Anatomical Analysis of Fruit Development of Different-Sized ‘Hongro’ and ‘Fuji’ Apple Fruits

Wei-Wei Zheng,Yu-Jeong Kim,Sei-Myong Oh,Ik-Jo Chun 한국원예학회 2009 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.50 No.2

A major issue in apple marketability is the determination of fruit size. In order to illustrate the mechanism underlying the construction of fruit size, the anatomical observation of mesocarp cells was conducted during fruit development on two apple genotypes that set different-sized fruits, mid season-‘Hongro’/M.9 and late season-‘Fuji’/M.9. It was observed that fruit size of ‘Hongro’ was larger than that of ‘Fuji’ at their respective maturity, although they were grown under the same condition. The microscopic observation of mesocarp cells showed that cell size of ‘Hongro’ and ‘Fuji’ gradually increased during fruit growth developmental stages, with ‘Hongro’ fruit showing 2.4-fold of ‘Fuji’ cell size at their respective maturities. ‘Hongro’ fruit expressed a more active cell proliferation than ‘Fuji’ fruit, which resulted in a significantly larger cell number compared to ‘Fuji’ fruit. Thus, it was demonstrated that the difference in fruit size between the two apple genotypes was attributed to both cell size and cell number. Within the same genotype, large-sized ‘Hongro’ fruit exhibited larger cell size, whereas the large size of ‘Fuji’ fruit was resulted from the greater number of cells. These observations suggested that the two genotypes undergo different mechanisms of fruit construction: cell size is the critical factor for determining the final ‘Hongro’ fruit size, while cell number is dominant for ‘Fuji’ fruit.

체외성숙 배지에 아미노산의 첨가가 한우 난포란의 핵성숙과 배발달에 미치는 영향

박용수,김소섭,최수호,박노찬,변명대,박흠대 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2004 Reproductive & developmental biology Vol.28 No.1

본 연구는 체외에서 한우 난포란의 핵성숙과 그 후의 초기 배발달에 있어서 체외성숙 배지에 아미노산의 첨가가 난포란의 제1극체(PB) 출현율, 배발달율 그리고 배반포의 세포수에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 첨가하는 아미노산의 종류와 농도는 각각 MEM 배지의 non-essential amino acids (NEAA)와 BME 배지의 essential amino acids(EAA)는 1, 2, 4배 및 유청중의 lactalbumine hydrolysate(LAH)는 1, 5, 10 ㎎/㎖이었다. 그 결과 NEAA와 EAA의 경우 PB 출현율은 1배 첨가군이 미첨가군보다 유의하게 높았지만(p<0.05), 첨가량이 증가할수록 오히려 감소하였다. 그러나 배반포로의 배발달율은 모든 군에서 비슷한 경향이었다. 그리고 배반포의 총 세포수와 총 세포수중 TE 세포수는 2배 처리군이 가장 높았으며, ICM 세포수는 아미노산 첨가량이 증가할수록 많아졌다. 한편 LAH의 경우 PB 출현율은 5㎎ 첨가군이 가장높았으며, 배반포로의 발달율은 미첨가군과 1 ㎎ 첨가군이 5 ㎎ 첨가군과 10 ㎎ 첨가군보다 각각 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 그리고 배반포의 세포수는 NEAA와 EAA를 이용하였을 경우와 비슷한 경향이었다. 이상의 결과로부터 체외성숙용 배지에 아미노산의 첨가는 생산된 배반포의 품질을 향상시킬 수 있기 때문에 배반포의 체외생산에 이용할 수 있는 새로운 아미노산의 종류 및 농도를 탐색할 필요가 있다고 사료된다. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of amino acid supplementation of oocyte maturation medium on 1st polar body(PB) extrusion, embryo development and blastocsyt cell number. In experiment 1, Cumulus oocyte complexes(COCs) were matured in in vitro maturation(IVM) medium supplemented with 1, 2, or 4-fold of 10 μl/ml MEM non-essential amino acid(NEAA) and 20 μl/ml BME essential amino acid(EAA). The PB extrusion rate of oocytes matured in 1-fold amino acid group was significantly higher than that matured in medium without amino acid (p<0.05), but it was decreased by the increase of the dosage of amino acid. There were no difference in the percentage of embryos reaching 2-cell, 8-cell and blastocyst in all treatments. The number of trophectoderm(TE) cells and total cell number of blastocysts were highest in 2-fold amino acid group, and the number of inner cell mass(ICM) cells was increased by the increase of the dosage of amino acid. In experiment 2, COCs were matured in IVM medium with 1, 5, or 10 ㎎/ml lactalbumin hydrolysate(LAH). The PB extrusion rate of oocytes matured in medium with 5 ㎎ LAH was significantly higher than that matured in medium with 1 ㎎ LAH (p<0.05). The development rate to the blastocyst stage was significantly higher in non-supplement and 1 ㎎ LAH group than in 5 ㎎ and 10 ㎎ LAH group (p<0.05). The number of TE cells and total cell number did not differ among treatment groups, but the number′ of ICM cells was increased by the increase of LAH supplement. These results suggested that the supplement of certain group of amino acid in IVM medium effective on the quality of blastocyst, and further studies will be accompany with the search of new sources of amino acid used for the use of in vitro embryo production.

