전략성과측정시스템과 관리적 성과의 관계에서 공정성, 직무스트레스, 조직시민행동의 역할

문성병(Moon, Sung Byung),이상완(Lee, Sang Wan) 한국회계정보학회 2013 한국회계정보학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2013 No.1

전략성과측정시스템(Strategic Performance Measurement Systems: 이하 ‘SPMS 라 표기함)와 관련된 선행연구들은 성과측정지표의 다양성측면 또는 전략정렬측면을 고려하여 SPMS와 조직성과와의 관계에 대해 연구하였다. 성과측정지표의 다양성측면은 조직성과와의 관계에서 일관된 결과를 보고하였으나 전략정렬측면은 오랜 연구에도 불구하고 일관된 결론을 도출하지 못하였다. 최근 몇몇 연구자들은 이러한 혼재된 결과를 해결하고자 조직수준이 아닌 개인수준에서 SPMS와 관리적 성과 간의 관계에서 개인행동의 역할을 규명하는데 초점을 두었으나, 명확한 연구결과를 제시하지 못하였다. 본 연구는 이러한 선행연구의 한계점을 바탕으로 관리회계와 조직행동 연구에서 이슈가 되고 있는 공정성, 직무스트레스, 그리고 조직시민행동을 동시에 고려하여 SPMS와 관리적 성과 간의 관계를 분석하였다. 실증분석을 위하여 한국신용평가(주)의 Kis-Value에 등재되어 있는 증권거래소 상장기업 중에서 종업원 수가 100명 이상 그리고 매출액 1,700억원 이상인 400대 제조기업을 대상으로 95부의 설문지를 회수하였으며, 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, SPMS는 절차공정성과 분배공정성에 각각 유의적인 정(+)의 영향을 그리고 역할모호성에 유의적인 부(-)의 영향을 미치는 반면, 역할갈등과 조직시민행동에는 각각 유의한 영향이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 절차공정성과 분배공정성은 각각 조직시민행동에 유의적인 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으나, 역할갈등과 역할모호성은 각각 조직시민행동에 유의적인 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 분석되었다. 셋째, 조직시민행동과 역할모호성은 관리적성과에 각각 유의적인 정(+)의 영향을 그리고 유의적인 부(-)의 영향을 미치는 반면, 절차공정성, 분배공정성, 그리고 역할갈등은 관리적성과에 각각 유의적인 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 분석되었다. 넷째, SPMS는 공정성을 통해 간접적으로 조직시민행동에 영향을 미치며, 공정성은 조직시민행동을 통해 간접적으로 관리적 성과를 개선시키며, 그리고 SPMS는 역할모호성을 통해 간접적으로 관리적 성과를 개선시키는 것을 발견하였다. 본 연구의 결과에 의하면 경영자들은 관리적 성과를 개선시키기 위해 조직구성원들의 자발적인 행동을 유도하고 조직구성원들의 역할이 명확해지도록 많은 관심을 기울여야 할 것이다. SPMS의 측정 및 정보제공으로 조직구성원들이 공정성을 향상시켜 조직시민행동을 유도할 수 있으며, 또한 조직구성원들의 역할을 명확하게 할 수 있어 궁극적으로 관리적 성과를 개선시킬 수 있음을 시사해 준다. 따라서 경영자들은 관리적 성과를 개선시키기 위해 공정성, 역할모호성, 그리고 조직시민행동을 고려해야 할 것이며, 이를 위해 SPMS를 정교하게 구축하고 활용해야 할 것이다. The preceding research on strategic performance measurement systems(SPMS) has been conducted about the relationship between SPMS and organization performance considering measurement diversity or alignment with firm strategy. While measurement diversity produce coherent results in relation to organization, but alignment with firm strategy hasn t produced coherent results in spite of several years of research. Recently some researchers have conducted study on the individual behavioral role in the relationship between SPMS and managerial performance that the individual level instead of the organizational level study in order to solve the problem regarding such incoherent results, but didn t present the definite research outcome. Being based on the limit of such preceding research, this study analyzed the relationship between SPMS and the managerial performance considering justice, job stress, and organizational citizenship behaviors simultaneously which have been an issue in the study on managerial accounting and organizational behaviors. A survey on a sample of 95 questionnaires aimed at 400 manufacturing enterprises which have over 100 employees and a turnover of over ￦170 billion among the companies listed on the stock exchange registered in Kis-Value of Korea Investors Service Inc. was conducted for an empirical purpose. The results are as follows: First, while SPMS has a significantly positive effect on the procedure justice and the distributive justice respectively and has a significantly negative effect on the role ambiguity, SPMS has no effect on the role conflict and the organizational citizenship behaviors respectively. Second, the procedure justice and the distributive justice have a significantly positive effect on the organizational citizenship behaviors but the role conflict and the role ambiguity don t have a significant effect on the organizational citizenship behaviors. Third, while the organizational citizenship behaviors and the role ambiguity have significantly positive and negative impacts on the managerial performance respectively, the procedure justice, the distributive justice, and the role conflict don t have significant effects on the managerial performance. Finally, SPMS has a indirect effect on the organizational citizenship behaviors through the justice and the justice improves the managerial performance indirectly through the organizational citizenship behaviors. And it is found that SPMS improves the managerial performance indirectly through the role ambiguity. According to this research outcome, the management has to attract voluntary behavior from employees in order to improve the managerial performance and pay more attention to clarify the employees role. The measurement and the information offering of SPMS can help employees to improve the justice, induce the organizational citizenship behaviors, and also clarify the employees role. As a result, it can improve the managerial performance. Therefore, the management has to consider the justice, the role ambiguity, and the organizational citizenship behaviors to improve the managerial performance. To do so, the management needs to elaboratively establish and use SPMS..

