Influence of Alkalization Treatment on the Color Quality and the Total Phenolic and Anthocyanin Contents in Cocoa Powder

Yue Li,Song Zhu,Yun Feng,Feifei Xu,Jianguo Ma,Fang Zhong 한국식품과학회 2014 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.23 No.1

The effects of alkalization treatments on color,colorimetric fractions, total polyphenol content, andanthocyanin content of cocoa powder were investigated. Adarker color and a lower total polyphenol content wereobtained for cocoa powder alkalized using a K2CO3solution than with an NaOH solution. A high temperatureand basic pH conditions favored formation of darkcomponents during alkalization due to sugar degradation,Maillard reactions, and anthocyanin polymerizing. Theanthocyanin content decreased with an increasing alkaliconcentration, suggesting that more anthocyanins weretransformed into brown polymers in darker cocoa powder. Cocoa powder with a heavy degree of alkalization had thelowest ratio of monomer anthocyanins to yellow/brownpolymer content. OD460/OD525 values for alkalized sampleswere higher than for non-alkalized samples. Cocoa powderpresented a better color quality after alkalization treatment.

화재로 인해 중성화된 철근콘크리트구조물의 내구성 회복을 위한 침투성 알칼리성부여제의 이용기술개발

Moo-Han,Kim,Yong-Ro,Kim,Jea-Bong,Jang 한국화재소방학회 2004 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.18 No.3

철근콘크리트구조물에서 발생하는 화재는 중성화를 촉진시켜 철근콘크리트구조물의 내구성을 현저하게 저하시키는 원인이 된다. 그러나 국내의 경우 화재로 인해 중성화가 촉진된 철근콘크리트구조물의 내구성 회복을 위한 연구 및 기술개발이 미비한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 화재로 인해 중성화된 철근콘크리트 구조물의 성능저하현상을 파악한 후 내구성 회복을 위하여 침투성 알칼리성부여제의 성능을 평가하고 이용기술을 개발하고자 하였다. Fire breaking out in carbonated reinforcement concrete structures considerably deteriorates the durability of them by propelling carbonation. However, the research and technical development to recover the durability is still in an underdeveloping stage in Korea. Therefore, this research aims to understanding the deteriorated durability of a carbonated structure, evaluating the performance of an impregnating alkalization agent to recover the durability and developing a way of using it.

탄산화된 콘크리트의 내구성향상을 위한 보수재료의 회복성능에 관한 연구

김광기,정상진 단국대 부설 리모델링연구소 2007 리모델링 연구소 논문집 Vol.5 No.2

Carbonation in concrete structures has been handled as the most fundamental and critical factor related to the durability of reinforced concrete. As a result, there have been efforts to develop repair materials to control carbonation As one of these efforts, alkali recovery agents have been presented as materials for increasing the re-alkalization and durability of carbonated concrete structures. However, in applying them in the field, the performance and quality of concrete recovered after an alkali recovery agent is applied has not been fully assessed. Therefore, to examine the recovered performance of concrete structures resulting from the application of an alkali recovery agent, the present study assessed the depth of carbonation and the degree of deterioration of 20 years or older reinforced concrete structures, and analyzed the quality of concrete after applying an alkali recovery agent to the structures. This study aimed at providing basic information for the application of alkali recovery agents in the field. In this experiment, alkali recovery agents of the lithium silicate line, which are most common in Korea, were applied and cured using concrete of the same size. The degree of recovery was investigated according to the length of time in the initial curing stage, and based on the investigation, the maintenance performance of the alkali recovery agent was assessed according to the age of exposure to the open air. For these tasks, this experiment sampled concrete of different degrees of deterioration, applied alkali recovery agents to them, and observed re-alkalization and changes in the internal texture of the concrete.

Comprehensive analysis of plant rapid alkalization factor (RALF) genes

Sharma, A.,Hussain, A.,Mun, B.G.,Imran, Q.M.,Falak, N.,Lee, S.U.,Kim, J.Y.,Hong, J.K.,Loake, G.J.,Ali, A.,Yun, B.W. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. 2016 Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Vol. No.