Overexpression of Stress-Related Genes, BrERF4 and AtMYB44, in Arabidopsis thaliana Alters Cell Expansion but Not Cell Proliferation During Leaf Growth

박종범,Pamella Marie Sendon,So Hyun Kwon,서학수,박순기,김정회,송종태 한국식물학회 2012 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.55 No.5

We have previously shown that overexpression of BrERF4 (Brassica rapa ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE FACTOR4)increases salt and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis plants,and also retarded organ growth. In the present study, we investigated in detail the leaf growth retardation phenotype at the cellular level. Results showed that BrERF4-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants developed small leaves by reducing their cell size but not the cell number. Detailed kinematic analysis revealed that changes in cell size appeared from the very early stages of leaf development, directly affecting the size of leaf organs. RT-PCR analysis showed that expression of expansin genes was reduced in the overexpressors, whereas expression of the cell cycle gene, CYCB1;1, was not altered at all. In addition, overexpression of AtMYB44, another stress-related transcription factor gene, reduced leaf growth,which also resulted from reduction in cell size but not in cell number. These results suggest that overexpression of those transcription factors negatively affects cell expansion during leaf growth without altering cell number. We discuss about the advantages that the BrERF4- or AtMYB44-induced cell expansion retardation confers on plants under natural environmental adversity.

Spontaneous Ultraweak Photon Emission during the Growth of the Cell Population of Cultured HeLa Cell Line

Kim, Jungdae,Kim, Yong-ung,Lee, Young Joo,Kobayashi, Masaki,Tsutsumi, Yuji,Kondo, Ryuichiro,Lee, Seung Ki,Soh, Kwang-Sup The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 2007 Journal of Health Science Vol.53 No.4

<P>We analyzed the change in the intensities of spontaneous ultraweak photon emission during the growth of the cell population of HeLa cell line using a cell culture system. Comparisons of the temporal change of intensities of spontaneous ultraweak photon emission with that of the growth curve showed that the intensity followed almost the same course with the change rate kinetics of cell population. The analysis of cell viability during the growth of the cell population indicated that there is a close relationship between the intensities of photon emission and proliferative rate of viable cells. The flow-cytometric analysis indicated that the intensities of the photon emission are related primarily to the 2n diploid cell equivalent populations. We suggest that the spontaneous ultraweak photon emission is mainly involved in the changes of the ploidy number during the proliferative process of the cancer cell line. The therapeutic effects of acupuncture may be explained scientifically by the spontaneous ultraweak photon emissions from the cells during the changes of its ploidy number in the anatomical structure of acupuncture meridians.</P>

한우 난포란의 체외성숙 배지 내의 암모니아 농도가 배 발생과 세포수에 미치는 영향

박용수,박흠대 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2005 Reproductive & developmental biology Vol.29 No.1

