The Characteristics of Cross-Field Pitting in Compression, Lateral, and Opposite Wood of Pinus merkusii and Agathis Loranthifolia

( Byantara Darsan Purusatama ),( Fauzi Febrianto ),( Seung Hwan Lee ),( Nam Hun Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2021 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2021 No.2

This study was aimed to investigate and compare the cross-field pitting characteristics in compression (CW), lateral (LW), and opposite wood (OW). Pit type in the cross-field, pit number per cross-field, and cross-field pit diameter in the earlywood of both species were observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. CW from both species showed piceoid pit. LW and OW of Pinus merkusii showed pinoid and window-like pit, while LW and OW of Agathis loranthifolia showed taxodioid and cupressoid pit. In Pinus merkusii, pit number per cross-field of CW was the smallest among parts with a range of 1-2 pits, while LW and OW had similar values with a range of 1-3 pits. Pit number per cross-field in CW, LW, and OW of Pinus merkusii slightly increased from near the pith to near the bark. CW of Agathis loranthifolia showed the smallest pit number among parts with a range of 2-6 pits, while LW was the highest, including a range of 3-6 pits. Moreover, OW was the intermediate by a range of 2-7 pits. Pit numbers per cross-field of CW and LW decreased from near the pith to near the bark, while the pit number per cross-field of OW increased from near the pith to near the bark. In both species, CW had the smallest pit diameter. In Pinus merkusii, LW had similar cross-field pit diameter with OW, while LW of Agathis loranthifolia had larger cross-field pit diameter than OW. In conclusion CW had distinctive cross-field pitting characteristics than LW and OW, while LW and OW mostly showed a similar characteristics.

< 구두-B-11 > Microfibril Angle, Crystalline Characteristics, and Chemical Compounds of Reaction Wood in the Stem Wood of Korean Red Pine

( Byantara Darsan Purusatama ),( Jung Kee Choi ),( Seung Hwan Lee ),( Nam Hun Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2019 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2019 No.1

The microfibril angle (MFA), crystalline characteristics, and chemical compounds of compression (CW), lateral (LW) and opposite wood (OW) in a stem wood of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) were inverstigated by iodine methods and optical microscopy, an X-ray diffraction method and FT-IR spectroscopy, respectively. CW had the greatest MFA, while the OW showed the smallest MFA. CW had the lowest relative crystallinity, while the OW showed slightly greater value than LW and CW. Crystal width of CW was slightly smaller than those of the LW and OW. CW and LW showed similar FT-IR spectra in juvenile and mature wood, while some peaks from lignin disappeared for OW in the juvenile and mature wood. The MFA and relative crystallinity from each part were increased with increasing growth ring. The FT-IR spectra from CW, LW, and OW in mature wood showed a smaller number of peaks compared to the juvenile wood. In conclusion, the CW, LW, and OW showed a distinct difference in MFA, crystalline characteristics, and chemical compound, while the MFA and relative crystallinity of CW, LW, and OW showed a radial variation.

Hardness of Reaction Wood from Sumatran Pine and Agathis Woods

( Byantara Darsan Purusatama ),( Fauzi Febrianto ),( Seung Hwan Lee ),( Nam Hun Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2020 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2020 No.1

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the hardness and fracture morphology of compression wood (CW), lateral wood (LW), and opposite wood (OW) in Sumatran pine (Pinus merkusii ) and Agathis (Agathis loranthifolia). The hardness of the cross, radial, and tangential sections was examined by Brinell’s method according to the Korean standard, and the fracture surface was observed by scanning electron microscopy. In all sections, CW from both species showed the highest hardness, and there was no significant difference between LW and OW. On the cross-section, intercellular failure along rays occurred only in CW and LW. CW and LW showed shortening of the tracheid with a smooth cell wall surface, while OW showed a fractured cell wall with a brittle surface. On the radial and tangential sections, the tracheids from CW, LW, and OW buckled to the tangential direction. The fracture area of LW and OW was more severe and deeper than that of CW. CW showed buckling tracheids with helical cavities on the longitudinal wall, whereas the tracheids of LW and OW were buckled with horizontal stress lines. In conclusion, the CW from both species had the highest hardness value for all sample surfaces. Furthermore, CW showed distinct fracture morphology compared to LW and OW, whereas LW and OW showed mostly similar characteristics.