<P>Receptor mediated signal carriers play a critical role in the regulation of plant defense and development. Rapid alkalization factor (RALF) proteins potentially comprise important signaling components which may have a key role in plant biology. The RALF gene family contains large number of genes in several plant species, however, only a few RALF genes have been characterized to date. In this study, an extensive database search identified 39, 43, 34 and 18 RALF genes in Arabidopsis, rice, maize and soybean, respectively. These RALF genes were found to be highly conserved across the 4 plant species. A comprehensive analysis including the chromosomal location, gene structure, subcellular location, conserved motifs, protein structure, protein-ligand interaction and promoter analysis was performed. RALF genes from four plant species were divided into 7 groups based on phylogenetic analysis. In silico expression analysis of these genes, using microarray and EST data, revealed that these genes exhibit a variety of expression patterns. Furthermore, RALF genes showed distinct expression patterns of transcript accumulation in vivo following nitrosative and oxidative stresses in Arabidopsis. Predicted interaction between RALF and heme ligand also showed that RALF proteins may contribute towards transporting or scavenging oxygen moieties. This suggests a possible role for RALF genes during changes in cellular redox status. Collectively, our data provides a valuable resource to prime future research in the role of RALF genes in plant growth and development. (C) 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.</P>

중국(中國) 길림성(吉林省) 백성시(白城市) 일대의 의성(醫性), 알칼리성 건조지(乾燥地) 식생(植生)에 관한 연구

안영희 ( Young Heh Ahn ),왕백성 ( Bai Cheng Wang ),김영화 ( Ying Hua Jin ),최창용 ( Chang Young Choe ),현영남 ( Yong Nam Xuan ),송동옥 ( Dong Ok Song ) 한국환경생태학회 2009 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.23 No.1

한국은 매년 봄철 중국의 서부지역 및 몽골로부터 불어오는 황사 피해를 받고 있다. 황사발생은 현재 한국을 비롯하여 일본, 멀리 아메리카 대륙에 이르기까지 환경문제를 일으키고 있다. 중국의 서부지역은 장기간의 기후변화와 인간의 훼손행위로 인해 사막화가 급격히 가속되고 있는 실정이다. 이에 중국을 비롯한 각국은 식물식재를 통한 사막의 생태적인 복원을 모색하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 사막의 생태적인 식생복원을 위한 기초자료를 얻기 위해 중국 서북부의 대표적인 건조지인 빠이청(白城)지역의 식생을 조사하였다. 건조지에 1차적으로 침입한 강아지풀은 건조에 따른 토양의 염분농도 상승과 알칼리화와 더불어 Artemisia mongolica-강아지풀군락을 비롯하여 강아지풀-Cannabis sativa var. fruderalis군락으로 천이하였다. 환경조건의 지속적인 악화와 더불어 강한 바람에 의한 증발량 상승으로 건조가 극심한 평지에서는 최종적으로 Artemisia mongolica군락이 일부 잔존하였다. 시간변화에 따라 간헐적인 그늘이 생길 수 있는 구릉지는 상대적으로 공중습도가 확보될 수 있어 다른 유형의 식생이 나타났다. 조사대상지의 전 지역에 흔히 분포하는 남가새군락은 토양환경 악화와 더불어 남가새-Cleisrogenes squarrosa군락으로 천이하였고 낮은 구릉지 지형조건에서 환경악화와 더불어 건조와 토양염분 및 강알칼 토양에 강한 Cleisrogenes squarrosa군락이 최종적으로 형성되었다. 또한 본 조사지 일대에서 건조에 강한 27과 49속 58종 4변종의 총 62분류군의 고등식물이 나타났다. 이 가운데 환경내성이 뛰어난 국화과식물이 27.4%로 가장 많이 조사되었다. Every spring, Korea is always plagued by sandy dust from the western region of China and Mongolia. Yellow sand is causing an environmental problem to Japan and far into the American continent, let alone Korea. At present, the western region of China is going under desertification at a great speed due to climatic change and humans` damaging activities. To cope with this, each country including China is considering ecological restoration of deserts through planting. Accordingly, this research conducted a vegetation survey on Baicheng district which is a representative dry land of western China to obtain a basic data for ecological restoration of a desert. The survey revealed that Setaria viridis which invaded an arid land made a succession into Setaria viridis-Cannabis sativa var. fruderalis community together with Artemisia mongolica-Setaria viridis community due to the increase in salt concentration and alkalization subsequent to dryness. It was also found out that there finally formed Artemisia mongolica community on a flat intense in harsh wind and dryness with the continuous worsening of environmental conditions. There appeared a different type of vegetation on hilly districts where sporadic shade could come into being because the air humidity could be available relatively there. Frequently, typically appearing at the whole survey area, the Tributlus terrestris community was found to make succession into Tribulus terrestris-Cleisrogenes squarrosa community due to the aggravation of soil environment. In addition, with the worsening of the environment at hilly districts, there formed Clesirogenes squarrosa community resistant to dryness, salinity in soil and strong alkalinity. Further, there appeared higher plant life totalling to 62 taxa comprising 58 species and 4 varieties with 27 families and 49 genuses at the whole survey area. Among these, Compositae plants excellent in resistance to environment was surveyed the most, accounting for 27%.