구성원의 목표성향이 행동 및 성과에 미치는 영향

신수영(Soo Young Shin),박원우(Won Woo Park) 한국경영학회 2013 經營學硏究 Vol.42 No.1

Along with rapid changes in managerial environments, goal orientation has emerged as a theme in organizational research because of its self-regulating function. This study investigates how goal orientation influences task behavior and job performance, with a focus on the mechanisms of the sub-dimensions of goal orientation. While previous studies have emphasized the positive effect of learning orientation on academic and job performance, this paper examines the independent mechanisms of performance orientation based on VandeWalle`s 1997 study. Dividing performance orientation into performance-proving orientation and avoiding-failure orientation allows for a more detailed explanation of the mechanisms of goal orientation. This study examines how learning orientation and performance-proving orientation influence job performance. Particular emphasis is placed analyzing different types of task behavior, such as proactive behavior and self-presentation behavior. We expect that understanding these task behaviors will shed light on the relationship between mental characteristics and workplace outcomes. We investigate the following hypothesis: H1.1: Emlpoyees` learning orientation will be positively related to their proactive behavior. H1.2: Emlpoyees` performance-proving orientation will be positively related to their self-presentation behavior. H2.1: Emlpoyees` proactive behavior will be positively related to their job performance. H2.2: Emlpoyees` self-presentation behavior will be negatively related to their job performance. Data were collected using questionnaires distributed to employees and their coworkers within nine different organizations located in South Korea. A total of 155 supervisor-subordinate dyads were used for the statistical analysis. To examine the main effect, structural equation analysis(AMOS 18) was used. As predicted, results confirmed that member`s goal orientation positively influenced task behavior supporting hypothesis 1.1 and 1.2. Although not hypothesized, the cross relationship between learning orientation and self-presentation behavior, performance-proving orientation and proactive behavior was not significant. Furthermore, member`s proactive behavior positively influenced job performance, however, member`s self-presentation behavior was not associated with job performance. The results of this study have important theoretical and practical implications. First, the main effects of learning orientation were significant only through proactive behavior. That is, not only learning orientation but also presenting proactive behavior is important in job performance. In addition, performance-proving orientation can affect job performance itself, but induced self-present behavior has no relationship with job performance. These findings show that the mediating role of task behavior is relevant to understanding the goal orientation mechanism. The present study shows each mechanism of goal orientation independently. However, this study did not identify methods for enhancing performance-prove orientation on job performance. Future research needs to investigate the positive mechanism of performanceprove orientation, in addition to the learning orientation as considered in the present and previous studies.