본 연구는 한우 수정란의 체외생산에 있어서 효율과 품질의 향상을 위해서, 체외성숙 시간에 따른 배지 내의 ammonia 농도를 측정하였고, 체외성숙용 배지의 교환 및 첨가가 배 발생과 배반포의 세포수에 미치는 효과를 검토하였다. 체외성숙용 배지내의 ammonia 농도는 체외성숙 시간이 길어짐에 따라 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 체외성숙용 배지의 첨가에 따른 수정율, 8세포기 및 배반포기 발달율은 각 군간에 유사한 경향이었다. 배반포의 inner cell mass(ICM) 및 총 세포수(TCN)는 비슷한 경향이었으나, trophectoderm(TE) 세포수는 4.5 시간 첨가군이 유의하게 낮았다. 한편 ICM/TCN 비율은 4.5 시간 첨가군이 대조군과 9 시간 첨가군에 비하여 유의하게 높았다. 체외성숙용 배지의 교환에 따른 수정율은 4.5시간 및 9시간 교환이 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 높았으나, 8세포기 발달율은 비슷한 경향이었다. 한편 배반포기 발달율은 9 시간 교환군이 가장 높았다. 배반포의 ICM 세포수와 ICM/TCN 비율은 9 시간 교환군이 다른 두 처리군에 비하여 유의하게 높았으나, TE 및 TCN은 차이가 없었다. The purpose of this study was an improvement of efficiency and quality in the production of Korean Native Cow embryos. We investigated effects of concentration of ammonia in in vitro maturation (IVM) medium. In addition, we examined effects of addition or exchange of IVM medium on subsequent development and the cell numbers of blastocysts. The concentrations of ammonia in IVM medium was significantly increased by the increasement of IVM duration (p<0.05). The development rates to the 2 cell-, 8 cell- and blastocyst-stage embryos with the addition of IVM medium were similar among treatment groups. The number of inner cell mass (ICM) cells and the total cell number (TCN) of blastocysts were not differ among treatment groups, whereas the trophectoderm (TE) cell number was significantly lower in the group of 4.5 h addition. The ICM/TCN ratio was significantly higher in the group of 4.5 h addition than in the group of control and 9 h addition. The development rate to the 2-cell embryo with the exchange of IVM medium was significantly higher in the group of 4.5 h exchange and 9 h exchange than in control. The development rate to the blastocyst stage was the highest in the group of 9 h exchange. The number of ICM and ICM/TCN ratio were significantly higher in the group of 9 h exchange than the other groups. The numbers of TE and TCN was similar among treatment groups.

난소의 형태와 배양 용기가 한우 체외수정란의 발달과 세포수에 미치는 영향

박용수,박흠대,Park Y. S.,Park H. D. 한국동물번식학회 2005 Reproductive & developmental biology Vol.29 No.1

본 연구는 한우 수정란의 체외생산에 있어서 효율과 품질의 향상을 위해서, 미성숙 난포란을 회수하는 난소의 형태와 배양 용기로서 straw의 효과를 검토하였다. 난소의 형태에 따른 수정율은 전 군에서 70.3∼84.1%로서 비슷한 경향이었다. 8세포기 및 배반포기 발달율은 황체와 난포가 모두 존재하지 않는 대조군이 가장 높았다. 배반포의 inner cell mass(ICM), trophectoderm(TE), total cell number(TCN) 및 ICM/TCN 비율은 낭종군과 퇴행황체군이 다른군에 비하여 높은 경향이었다. 체외성숙에 이용하는 배양용기에 따른 수정율은 0.5 ㎖ straw 군이, 8세포기 발달율은 대조군이 가장 높았으나, 배반포기 발달율은 23.1∼30.7%로서 각 군 간에 비슷한 경향이었다. 한편 각각의 배양 용기에서 유래된 배반포의 ICM, TE, TCN 및 ICM/TCN 비율은 유사한 경향이었다. The aim of this study was to improve efficiency and quality of the production of Korean Native Cow embryos. We examined effects of ovarian morphology and maturation vessel on the development and cell number of blastocysts. The development rates to the 2-cell embryos from oocytes collected from the ovaries of different morphological statues were similar ranging between 70.3 and 84.1%. The development rate to the 8 cell- and blastocyst-stage embryos was the highest in the group without both corpus luteum (CL) and follicle. The inner cell mass (ICM), trophectoderm (TE) and total cell number (TCN) were significantly higher in the groups of follicular cyst and regressive CL than other treatment groups, and the same pattern was observed in the ICM/TCN ratio. The development rate to the 2-cell stage was significantly higher in 0.5-㎖ straw group than 0.25-㎖ straw group. However, the development rates to the blastocyst stage were similar between the dish and the straw group. There were no differences in the number of ICM and TE cells, TCN and ICM/TCN ratio of blastocysts from oocytes matured in the different vessels.