中國 吉林省 白城市 일대의 鹽性, 알칼리성 乾燥地 植生에 관한 연구

안영희,김영화,최창용,현영남,송동옥,王百成 한국환경생태학회 2009 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.23 No.1

Every spring, Korea is always plagued by sandy dust from the western region of China and Mongolia. Yellow sand is causing an environmental problem to Japan and far into the American continent, let alone Korea. At present, the western region of China is going under desertification at a great speed due to climatic change and humans' damaging activities. To cope with this, each country including China is considering ecological restoration of deserts through planting. Accordingly, this research conducted a vegetation survey on Baicheng district which is a representative dry land of western China to obtain a basic data for ecological restoration of a desert. The survey revealed that Setaria viridis which invaded an arid land made a succession into Setaria viridis-Cannabis sativa var. fruderalis community together with Artemisia mongolica-Setaria viridis community due to the increase in salt concentration and alkalization subsequent to dryness. It was also found out that there finally formed Artemisia mongolica community on a flat intense in harsh wind and dryness with the continuous worsening of environmental conditions. There appeared a different type of vegetation on hilly districts where sporadic shade could come into being because the air humidity could be available relatively there. Frequently, typically appearing at the whole survey area, the Tributlus terrestris community was found to make succession into Tribulus terrestris-Cleisrogenes squarrosa community due to the aggravation of soil environment. In addition, with the worsening of the environment at hilly districts, there formed Clesirogenes squarrosa community resistant to dryness, salinity in soil and strong alkalinity. Further, there appeared higher plant life totalling to 62 taxa comprising 58 species and 4 varieties with 27 families and 49 genuses at the whole survey area. Among these, Compositae plants excellent in resistance to environment was surveyed the most, accounting for 27%. 한국은 매년 봄철 중국의 서부지역 및 몽골로부터 불어오는 황사 피해를 받고 있다. 황사발생은 현재 한국을 비롯하여 일본, 멀리 아메리카 대륙에 이르기까지 환경문제를 일으키고 있다. 중국의 서부지역은 장기간의 기후변화와 인간의 훼손행위로 인해 사막화가 급격히 가속되고 있는 실정이다. 이에 중국을 비롯한 각국은 식물식재를 통한 사막의 생태적인 복원을 모색하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 사막의 생태적인 식생복원을 위한 기초자료를 얻기 위해 중국 서북부의 대표적인 건조지인 빠이청(白城)지역의 식생을 조사하였다. 건조지에 1차적으로 침입한 강아지풀은 건조에 따른 토양의 염분농도 상승과 알칼리화와 더불어 Artemisia mongolica-강아지풀군락을 비롯하여 강아지풀-Cannabis sativa var. fruderalis군락으로 천이하였다. 환경조건의 지속적인 악화와 더불어 강한 바람에 의한 증발량 상승으로 건조가 극심한 평지에서는 최종적으로 Artemisia mongolica군락이 일부 잔존하였다. 시간변화에 따라 간헐적인 그늘이 생길 수 있는 구릉지는 상대적으로 공중습도가 확보될 수 있어 다른 유형의 식생이 나타났다. 조사대상지의 전 지역에 흔히 분포하는 남가새군락은 토양환경 악화와 더불어 남가새-Cleisrogenes squarrosa군락으로 천이하였고 낮은 구릉지 지형조건에서 환경악화와 더불어 건조와 토양염분 및 강알칼 토양에 강한 Cleisrogenes squarrosa군락이 최종적으로 형성되었다. 또한 본 조사지 일대에서 건조에 강한 27과 49속 58종 4변종의 총 62분류군의 고등식물이 나타났다. 이 가운데 환경내성이 뛰어난 국화과식물이 27.4%로 가장 많이 조사되었다.