판소리 연행 동작의 메타의사소통적 활용과 그 의미

이채은(Lee, Chae-Eun) 한국구비문학회 2021 口碑文學硏究 Vol.- No.61

이 글은 소리판에서 창자가 보여주는 연행 동작이 메타의사소통적으로 활용되는 양상을 살펴보고, 창자의 몸을 통해 시도되는 메타의사소통이 청중들이 연행 텍스트를 의미화하는 데에 어떻게 기여할 수 있는지를 살펴보았다. 메타의사소통이란 다양한 의사소통의 유형 중에서도, 소통 행위의 주체와 대상을 구분하고, 의사소통 자체를 의사소통의 대상으로 삼는 것들을 통칭한다. 메타의사소통은 자기지시성·자기성찰성을 특징으로 하며, 일상적 소통 현장에서는 의사소통 내용을 이해하는 데에 있을 수 있는 혼란을 방지하거나 해결하려는 담화 전략으로서 기능한다. 판소리 연행이라는 특수한 소통 현장에서는 메타의사소통을 통해 창자가 청중들의 텍스트세계 내 몰입의 정도를 통어하거나 연행의 의미를 이해하는 과정을 조력할 수 있다. 소리판에서 벌어지는 메타의사소통은 언어적 층위에서뿐만 아니라 연행 동작을 구성하는 작업을 통해서도 실현될 수 있는데, 이 글에서는 이를 다음과 같은 세 가지 유형으로 나누어 살폈다. 첫 번째, 연행 텍스트에 대한 자기지시적 객관화를 촉발하는 동작이다. 이 유형에 속하는 메타의사소통적 연행 동작은 청중들로 하여금 텍스트세계 내로의 몰입으로부터 벗어나, 텍스트세계를 현실세계와 구분된 하나의 실체로서 반성적으로 바라보게 만든다. 두 번째, 판소리 사설(언어)로는 미처 유표화되지 않은 함축적 의미들을 현실세계에 현존하는 창자의 몸으로 표현해내는 동작이다. 이 유형은 텍스트세계 내적 의미를 현실세계와 연결짓게하여 확장하게 만든다. 세 번째, 연행 현장에서 즉흥적으로 펼쳐지는 몸동작으로, 무대장치나 판소리 참여자, 의상이나 공간 등 연행 현장의 구성요소를 완전히 전경화시키는 유형이다. 세 번째 유형의 동작은 텍스트세계 내적 의미와 현실세계의 의미의 경계를 허물어버린다. 소리판에서 이 세 가지 유형의 신체적 메타의사소통이 시도될 때, 청중들의 추임새가 현격하게 증가한다. 이러한 현상이 빚어지는 이유는 청중들이 연행 대상이 되는 텍스트 자체를 반성적으로 인식할 수 있게 되면서, 이것이 자연스럽게 ‘텍스트에 대한 담론하기’ 활동을 촉발하기 때문이다. 이 점에서 창자가 ‘메시지에 관한 메시지’인 메타의사소통을 시도하는 것은 판소리에 대한 청중들의 역동적인 참여를 끄집어내는 잠재력을 가지는 것이라 볼 수 있다. 이처럼 판소리 연행 동작의 메타의사소통적 활용을 살펴보는 일은 연행 현장에서 판소리의 참여자들이 경험하게 되는 지각의 창발적(emergent) 현상을 이해할 수 있게 해준다. 이러한 관점은 판소리가 아닌 다른 구술서사물의 연행이나 전통 연희의 연행에도 확대 적용해볼 수 있다. 세상에 존재하는 다양한 연행 현장에서는 모두 자기 자신을 소통의 대상으로 발견해 내고, 연행을 연행으로서 틀짓게 만드는 메타의사소통이 필수적으로 요청된다. 연행현장에서 시도되는 메타의사소통의 과정을 분석하는 작업을 통해 우리는 연행 참여자들이 텍스트세계와 현실세계를 어떻게 연관지어 의미를 해석하게 되는지, 또 그 해석의 절차와 과정은 어떠한지를 짚어볼 수 있을 것이다. This study explores the meta-communicative aspects of singers’ performative behaviors in Pansori and how meta-communication conveyed through the singers’ bodily acts can facilitate audiences’ comprehension of the verbal text of the performance. Meta-communication is a type of communication referring to acts that communicate something about communication itself, in which there is a distinction between the subject (speaker) and the object (listener) of communication. It is self-referential and self-reflexive in nature. In the daily communication environment, meta-communication functions as a dialog strategy to prevent or resolve misunderstandings in communication. In the specific circumstance of communication occurring through performative acts in Pansori, meta-communication may help a singer to control the audience’s attention to the verbal text of the performance or to assist with their comprehension of the performance. During a Pansori performance, meta-communication occurs both at the verbal and non-verbal levels. Non-verbal meta-communication in Pansori is