 ‘들어본 적 있지만잘 알지 못한다’ 129명(47.3%)가 가장 높게 나타났고, 필요성은 전체 43.6%가 피부미용샵 평가인증제에 대해 필요하다고 생각하는 것으로 조사되었다. 피부미용샵 평가인증제가 필요한 이유는 ‘종사자의 질적 향상’ 이 40명(33.6%)으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 평가인증제가 도입 시 신청 의사는 ‘평가기준에 대해 충분한검토 후 기준에 맞춰 보강하여 신청 하겠다’가 108명(39.6%)으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 다음은 피부미용샵 평가인증제 운영방안에 관한 요구에서 피부미용샵 평가인증제 도입 전 이루어져야 할 사항은 ‘평가와 관련된 기준 정립’이 101명(37.0%)으로 가장 높게 나타났고, 피부미용샵 평가인증제의 효율적인 평가범위는 ‘전체 피부미용샵 의무적으로 실시’가 145명(53.1%)으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 피부미용샵 평가인증제 결과의 적절한 활용방안은 ‘우수 인증업소에 대한 국가적 인센티브 지원 근거자료로활용’이 105명(38.5%)으로 가장 높게 나타났고, 평가인증제 도입 시 가장 중요하게 평가되어야 할 부분은‘위생관리’가 101명(37.0%)으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과 피부미용샵 종사들의 평가인증 제도 도입에 대한 긍정적인 인식을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 피부미용서비스 산업 분야의 경쟁력 확보 방안으로 평가인증 제도가 마련을 위한 정책적인활발한 논의와 추진이 이루어지기를 바라는 바이다.

전자등록제도의 유가증권성에 관한 연구

김동근 한국기업법학회 2004 企業法硏究 Vol.17 No.-

The stock certificate, an indispensible element of stock transfer, has been replaced with the electronic records because the immobilization that securities deposit settlement system have resulted in has been generalized in which a spot stock certificate are deposited to korea securities depository and account settlement on electronic records is substituted for a spot stock certificate. With the securities deposit settlement system developed, the immobilization of stock certificate has been generalized, diluted the fundamental necessity of the embodiment of right on stock certificate, and caused inconvenience in the trade of a spot stock certificate, which leading to the thought that issuing stock certificate is not necessary from the start. In addition, International Securities Service Association(I.S.S.A.) and G-30 have encouraged all the countries to use the electronic registration system of uncertificated stock with which the transference or exercise of right can be made by the entry on the electronic records to minimize the danger of trade and make efficient the work of trade. As the immobilization has spread more widely and a spot stock certificate is not necessarry to issue, each country is trying to enforce the electronic registration system of uncertificated stock which has no necessity to issue a spot stock certificate. Even though the system of electronic stock certificate is discussed, electronic registration system of uncertificated stock is explained in the system of electronic stock certificate and its legal qualities are not exactky explored. Therefore, in this study the conception and legal qualities of electronic registration system of uncertificated stock are discussed.

전자등록제도의 법적 성질에 관한 연구

김동근 대한민사법학회 2004 민사법연구 Vol.12 No.1

The stock certificate, an indispensible element of stock transfer, has been replaced with the electronic records because the immobilization that securities deposit settlement system have resulted in has been generalized in which a spot stock certificate are deposited to korea securities depository and account settlement on electronic records is substituted for a spot stock certificate. With the securities deposit settlement system developed, the immobilization of stock certificate has been generalized, diluted the fundamental necessity of the embodiment of right on stock certificate, and caused inconvenience in the trade of a spot stock certificate, which leading to the thought that issuing stock certificate is not necessary from the start. In addition, International Securities Service Association(I.S.S.A.) and G-30 have encouraged all the countries to use the electronic registration system of uncertificated stock with which the transference or exercise of right can be made by the entry on the electronic records to minimize the danger of trade and make efficient the work of trade. As the immobilization has spread more widely and a spot stock certificate is not necessarry to issue, each country is trying to enforce the electronic registration system of uncertificated stock which has no necessity to issue a spot stock certificate. Even though the systen of electronic stock certificate is discussed, electronic registration system of uncertificated stock is explained in the system of electronic stock certificate and its legal qualities are not exactky explored, Therefore, in this study the conception and legal qualities of electronic registration system of uncertificated stock are discussed.