알칼리회복제 처리 후 시멘트경화체의 수분 침투 성향 조사

김광기,정상진 단국대 부설 리모델링연구소 2007 리모델링 연구소 논문집 Vol.5 No.2

Carbonized concrete structure becomes superannuated gradually and its accelerated subsequent deterioration process leads to corrosion of steel while it ages. Recently economical and environmental concern about remodeling such superannuated concrete, including the basic structure of concrete, has been rapidly growing. Alkali restorative, which restores alkalinity in carbonized concrete structure, is used in the field of remodeling in order to improve the property of concrete structure. There have been many different kinds of materials which restore alkalinity in carbonized concrete. They can be classified according to their structural elements. This study focuses on the alkali restorative which mainly consists of silicic lithium metallic salt while examining the durable effectiveness of the factors (such as water permeation, surface erosion, elution of alkali, etc.), which will continuously affect concrete as deteriorating factors even after the restoration of alkali. The result shows that the alkali restorative consisting mainly of silicic lithium contributes to water-resistance, surface strength, and long term durability of alkali due to water permeation in carbonized concrete.

전기방식에 따른 콘크리트 중의 탈염효과 및 구조거동

안기용(Ki-Yong Ann),김기범(Ki-Beom Kim),양희준(Hee-Jun Yang) 한국콘크리트학회 2017 콘크리트학회논문집 Vol.29 No.1

Fabrication and evaluation of pH-modulated solid dispersion for telmisartan by spray-drying technique

( Nirmal Marasini ),( Tuan Hiep Tran ),( Bijay Kumar Poudel ),( Hyuk Jun Cho ),( Young Keun Choi ),( Sang-cheol Chi ),( Han-gon Choi ),( Chul Soon Yong ),( Jong Oh Kim ) 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 2013 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 연구업적집 Vol.23 No.0

The present study was undertaken to overcome the problems associated with solubility, dissolution and oral bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble ionizable drug, telmisartan (TMS). For these purposes, a solubility test was carried to select the appropriate formulation composition from various carriers and alkalizers. Solid dispersions (SDs) of TMS were prepared at different drug-to-carrier ratios by the spray-drying technique, and were characterized by dissolution and aqueous solubility studies. The optimum formulation was investigated by dissolution studies at different pH and water media and its solid state characterisations were performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. In solubility and dissolution tests, all TMS-loaded pH-modulated SDs (pH(M)-SDs) exhibited marked improvement in the dissolution behavior when compared with crystalline TMS powder. The optimum formulation of pH(M)-SD consisted of TMS/PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) K30/Na(2)CO(3) at a weight ratio of 2/0.5/3 and showed significant improvement in the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate by approximately 40,000- and 3-fold, respectively, compared to TMS powder. Solid-state characterization revealed the changed in crystallinity of TMS into amorphous state. Furthermore, area under the drug concentration time-curve (AUC) of TMS from the pH(M)-SD increased by 13.4- and 2.1-fold, compared with TMS powder and commercial product, respectively. According to these observations, taken together with dissolution and pharmacokinetic behaviors, pH-modulated SD in the presence of an alkalizer for a poorly water-soluble ionizable drug, TMS, appeared to be efficacious for enhancing its bioavailability. ⓒ2012 Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Modulation of microenvironmental pH and utilization of alkalizers in crystalline solid dispersion for enhanced solubility and stability of clarithromicin

박준범,박영준,강신양,이범진 대한약학회 2015 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.38 No.5

Clarithromycin (CAM) is known to be poorlywater-soluble and acid-labile drug. Various alkalizers such asMgO, Na2CO3, Na2HPO4 and NaHCO3 were utilized tomodulate the microenvironmental pH (pHM) and to improvethe low stability and solubility of CAM in a crystalline-soliddispersion system (CSD). Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K-30)and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) 4000-based CSDscontaining alkalizers were prepared by cosolvent precipitationfollowed by evaporation process. The dried-CSDs mixed withmicrocrystalline cellulose, 2 % croscarmellose sodium, and1 % magnesium stearate was then directly compressed intotablet. A dissolution test was carried out in 900 mL of pH 5.0buffer solutions at 37 C with a 50 rpm paddle speed. pHM,surface morphology, and structural behaviors were investigated. The dissolution rates of CAM in CSD containing alkalizerswereimproved. The drug inCSDremained crystalline asobserved by differential scanning calorimetry and powderX-ray diffraction. Scanning electron microscopy revealednearly identical images regardless of the sorts and amounts ofcarriers. PVP-based CSD tablet without alkalizer showedgreater drug release, while HPMC-based CSD tablet withoutalkalizer retarded drug release due to its greater swellingcapability. However, when the alkalizers were added in CSDtablet, the drug releasewas sharply increased.NaHCO3 inducedthe most rapid drug release while MgO retarded drug dissolution. Alkalizers in CSD also could maintain the pHM of thetablet above pH 5 under acidic conditions. The use of pHmodifiers in CSDs could provide a useful method to improvethe dissolution rate and stability of CAM via modulation ofpHM without changing drug crystallinity.