achieved through a singers’ bodily performance, which in this study is categorized into three types of meta-communicative performative behaviors, according to how each type of performance behaviors facilitates the audience’s perception of the reality of the verbal text and the extra-textual reality of the performance. The first type of meta-communicative performative behavior consists of bodily actions that are self-referential, enabling the audience to objectively comprehend the verbal text. These action prevent the audience from being immersed in the textual reality, allowing them to reflectively perceive the textual reality as something separated from the extra-textual reality, during the performance. The second type includes performative behaviors that expressively convey the implicative meanings of the verbal text, which are not literally articulated, onto bodily actions in the extra-textual reality. These action assist the audience in expanding the understanding of the implied meanings of the verbal text in linkage with the extra-textual reality. The third type is composed of improvised actions that are made up on the spot during the performance, and that completely foreground the elements that constitute the performance, including spectacles on the stage, participating performers, costumes, and the space of the stage. This type of action results in the disruption of boundaries between the meanings of textual reality and those of extra-textual reality. These three types of meta-communicative performative behaviors noticeably increase audience reactions, during Pansori performances. This is because they help the audience to reflectively perceive the verbal text of the performance and accordingly naturally facilitate the audience’s discursive engagement, on the subject of the verbal text. By conducting these performative behaviors, a singer can promote communication about communication and potentially elicit the audience’s dynamic participation. The examination of how Pansori singers’ performative behaviors achieve meta-communicative purposes helps to explain the emergent aspect of the audience’s perception that occurs during the performance. This approach to analyze the meta-communicative aspects of Pansori performance can be expansively applied to other kinds of performances based on oral narratives or traditional performing arts. Metacommunication, which is self-referential in nature, seems to be an essential element in performing arts. It can be utilized in various types of performing arts to promote communication that self-reflectively discusses performances, by framing themselves as performance.