사회 환경교육 지도자의 자격 제도 개발

송영은 한국환경교육학회 2006 環境 敎育 Vol.19 No.2

This study is designed to develop a certification system for non-formal environmental education educators as part of efforts to nurture non-formal environmental education educators, increase public trust in non-formal environmental education educators and secure structure and sustainability of non-formal environmental education.The job of non-formal environmental education educators-distant from technical expertise functions that are dealt with by existing certification system - belongs to education and service industry. And the certification system I try to develop is different from existing exclusive certification system based on written tests. It is rather an authentication system based on capability development. So its components are somewhat different from those of existing certification system. However, I also tried to ensure that the system should include components which were supposed to be part of basic certification system. The certification system for non-formal environmental education educators in the study is focused on developing a framework for basic certification system. Therefore, I believe that follow up studies may be needed to address execution, i.e., specific evaluation criteria to select organizations in charge of certification system and education course/program respectively, criteria to select instructors who will lead training course/program and decision on whether experiences as eco-guide or nature experience guide should be recognized as experiences for non-formal environmental education educator etc.

장애인보조기구 품질관리를 위한 인증제도 도입방안에 관한 연구

김인순,오도영,공진용,권성진,남세현,박지연 한국장애인재활협회 2011 재활복지 Vol.15 No.1

본 연구는 국내 보조기구 인증제도의 개선과 국제적인 인증 시스템의 동향 및 변화를 분석함으로써 제도적인 측면에서 우리나라의 보조기구 인증관련 시스템을 구축할 수 있도록 개선방향을 제안하고자 실시하였다. 이를 위해 주요 선진국의 인증시스템과 제도를 살펴보았고, 국내 인증시스템과 제도의 현황 및 동향을 구체적으로 분석하였다. 또한 인증제도 도입을 위한 설문조사를 위해 전문가그룹 73명과 보조기구 사용자인 장애인 100명을 대상으로 보조기구 통합인증제도의 도입 찬반과 인증 기기의 범위, 적용방법 등을 설문으로 진행하였다. 조사결과 인증제도의 도입은 전체 95.3%가 찬성하였으며, 이는 인증제도 도입을 통해 보조기구의 품질향상과 소비자가 안전할 권리를 보장받을 수 있을 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 보조기구를 전문적으로 시험·인증할 수 있는 기준 및 기관의 설립이 필수적이라고 제시되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기존 인증제도를 활용한 개별 인증제도의 도입과 인증대상 품목의 등급별에 따른 개별 및 모듈화 방식에 의한 인증제도 운영을 정책적 제안을 하는 바이다. The purpose of the study is to improve the policy of assistive product certification system and to analyze international policy/legislation of certification system’s trends and history. The paper aims to propose suggestions for establishing assistive product certification system and institution. The research firstly investigated the policy and legislation of assistive product certification system for several countries. Next, the survey was conducted for introduction of certification system to professional groups (seventy-three professionals and experts) and one hundred people with disability. The survey included the categories such as introduction of certification system, the range of devices and procedures for certification system. The result showed that about 95% of the respondents agree the introduction of the certification system. It suggested the implication that the introduction of the certification system can improve the quality of assistive product and can assure the right that consumer select guaranteed product. Furthermore, the result showed the importance of legislations about certification and establishment of institution that can evaluate and give certification. In summary, the research suggests that the introduction of specific assistive product certification system and module system based on the products safety level.