The Comparative Study on the Ray Properties in the Stems of Dahurian Larch (Larix gmelinii) and Japanese Larch (Larix kaempferi)

( Do Hoon Kim ),( Seong Hyun Kim ),( Jae Ik Jo ),( Jong Ho Kim ),( Byantara Darsan Purusatama ),( Seung Hwan Lee ),( Nam Hun Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2021 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2021 No.1

The radial variation of rays within the stems of Dahurian larch and Japanese larch growing in Korea was studied to obtain valuable information to identify the two species and determine wood quality. Uniseriate ray height, fusiform ray height, ray number, ray spacing, and epithelial cell number were investigated by optical microscopy. The heights of uniseriate and fusiform rays and epithelial cell numbers in Dahurian larch were lower than those in Japanese larch. Dahurian larch wood had a greater ray number and ray spacing than Japanese larch wood. In both species, the ray heights of uniseriate and fusiform rays and the epithelial cell number increased with increasing growth ring number and stabilized from a certain growth ring number. However, the ray number and ray spacing decreased with age and remained constant from a certain growth ring toward the bark. There were significant differences in all ray properties between the two species. Furthermore, in both species, the ray number and ray spacing showed a significant negative correlation with uniseriate ray height. The relationship between uniseriate and fusiform, ray height and ray spacing, and ray number showed a significant positive correlation. In conclusion, the results from this study provide basic information that can be used to identify these species, and the quality indices from ray properties will improve the effective utilization of the two woody species.

군체 크기와 세포수 상관관계를 이용한 녹조 유발 남조류의 세포수 산정 방법

유경아 ( Kyung A You ),송미애 ( Mi Ae Song ),변명섭 ( Myeong Seop Byeon ),이혜진 ( Hae Jin Lee ),황순진 ( Soon Jin Hwang ) 한국하천호수학회 2014 생태와 환경 Vol.47 No.4

Harmful Algal Bloom Alert System (HABAS) for drinking water supply is require to fast and accurate count as system monitoring of cyanobacterium occurrence and inducing a response action. We measured correlation between colony size and cell number including genus Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Microcystis, Oscillatoria which are targeted at HABAS, deducted from standard formula, and suggested calculation method from colony size to the number of cell. We collected cyanobacteria samples at Han River (Paldang reservoir), Nakdong River (Dalseong weir, Changnyeonghaman weir) and Geum River (Gobok reservoir) from August to October, 2013. Also, we studied correlation between colony size and cell number, and calculated regression equation. As a result of correlation of harmful cyanobacteria by genus, Anabaena spp. and Aphanizomenon spp. having trichome showed high correlation coefficients more than 0.93 and Microcystis spp. having colony showed correlation coefficient of 0.76. As a result of correlation of harmful cyanobacteria by species, Anabaena crassa, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, A. issatschenkoi, Oscillatoria curviceps, O. mougeotii having trichome showed high correlation coefficients from 0.89 to 0.96, and Microcystis aeruginosa, M. wessenbergii, M. viridis having colony showed correlation coefficients from 0.76 to 0.88. Compared with other genus Microcystis relatively showed low correlation because even species and colony size are the same, cell density and cell size are different from Microcystis strains. In this study, using calculated regression might be fast and simple method of cell counting. From now on, we need to secure additional samples, and make a decision to study about other species.