태권도공연 관람자의 확장된 계획행동과 공연관람의도 및 관람행동 간의 구조적 관계모형

윤정욱(Yoon, Jung-Yook),문광선(Mun, Kyang-Sun),주성택(Ju, Soung-Teg) 한국체육과학회 2013 한국체육과학회지 Vol.22 No.6

The purpose of this study was to identify the structural relationship model among extended theory of planned behavior, audience performance intention, and audience performance behavior of the spectators of taekwondo performanc. The subjects of this study were 234 spectators who had experiences of taekwondo performance by using SPSS 12.0 and AMOS 6.0 programs. The questionnaires for the theory of planned behavior had been developed by Ajzen & Driver(l992) and Kim(2007), pleasure had been developed by Nobak, Hoffman, Yung(l998) and Park et al(2007), and audience performance intention and behavior had been developed by Park(2012), Lee et al.,(2012) and Xiao, Wang(206). The results were summarized as follow. First, it was showed that theory of planned behavior and pleasure have a significant positive influence on audience performance intention. Second, it was showed that theory of planned behavior has not a significant influence on audience performance behavior, but, pleasure has a significant influence of audience performance behavior. Third, it was showed that audience performance intention has a significant positive influence on audience performance behavior.

조직간 시민행동이 관계품질과 가맹점 및 가맹본부의 성과에 미치는 영향

이민호 한국기업경영학회 2016 기업경영연구 Vol.23 No.5

Franchise system is composed by franchisor and franchisee. The franchisor’s success depends on the success of franchisee. the relationship between franchisor and franchisee affects performance. Also, the inter-organizational citizenship behavior may play a role in improving relationship between franchisor and franchisee. Hence, we focuses inter-organizational citizenship behavior as a critical driver of relationship quality. Organizational citizenship behavior is defined as an individual behavior that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by formal reward systems and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization(Organ, 1988). Autry et al.(2008) suggested that the application of organizational citizenship behavior concepts and findings to inter-organizational citizenship behavior situations is relevant as well as theoretically and practically useful. We use concept that Autry et al.(2008) extend the extant organizational citizenship behavior concepts into the inter-organizational citizenship behavior context. Organizational citizenship behavior is related to organizational performance. This study analyzed the effect of inter-organizational citizenship behavior on relationship quality and performance of franchisee and franchisor. We used performance of franchisee as mediated variable to investigate the relationship among: inter-organizational citizenship; relationship quality and performance of franchisor. We conducted a questionnaire survey for franchisee and analyzed based on tested structure equation modelling with 303 franchisee. As a results, we identified the direct effect of inter-organizational citizenship behavior on relationship quality and performance of franchisee. On the other hand, inter-organizational citizenship behavior and relationship quality have little effect on performance of franchisor. However, performance of franchisee has the direct effect on the performance of franchisor which proves indirect impact on inter-organizational citizenship behavior and relationship quality. This study demonstrates franchisee’s inter-organizational citizenship behavior such as altruistic behaviors directly impact on the performance of franchisor. However, of inter-organizational citizenship behavior only impact on the performance of franchisee only based on the trust and satisfaction among franchisee and franchisor. 프랜차이즈시스템에서 가맹점과 가맹본부는 독립된 자본을 가진 개별기업이지만 하나의 확장된 기업의 내부관계로 인식할 수 있다. 가맹점과 가맹본부 간 상호신뢰와 조직을 위하는 자발적 참여는 시스템의 생산성을향상시킨다. 본 연구의 목적은 조직내 개인차원이 아닌 조직간 시민행동이 관계품질, 가맹점과 가맹본부의 성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 조직간 시민행동과 가맹본부성과와의 관계를 검토하기 위해 관계품질과 가맹점성과를 매개변수로 이용하였다. 가맹점주를 대상으로 하여 설문을 실시하였으며, 구조방정식모형을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과, 조직간 시민행동이 관계품질과 가맹점성과에 직접적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 반면, 조직간 시민행동이 가맹본부성과에는 직접적인 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 관계품질도 가맹본부성과에 직접적으로 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 가맹점성과가 가맹본부성과에 직접적으로영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 조직간 시민행동과 관계품질이 가맹점성과를 매개로 간접적으로 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구결과에서 가맹점주의 가맹본부의 발전을 위한 이타적 행동과 자발적 참여가 상호간의 신뢰를 향상시키고 만족하게 하여 가맹점 성과를 향상시킨다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 향상된 가맹점의 성과를 통해 재계약이 증가하면서 가맹본부의 성과도 향상된다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