Microfibril Angle, Crystalline Characteristics, and Chemical compounds of Reaction wood in Stem wood of P inus densiflora

( Byantara Darsan Purusatama ),( Jung Kee Choi ),( Seung Hwan Lee ),( Nam Hun Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2019 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2019 No.2

This study aimed to observe and to compare the microfibril angle (MFA), crystalline characteristics, and chemical compounds in compression wood (CW), lateral wood (LW), and opposite wood (OW) in the stem wood of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora). The MFAs of CW, LW, and OW were determined by using iodine staining methods and optical microscopy, while the crystalline characteristics and chemical composition were measured by an X-ray diffraction method and FT-IR spectroscopy, respectively. The CW had the greatest MFA, whereas the OW showed the smallest MFA. The relative crystallinity of CW was the lowest, whereas the OW showed a slightly greater value than that of LW and CW. The crystal widths of CW were slightly smaller than those of LW and OW. The CW and LW showed similar FT-IR spectra in juvenile and mature wood, whereas some peaks from lignin disappeared in the juvenile and mature wood of OW. The MFA of Pinus densiflora was decreased with increasing growth ring number. The relative crystallinity from each part was increased with increasing growth rings, whereas the crystal width showed no radial variation. The FT-IR spectra from CW, LW, and OW in mature wood showed a smaller number of peaks compared to the juvenile wood. In conclusion, the CW, LW, and OW showed a distinct difference in the MFA, crystalline characteristics, and chemical compounds, wherein the MFA and relative crystallinity of CW, LW, and OW showed a radial variation.

Cross-Field Pitting of Compression, Lateral and Opposite Woods in the Stem Wood of Pinus densiflora and Ginkgo biloba

( Byantara Darsan Purusatama ),( Nam Hun Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2021 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2021 No.1

The characteristics of cross-field pitting among compression wood (CW), lateral wood (LW), and opposite wood (OW), in the stem woods of Ginkgo biloba and Pinus densiflora were investigated with optical and scanning electron microscopy. In Ginkgo biloba, CW exhibited piceoid pits, while lateral and opposite wood exhibited cupressoid pits. The CW of Pinus densiflora exhibited cupressoid pits and piceoid pits, while lateral wood and opposite wood exhibited pinoid and window-like pits in the cross-field. In both species, CW yielded the smallest pit number among each part, while opposite wood yielded the greatest pit number per cross-field. Cross-field pitting diameters of CW and OW were significantly smaller than lateral wood in Ginkgo biloba, while the cross-field pitting of CW was the smallest in Pinus densiflora. In conclusion, the cross-field pitting type, pit number, and cross-field pitting diameter could be used to identify reaction wood in the stem wood of Ginkgo biloba and Pinus densiflora.

Fracture Morphology of Hardness-Tested Reaction Wood of Pinus merkusii and Agathis loranthifolia

( Byantara Darsan Purusatama ),( Fauzi Febrianto ),( Seung Hwan Lee ),( Nam Hun Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2022 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2022 No.1

The objectives of the study were to analyze the relationship between tracheid properties and hardness of compression wood (CW), lateral wood (LW), and opposite wood (OW) in Pinus merkusii and Agathis loranthifolia grew in Indonesia and observe the fracture morphology of the tested samples. The tracheid properties, such as tangential tracheid diameter, tangential lumen diameter, and tracheid wall thickness, were observed with optical microscopy. The hardness of the transverse, radial, and tangential surfaces was examined using Brinell’s method following the Korean standard. The fracture surfaces were observed by scanning electron and optical microscopy. CW had the highest hardness in all three surfaces, whereas LW and OW showed no significant differences. The tracheid properties of both species were significantly correlated with the hardness. On the transverse surface, the CW of P. merkusii showed a brittle-fractured cell wall, while the CW of A. loranthifolia displayed smooth cell wall surfaces. CW of both species showed a separation tracheid by intrawall and intercell failure and a narrow lumen opening. LW of both species and OW of P. merkusii showed folded earlywood tracheids with a crack. The latewood in LW and OW of P. merkusii displayed a smooth cell wall and a narrow lumen opening. OW of A. loranthifolia showed collapsed cell walls. On the radial surface, CW of both species showed buckling tracheids in the tangential direction. LW and OW of both species exposed shortening earlywood tracheids with folded cell walls. Buckling latewood tracheids in the radial direction were shown in LW and OW of P. merkusii. On the tangential surface, buckling tracheids occurred near the fractured rays in all parts of both species. In conclusion, CW exhibited distinctive hardness and fracture morphologies compared with LW and OW in P. merkusii and A. loranthifolia.