Measurement of Viable Cell Number in Mixed Culture Based on Microbial Respiration Rate

Veljkoic, V.B.,Kwon, Yun Joong,Engler, C.R. 한국산업미생물학회 1992 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.20 No.6

혼합배양중의 각 미생물의 생균수 측정은 순수배양보다 훨씬 복잡하다. 특히 두 균주의 크기가 비슷한 경우에는 사용할 수 있는 방법이 더 제한된다. 본 연구에서는 두 균의 크기가 비슷한 경우에도 적용될 수 있는 간단한 생균수 측정방법을 개발하였다. 미생물 배양액의 산소흡수속도(OUR)는 세포수에 비례하며 이때의 비례상수인 최대 비산소흡수속도(maximum specific OUR)를 알고 있으면 배양액의 OUR을 측정함으로써 간접적으로 생균수를 구할 수 있게 된다. 혼합배양의 경우 산소흡수속도는 각 미생물의 호흡속도의 합이 되며, 각 미생물의 호흡속도가 서로 다르고 또한 온도의존성이 다르다면 호흡 속도의 측정을 이용하여 각 생균수를 간접적으로 측정할 수 있다. 산소흡수속도는 시가에 따른 용존산소 농도의 변화를 DO probe를 이용하여 측정하여 구했으며, 최대 비산소흡수속도는 plate count에 의한 생균수와 OUR의 직선관계의 기울기에서 구했다. C. lusitaniae의 최대 비산소흡수속도는 20과 30℃에서 각각 1.36×exp(-19)과 3.90×exp(-9), P. tannophilus는 20과 30 ℃에서 각각 0.59×exp(-9)와 1.86×exp(-9)[(%/s)/(cells)/㎖]]이었다. 이들 값을 이용하여 계산한 혼하배양액 중의 두 효모의 생균수와 서로 다른 배지를 이용하여 plate count로 측정한 생균수와의 관계는 상관계수 0.98로서 비교적 잘 일치되었다. A simple method to determine viable cell numbers of each species in mixed culture was developed. The oxygen uptake rate (OUR) equals to the product of the specific OUR and the size of the microbial population. In a mixed culture, the OUR is a result of the respiration activities of each sub-population. The OUR was determined from the slope of the linear relationship between time and the decrease of dissolved oxygen concentration when aeration was stopped. The specific OUR was calculated from the slope of the viable cell number versus OUR curve. These values for C. lusitaniae at 20 and 30℃ were 1.36×exp(-19) and 3.90×exp(-9) and those for P. tannophilus at 20 and 30℃ were 0.59×exp(-19) and 1.86×exp(-9) [(%/s)/(cells/㎖)], respectively. Using these values, viable cell numbers were calculated after the OURs of mixed culture at two temperatures were measured. A good agreement between the viable cell numbers determined by this method and by plate count was obtained.

Identification of Cell Type-Specific Effects of DNMT3A Mutations on Relapse in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Seo-Gyeong Bae,Hyeoung-Joon Kim,Mi Yeon Kim,Dennis Dong Hwan Kim,So-I Shin,안재숙,박지환 한국분자세포생물학회 2023 Molecules and cells Vol.46 No.10

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease caused by distinctive mutations in individual patients; therefore, each patient may display different cell-type compositions. Although most patients with AML achieve complete remission (CR) through intensive chemotherapy, the likelihood of relapse remains high. Several studies have attempted to characterize the genetic and cellular heterogeneity of AML; however, our understanding of the cellular heterogeneity of AML remains limited. In this study, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) of bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells obtained from same patients at different AML stages (diagnosis, CR, and relapse). We found that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) at diagnosis were abnormal compared to normal HSCs. By improving the detection of the DNMT3A R882 mutation with targeted scRNAseq, we identified that DNMT3A-mutant cells that mainly remained were granulocyte-monocyte progenitors (GMPs) or lymphoid-primed multipotential progenitors (LMPPs) from CR to relapse and that DNMT3A-mutant cells have gene signatures related to AML and leukemic cells. Copy number variation analysis at the single-cell level indicated that the cell type that possesses DNMT3A mutations is an important factor in AML relapse and that GMP and LMPP cells can affect relapse in patients with AML. This study advances our understanding of the role of DNMT3A in AML relapse and our approach can be applied to predict treatment outcomes.