전략성과측정시스템과 관리적 성과의 관계에서 공정성, 직무스트레스, 조직시민행동의 역할

문성병 ( Sung Byung Moon ),이상완 ( Sang Wan Lee ) 한국회계학회 2013 회계저널 Vol.22 No.3

The preceding research on strategic performance measurement systems(SPMS) has been conducted about the relationship between SPMS and organizational performance, considering measurement diversity or alignment with firm strategy. While measurement diversity produces coherent results of the relationship with organizational performance, alignment with firm strategy hasn`t produced consistent results in spite of several years of research history. Recently, some researchers have conducted studies on the behavioral role of individual instead of that of organizational level regarding the relationship between SPMS and managerial performance, which focus on individual level in order to explain incoherent results of relationship between SPMS and organizational performance. However, these efforts rarely present clear results. Based on the limit of prior research, this study analyzes the relationship between SPMS and the managerial performance, considering justice, job stress, and organizational citizenship behaviors simultaneously which have been issues in the study on managerial accounting and organizational behaviors. A survey from sample of 95 companies was conducted for empirical analysis. Samples are selected based on 400 manufacturing enterprises which have more than 100 employees and turnover of ￦170 billion among listed companies of the stock exchange registered in Kis-Value of Korea Investors Service Inc. The results are as follows: First, SPMS have a significantly positive effect on the procedure justice and the distributive justice respectively, and have a significantly negative effect on the role ambiguity. On the other hand, SPMS have no effect on the role conflict and the organizational citizenship behaviors respectively. Second, while the procedure justice and the distributive justice have a significantly positive effect on the organizational citizenship behaviors, both of the role conflict and the role ambiguity do not have a significant effect on the organizational citizenship behaviors. Third, while the organizational citizenship behaviors and the role ambiguity have significantly positive and negative impacts on the managerial performance respectively, the procedure justice, the distributive justice, and the role conflict do not have significant effects on the managerial performance. Finally, SPMS have an indirect effect on the organizational citizenship behaviors through the justice, and the justice improves the managerial performance indirectly through the organizational citizenship behaviors. Futhermore, it is found that SPMS improve the managerial performance indirectly through the role ambiguity. According to this research, the management has to attract employees`voluntary behavior in order to improve the managerial performance and pay more attention to clarify the employees` role. The measurement and the information from SPMS can help employees to improve the justice, induce the organizational citizenship behaviors, and clarify the employees` role, which can improve the managerial performance in turn. Therefore, the management has to consider the justice, the role ambiguity, and the organizational citizenship behaviors to increase the managerial performance. To do so, the management needs to elaboratively establish and use SPMS.

개인 성향과 직무수행의 관계에서 피드백 추구행동의 매개효과

지성호(Sungho Ji),강영순(Youngsoon Kang) 대한경영학회 2015 大韓經營學會誌 Vol.28 No.12

How Performance Matters: The Impact of Multi-Level Performance Framing on Competitive Behaviors