공산품 인증제도에 대한 기업의 인식, 평가 및인증제도의 개선 방향

최지연,이상봉,정길호,강미영 표준인증안전학회 2018 표준인증안전학회지 Vol.8 No.1

In this study, we examined the market and certification system of industrial products in detail. In addition, we also examined the recognition of corporate employees related to certification and the requirements and status of improvement of certification system for corporate employees responding to changes in the certification market. Finally, based on the opinions of the enterprise workers on the certification, I proposed the direction of the certification market and the direction of certification system. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, it is necessary to strengthen the role of system cooperation and cooperation between related organizations in order to upgrade the certification of industrial products. In addition to efforts by certification bodies to improve the certification system, improvement of quality of certification examiners, strengthening of after-certification of certified products such as marketing research, improvement and awareness of consumers and corporate employees about certification, and education on certification for consumers and company workers need. Specifically, it is necessary to shorten the KS certification follow-up cycle and to conduct the examination more strictly in order to maintain the quality recognized not only in domestic market but also overseas market and to improve the reliability of KS certification. In addition, it is necessary to examine the measures to reinforce after-sales management in order to spread the employment continuity and quality control technology of the quality control person in the enterprise. Second, it is important to operate a certification system that can meet complex and diverse market, society, and consumer needs. It should be changed to a KS certification policy that reflects technology and industry trends such as sustainable certification system that reflects diversity of society members, certification system that reflects technological advancement and change of consumption market, and increase of fusion combined industry. In the end, it is essential that information exchange related to domestic and overseas certification, information accumulation, related experts, and organic cooperation with stakeholders are essential. Thirdly, it should be a win - win certification system that focuses on corporate and consumer trust and benefits. In particular, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the duplicate certification items between the statutory certifications increase and duplicate tests on the same items double the burden of time and cost. The test results should be mutually recognized for the duplicated items between the certifications, and the efficient certification system should reflect the requirements and satisfaction of the certification system of the corporation. 본 연구에서는 공산품 인증시장과 인증제도에 대해 구체적으로 살펴보았다. 또한, 인증관련 기업 근로자의 인식, 인증시장 변화에 대응하는 기업 근로자의 인증제도 개선에 대한 요구 및 현황을 살펴보았다. 끝으로 인증에 대한 기업 근로자들의 의견을 토대로 공산품 인증 시장의 방향 및 인증제도의 방향에 대해 제언하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 정리․종합하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 공산품 인증의 경쟁력 강화를 위해 여러 정부기관들의 공조와 협력은 필수적 조건이라고 하겠다. 인증제도 개선을 위한 인증심사원의 능력과 자질 함양, 시판품조사 등 인증제품 사후관리 강화, 인증에 대한 소비자와 기업 근로자의 인식개선 및 홍보, 소비자 및 기업근로자 대상 인증 관련 교육 등이 필요하다. 구체적으로 국내 시장 뿐만이 아닌 해외시장에서도 인정받는 품질을 유지하고 KS 인증의 신뢰성을 향상시키기 위해 KS 인증 사후관리 주기를 단축하고 심사를 보다 엄격히 수행할 필요가 있다. 또한 기업 내부적으로도 품질관리 담당자의 고용 연속성, 품질관리기술의 보급․확산을 위하여 사후관리 강화 방안의 검토가 필요하다. 둘째, 복잡하고 다양해져가는 시장과 사회 및 소비자의 요구를 충족시킬 수 있는 인증제도 운영이 중요하다. 사회구성원의 다양성을 반영하는 지속가능한 인증제도, 기술고도화 및 소비시장의 변화를 반영하는 인증제도, 융복합 산업의 증가와 같은 기술 및 산업 트렌드를 반영하는 KS인증정책으로 변화해야 한다. 결국 국내외 인증관련 정보교류 및 정보축적, 관련 전문가, 이해당사자들과의 유기적 협력이 필수적이라고 하겠다. 셋째, 공산품 인증기관의 인증목표가 기업과 소비자 신뢰와 혜택에 초점을 두는 상생적 인증제도가 되어야 겠다. 특히 법정 인증간 중복인증 품목이 증가하고 동일품목에 대한 중복시험으로 기업은 시간과 비용을 이중으로 부담하고 있는 것에 주목할 필요가 있다. 인증 간 중복되는 품목에 대해 시험결과가 상호 인정, 효율적인 인증제도 운영 등으로 기업의 인증제도에 대한 요구 및 만족도를 반영해야 한다.

EMR 인증 후 상급종합병원 종사자들의 EMR 시스템 보안성에 대한 인식 및 관련 요인

박초열 사단법인 한국안전문화학회 2022 안전문화연구 Vol.- No.15

From June 1, 2020, the EMR (Electronic Obligation Record) certification system was enforced based on Article 23-2 of the Medical Care Act. This study was conducted to understand the security awareness and related factors of the EMR system of senior general hospital workers certified by the Electronic Obligation Recording System Certification Institute, and to analyze the security of the certification system. From August 1, 2021 to October 31, 2021, we analyzed a total of 918 questionnaire responses for workers at 10 university hospital institutions that passed the certification in the first year. The analysis method was t-test and ANOVA to test the difference in perception of "system security after EMR certification" due to the general characteristics of the study subjects. As a result of the research, females, ages in their thirties, bachelor's degree, nursing profession, and years of service of 5 to 10 years showed a high percentage of general characteristics. The average of the technical statistics of 14 items of the Ministry of System Security is 3.72, which is a high average for "electronic signatures are performed after EMR certification", and the average for "satisfied with security certification for using cloud services after certification". Is the lowest. The results of the regression analysis of "factors related to the security of the EMR system after EMR certification" are age and occupation in general characteristics, and "I know that our hospital has received EMR certification" in EMR recognition, "Improved confidence in the EMR system" and "Complementing the EMR system with various input / output functions" were analyzed. With the implementation of the electronic medical record certification system, the department related to the Ministry of Health and Welfare will be reborn as a good system that can manage not only personal health information of local residents and even Koreans but also personal health records (PHR) of the world's population. And the efforts of medical institution officials and health care information system managers will be required.