The Anatomical Characteristics of Oil Palm Trunk (Elaeis guineensis)

( Byantara Darsan Purusatama ),( Jong Ho Kim ),( Denni Prasetia ),( Alvin Muhammad Savero ),( Nam Hun Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2023 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2023 No.1

Qualitative Anatomical Characteristics of Compression Wood, Lateral Wood, and Opposite Wood in a Stem of Ginkgo biloba L.

( Byantara Darsan Purusatama ),( Yun-ki Kim ),( Woo Seok Jeon ),( Ju-ah Lee ),( Ah-ran Kim ),( Nam-hun Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2018 목재공학 Vol.46 No.2

This study was conducted to understand and to compare the qualitative aspects of anatomical characteristics in compression wood (CW), lateral wood (LW), and opposite wood (OW) in a stem of Ginkgo biloba. The qualitative analysis was examined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. CW in Ginkgo biloba disks were dark brown in color, and the OW and LW were light brown in color. CW and OW showed abrupt transitions from earlywood to latewood, while LW showed a gradual transition. Cross sections of CW presented circular tracheids with angular outlines, many intercellular spaces, and varying sizes of lumens. Cross sections of LW and OW showed rectangular tracheids, fewer intercellular spaces, and varying sizes of lumens. In radial sections, CW showed an irregular arrangement of tracheids in earlywood, while LW and OW showed comparatively regular arrangements. Slit-like bordered pits on the tracheid cell wall, piceoid pits in the crossfield, and a few spiral checks were present in CW. LW and OW showed bordered pits with slightly oval-shaped apertures, as well as cuppresoid pits in the crossfields. Rays were primarily uniseriate, with few biseriate rays in the tangential sections of CW, LW, and OW. The tips of the tracheids were branched in CW but had a normal appearance in LW and OW.

< 전시-P-07 > Cross-field Pits Features of Compression, Lateral and Opposite wood in a Stem Wood of Ginkgo biloba and P inus densiflora

( Byantara Darsan Purusatama ),( Nam Hun Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2019 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2019 No.1

The cross-field pit characteristics among compression wood (CW), lateral wood (LW), and opposite wood (OW) in the stem woods of Ginkgo biloba and Pinus densiflora were investigated with optical and scanning electron microscopy. In Ginkgo biloba, CW showed piceoid pits, while LW and OW showed cupressoid pits on the cross-field. The CW of Pinus densiflora showed cupressoid pits and piceoid pits. LW showed taxodioid, pinoid, and window-like pits, while the OW showed window-like pits in the cross-field. In both species, CW had the smallest pit number per cross-field among each part, while OW had the greatest pit number per cross-field. The pit numbers per cross-field for CW, LW, and OW in Ginkgo biloba slightly increased with increasing growth rings. In Pinus densiflora, the pit numbers per cross-field showed no significant differences at increasing growth rings. In conclusion, the cross-field pit type and pit number could be used to identify reaction wood in the stem wood of Ginkgo biloba and Pinus densiflora.

< 전시-P-04 > Variation of Microfibril Angle in Compression Wood, Lateral Wood and Opposite Wood in A Stem Wood of P inus densiflora

( Byantara Darsan Purusatama ),( Yeong Hwan Seo ),( Jung Keechoi ),( Nam Hun Kim ) 한국목재공학회 2018 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2018 No.2

This study was aimed to investigate and to compare the variation of microfibril angle (MFA) from compression wood (CW), lateral wood (LW) and opposite wood (OW) in a stem wood of Pinus densiflora. Iodine method was used to reveal the microfibril angle (MFA) on the tangential section of CW, LW, and OW in each annual ring (5^th, 10^th, 15^th, 20^th, 25^th, 30^th, 35^th, and 40^th), and the MFA was analyzed by optical microscopy. The MFA from each part was decreased with increasing annual ring and became constant from 30^th to 40^th annual ring. The CW had the greatest MFA among CW, LW, and OW in every annual ring, while the OW had the smallest MFA from 20^th to 40^th annual ring. The LW had the smallest MFA in 10^th annual ring, while there were no significant different between LW and OW in 5^th and 15^th annual ring. In conclusion, this study was suggested that the MFA from CW, LW, and OW were distinctively different from each other.