정의교(Eui Kyo Jeong) 한국인사조직학회 2013 인사조직연구 Vol.21 No.3

기존 경영전략 연구에 따르면 현재의 경쟁이 향후 성과에 영향을 미치는 반면, 이전의 성과도 향후 경쟁에 영향을 미친다. 즉, 경쟁과 성과는 어느 한쪽이 일방적으로 영향을 미치는 관계가 아니라 서로 영향을 미치는 관계이다. 여기서 경쟁은 위험한 행동이라 할 수 있는데, 기존 성과와 위험에 관한 연구에 따르면 기업의 성과가 향후 위험선호도에 영향을 미친다: 성과가 기대수준(aspiration level)에 못미치면, 향후에 더 위험선호적인 경향을 보이며, 반대로 성과가 기대수준을 넘어서면, 향후에 위험회피적인 경향을 보인다. 이런 논의 및 결과의 근거로는 심리학의 전망이론(prospect theory)과 기업에 대한 행동주의적 이론(behavioral theory of the firm)을 들 수 있다. 그런데, 기존 연구들은 기업수준 혹은 기업내 사업부단위 수준 중 하나의 수준에만 초점을 두고 경험적 연구를 진행해 왔다. 예를 들어 재무분야의 이른바 위험-수익(risk-return) 연구들은 주로 기업수준을 대상으로 했으며, 위험선호경향에 대한 기존의 전략 연구들은 기업수준이거나 혹은 사업부 수준 중에서 하나에 초점을 두었다. 이러한 기존 연구의 흐름에서 조금 더 나아가 기업수준과 사업부 수준을 포괄하여 동시에 살펴보는 것이 본 연구의 동기이다. 이론적으로는 전망이론과 기업에 대한 행동주의적 이론의 근거를 바탕으로 하여, 기업수준 성과(firm-level performance)와 사업부 성과(unit-level performance)에 대한 액자효과(framing effect)가 사업부수준에서 의 경쟁에 어떤 영향을 미치는가를 경험적으로 살펴보는 것이 본 연구의 목표이다. 여기서 초점은 기업수준과 사업부 수준의 성과에 대한 액자효과를 동시에 고찰한다는데 있다. 이와 더불어 본 연구의 또다른 공헌점은 이전에는 다루지 않았던 새로운 준거기준—동일 기업에 속한 다른 사업부—을 소개한다는데 있다. 이를 위해서 1979에서 1999년 사이 미국에서 판매되었던 승용차에 대한 자료를 사용하여 가설을 검증한다. 가설을 검증하는데 미국 자동차 산업의 자료를 사용하는 이유는 몇 가지 이점이 있기 때문이다. 먼저, 사업부가 명확히 존재한다는 것이다. 미국에서 자동차를 판매하는 모든 자동차 회사들이 여러 사업부를 통해 생산 및 판매를 하는 것은 아니지만, 대부분의 큰 회사들은 사업부를 통해서 자동차를 생산하고 판매한다. 제너럴 모터스, 포드, 크라이슬러 모두 하나 이상의 사업부가 있으며, 일본 자동차 회사들도 하나 이상의 사업부를 통해서 승용차를 판매하고 있다. 둘째, 자동차라는 동일유형의 차별화된 제품(differentiated products)을 판매함으로써 이전의 관련 연구에서는 검증할 수 없었던 새로운 준거기준(reference)—동일 기업내의 다른 사업부(들)—을 도입할 수 있다는 것이다. 가설 검증에 사용된 총 표본수는 1621개 이며, 분석단위는 승용차—모델연도(car—model year)이다. 가설 검증에 필요한 계수를 추정하기 위한 통계적 모델은 특성감안가격모델(hedonicpricing model)에 원용했다. 특성감안가격모델은, 자동차 산업에서 가격에 대한 연구에 많이 사용된 통계모델로, 제품의 특성을 독립변수에 포함시킴으로써 제품 특성의 고저—즉 품질의 고저—에 따른 변동을 가격에 반영하는 모델이다. 가격을 종속변수로, 그리고 자동차의 특성변수들을 독립변수로, 여기에 더하여 가설 검증을 위한 변수들 –사업부 성과에 대한 액자효과, 기업수준 성과 및 사업부 성과에 대한 액자효과의 상호작용효과–을 독립변수로 포함시키고, 마지막으로 통제변수들을 포함시켰다. 여기서 가격은 경쟁을 나타낸다: 가격이 감소하면 경쟁이 격화된 것으로 간주한다. 가격과 독립변수들 중 제품의 시장점유율 사이의 동시성 문제와 모델에 포함되지 못하지만 가격에 영향을 미치는 이른바 누락변수의 문제에 대응하기 위해서 2SLS를 사용하여 각 변수들의 계수 값을 추정하였다. 각 변수들의 계수 값을 통한 가설 검증의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 사업부수준에서, 동일한 기업에 속한 다른 사업부들의 성과가 특정 사업부의 경쟁에 영향을 미친다는 것을 발견했다. 다른 사업부들의 성과가 특정 사업부의 성과를 손실 혹은 이득으로 인식할 것인가에 대한 준거점으로 작동한다. 그러나 사업부의 성과가 이득영역에 있을 때와 비교해 볼 때 손실영역에 있을 때 좀 더 위험선호적이 된다는 예상은 그 반대로 나타났다. 즉, 특정 사업부의 성과가 기업내 다른 사업부의 (평균적) 성과보다 더 높을 때, 이 특정 사업부는 좀 더 위험선호적으로 행동한다는—가격을 감소시킨다는–것이다. 이는 특정 사업부를 동일 시장에서 경쟁하는 경쟁 기업의 사업부와 비교해온 이전 연구에서 나타난 결과와는 반대의 결과이다. 이는 We investigate the implications of multi-level performance framing on unit-level competitive activity. Based on prospect and behavioral theories of the firm, we empirically tested the effects of multi-level performance framing on unit-level competitive activity using data from the U.S. automobile industry between 1980 and 1999. First, at the unit level, we found that the performance of a firm unit relative to the other units of the same firm has important implications for the unitlevel competitive activity. Results suggest that unit-level competitive performance serves as an aspirational reference point against which unit managers frame the performance of other units. Second, we tested the joint (multi-level) effect of firm-level and unit-level framing on competitive activity. The results show that in loss-making firms with profitable units, the firm-level performance has moderating effects that cause the unit to undertake riskier behavior. In addition, when both the firm and unit are profitable, the moderating effect of firm-level performance causes the unit to undertake less risky behavior.

Self-management Behavior and Sportsmanship of Ssireum Athletes on Organizational Effectiveness and Performance

( Seung Jin Cha ),( Chang Beom Park ),( Seung Hyun Lim ) 국제태권도학회 2017 International Symposium for Taekwondo Studies Vol.2017 No.-

Purpose: This study investigates the cause-effect relationship of the impact of self-man-agement behavior and sportsmanship of Ssireum athletes on organizational effectiveness and performance. The purpose of this study is to study to provide basic data to improve the coaching abilities of Ssireum instructors and to improve the performance of Ssireum athletes. Methods: A total of 475 Ssireum athletes in semi-professional and college teams participated in this study. SPSS 20.0 for Windows was utilized to perform the following tests: frequency analysis, descriptive analysis, factor analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. Results: First, self-management behavior, sportsmanship, organizational effectiveness, and performance perceived by Ssireum athletes showed that semi-professional athletes were better than college athletes. Athletes with 4-6 years of experience were lowest while those with 10 or more years of experience were highest in the above categories. Athletes with training times of five or less hours were lowest, but athletes who won competitions showed higher self-management behavior than non-winners. Interestingly, athletes who train individually demonstrated better self-management behavior than athletes who did not train on their own. Second, self-management behavior (i.e., willpower control, life management, unique behavior management, interpersonal relationship management, and body management) had a positive correlation with sportsmanship (i.e., respecting and considerate of others, concentration in best performance, respect of rulings, and teamwork), organizational effectiveness (i.e., organizational concentration, and satisfaction), and performance. Third, organizational concentration of the Ssireum athletes’ organizational effectiveness had a positive impact on athletes’ life management, unique behavior management, training management, interpersonal relationship management, and body management. Organizational satisfaction was found to have a positive impact on willpower control, and performance had a positive impact on training management, interpersonal relationship management, and body management. Fourth, organizational concentration of Ssireum athletes’ organizational effectiveness was found to have a positive impact on respect and consideration of others, concentration of best performance, and teamwork. It was found that organizational satisfaction had a positive impact on teamwork, and performance had positive impact on concentration of best performance team work.

태권도 공연시범자의 계획적 행동과 공연몰입 및 공연지속행동 간의 구조적 관계

이동환(Lee, Dong-Hwan),박수근(Park, Su-Kyun) 한국체육과학회 2019 한국체육과학회지 Vol.28 No.5

This research examined the study of a structural model of the planned behavior of performer of taekwondo performance of performing Last behavior. The survey questionnaires were used to collect the data. The questionnaires for planned behavior had been developed by Ajzen & Driver(1992), Kim(2009), Park(2012), Yoon(2014), performance flow had been developed by Scanlan & Simon(1993), Goo(2008), Kim(2005), Beak(2003), Lee(2006), performing last intention been developed by Yoon(2010), Yoon(2014), Xiao, Wang(2006) and performing last behavior had been developed by Yoon(2010), Yoon(2014), Phillips(2009), The statistical methods such as Correlational Analysis and Structural equnation modeling analysis were used to analyze the collected data for the this research goal. The results were summarized as follow. First, The results showed that planned behavior had significant impact on performance flow directly. Second, The results showed that planned behavior had significant impact on performing last intention directly. Third, The results showed that performance flow had significant impact on performing last intention directly. Forth, The results showed that performance flow had significant impact on performing last behavior directly. In summary, To improve the planned behavior of Taekwondo performers, by strengthening internal marketing. We need to improve the management performance of the taekwondo demonstration team.